Deep-pit caged layer waste which had accumulated for about 2-yr was collected from beneath hens housed on wire mesh cages, was mixed with chopped corn forage and ensiled in 2 kg cardboard containers double lined with polyethylene bags and sealed to study fermentation characteristics and microbial analyses. Proportions of corn forage and caged layer waste, wet basis, were 100:0, 80:20, 70:30, 60:40, 50:50 and 40:60. Corn forage and caged layer waste in ratios of 100:0, 70:30, 60:40 and 50:50 mixtures, were ensiled in 210 liter metal drums doubled lined with polyethylene bags, to study fermentation characteristics, microbial analyses, chemical composition and to conduct a metabolism trial. For both types of silos the pH of the ensiled mixtures increased (P<.01) as level of waste increased. Lactic acid was higher (P<.01) for waste containing silages, compared to corn silage. Total coliforms, fecal coliforms, salmonella, shigella and proteus were decreased or eliminated by ensiling. Dry matter, crude protein, and ash increased (P<.01) with waste levels. In a sheep metabolism trial, 30 wethers were fed diets consisting of the five silages in large silos, also, corn silage with sufficient soybean meal added to increase the crude protein content to that of 70:30 silage was used as a fifth diet. Digestibility of dry matter and organic matter was higher (P<.01) for the corn silage diet, compared to the corn forage-waste silage diets, but the differences were small for organic matter. Within corn forage-waste silages a linear decrease (P<.05) was recorded in dry matter digestibility as caged layer waste increased. Apparent digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, organic matter, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF) was higher (P<.01) for corn silage supplemented with soybean meal, compared with 70:30 corn forage-waste silage diet. Higher (P<.01) N utilization was obtained for sheep fed the corn silage diet, compared with those fed the waste treated silages. No difference (P<.05) in N retention was recorded when sheep were fed 70:30 corn forage-waste silage diet or corn silage supplemented with soybean meal. / Master of Science

Two experiments were conducted with caged layer waste. In the first experiment fresh waste was treated with: no additive, 2% formaldehyde, 3% sodium metabisulfite, 1% formaldehyde and 2% propionic acid, 3% formic and 2% propionic acids and stored in polyethylene lined 208 liter metal drums. In experiment II waste treated with 2% formaldehyde, 1 % formaldehyde and 2% prop ionic, 3 % formic and 2% propionic (w/w), stored for at least 42 d, used in a metabolism trial as N supplements to a basal diet fed to sheep. The formaldehyde, formaldehyde/propionic and formic/propionic treatments eliminated the bacterial decomposition of the waste and no undesirable fermentation was observed on the stored material. Waste treated with no additive or sodium metabisulfite underwent putrefaction. Nitrogen supplementation of a basal diet with treated caged layer wastes improved apparent digestibility of crude protein and N retention in sheep fed these diets. Supplementation of a basal diet with chemically treated caged layer waste improves the nutritional value of the diet which suggests that caged layer waste is efficiently utilized as a N source by ruminants when used as a protein supplement. / Master of Science

published_or_final_version / Environmental Management / Master / Master of Science in Environmental Management

2 pp. / The greatest management concern with animal wastes is the movement of nitrate into water supplies. Health problems in humans and livestock can result from excessive levels of nitrate in drinking water. This publication outlines the guidelines to minimizing the risk of contaminating your drinking water. It also lists a number of questions to check if your management practices in the collection and storage of animal wastes may pose a risk to your groundwater.

Les assemblages d'espèces colonisatrices des déjections constituent des systèmes d'étude intéressants de par la nature de la ressource exploitée et de par le rôle qu'ils exercent dans les écosystèmes pâturés. Une grande diversité d'espèces d'insectes, principalement des diptères et des coléoptères, colonisent les bouses et contribuent à leur disparition, permettant un apport en nutriments au pâturage. Comprendre le lien entre ces différentes espèces et les fonctions écologiques réalisées représente donc un enjeu afin de préserver ce système et d'en assurer son bon fonctionnement. Certaines molécules administrées comme endectocides au bétail, comme l'ivermectine, impactent la structure de la communauté coprophile par leurs effets toxiques sur certains groupes comme les Sepsidae. Bien que leurs effets se soient montrés significatifs sur l'émergence des insectes coprophiles, la disparition des bouses ne s'en est pas trouvée affectée. Il convient alors de rester prudent sur les effets à long terme de ce type de molécules, même si à court terme les effets ne paraissent pas pertinents. La première semaine est essentielle à la bonne dégradation des bouses par l'action d'une première vague de colonisation par les insectes coprophages, tandis qu'en seconde semaine la colonisation par les prédateurs en réduit la vitesse. L'ensemble de la communauté coprophile ne permet donc pas d'accélérer le processus de recyclage des bouses. Une augmentation des effectifs de bousiers accélère la disparition des bouses et indirectement favorise la minéralisation de la litière dans le sol. Toutes les espèces ne contribuent pas équitablement au fonctionnement du système. Les plus gros fouisseurs enterrent des quantités plus importantes de matière fécale, facilitant ainsi les échanges de nutriments entre le sol et la déjection. D'importantes pistes restent à développer concernant les facteurs influençant la colonisation et les interactions entre les organismes afin de pouvoir utiliser les bousiers comme bioindicateurs pour en mesurer les services rendus. / Assemblages of species colonizing droppings constitute interesting systems for study due to the nature of the resource they exploit and the role they exert in the grazed ecosystems. A wide diversity of insects, mainly flies and beetles, colonize dung pats and contribute to their disappearance allowing a contribution in nutrients to the pasture. Understanding the relationship between these species and the ecological functions they perform represents therefore a stake to maintain this system and ensure its proper functioning. Some molecules administered as endectocides to livestock, such as ivermectin, impact the coprophile community structure by their toxic effects on certain taxonomic groups such as Sepsidae. Although their effects are significant on the emergence of coprophilous insects, dung disappearance was not affected. It is then advisable to remain careful on the long-term effects of this type of chemicals, even if the short-term effects are not relevant. The first week of colonization by the wave of coprophagous insects appear essential for complete dung degradation while the second week of colonization by predators reduced the speed of degradation. Therefore the whole coprophilous community does not accelerate the process of recycling dung. An increase of the numbers of dung beetles accelerates the disappearance of dung pats and the loss of litter in the soil. However, all species do not contribute in the same manner to the functioning of the system. The largest tunnelers bury larger amounts of fecal matter and thus they facilitate exchange of nutrients between soil and dung. Important trails remain to be developed concerning the factors influencing colonization and the interactions between organisms before to be able to use dung beetles as bioindicators and to measure their services.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T15:14:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sergio Luis Schuch.pdf: 872015 bytes, checksum: 3e99d9e8b584f77ca53db89120f73e7f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-10 / This paper aims to draw attention to the large volume of residual biomass of the animal and its potential for biogas production and commercialization in western Paraná. Stressing the importance to address animal waste not as an environmental problem of difficult solution, but with a new approach, the residual biomass raw material animal, obtained without direct cost and without the need for specific investments in its production. The generation of bioenergy through the implementation of digesters in rural property, for processing and marketing of energy from biogas, signals as a new business opportunity and regional income. The comparison of results between marketing biogas equivalent to liquefied petroleum gas to electric power generation, demonstrates the advantage to marketing as gas. / O presente trabalho objetiva chamar a atenção para o grande volume de biomassa residual animal e do seu potencial para produção e comercialização de biogás na região oeste do Paraná. Salientando a relevância em abordar os dejetos animais não como um problema ambiental de difícil solução, mas com um enfoque novo, o de matéria prima biomassa residual animal, obtida sem custos diretos e sem a necessidade de investimentos específicos para sua produção. A geração de agroenergia, através da implantação de biodigestores nos imóveis rurais, para o processamento e comercialização de energias provenientes do biogás, sinaliza como uma nova oportunidade de negócio e renda regional. A comparação de resultados, entre comercialização do biogás em equivalente ao gás liquefeito de petróleo com o de geração de energia elétrica, demonstra vantagem para a comercialização na forma gás.

A constructed wetland receiving pasture runoff from a dairy in Tillamook, OR was monitored during the winter of 1997-98 in order to estimate coliform treatment efficiency during winter high flow periods. Monitoring occurred during four sampling periods, each lasting 2 to 4 days. Samples were taken every two hours from the inlet and outlet of each of two parallel wetland cells and analyzed for fecal coliform using the standard membrane filtration technique. Flow into the wetland cells was measured using a chart recorder. Dye tests were conducted for each cell during each sampling period in order to estimate residence time, active cell volume, and qualitatively evaluate the flow regime. Removal was calculated by comparing inlet samples with outlet samples offset by the residence time. This residence time offset method was an attempt to compensate for the changing flows and loads common to storm driven non-point pollution sources. Coliform concentrations and flow rates of the dairy pasture runoff varied widely. Concentrations ranged from 10�� cfu/100mL to more than 10��� cfu/100mL. The highest concentrations typically coincided with the first storm flow peak following manure application. The constructed wetland in this study was able to reduce coliform concentrations in dairy pasture runoff by more than an order of magnitude (98%) during winter storm events. Removals observed during a lower flow period in the fall were significantly lower (78%). A statistical examination of literature data in an attempt to determine the influence of commonly reported parameters on coliform removal had mixed results. Regression modeling suggested that the parameters that most influence coliform removal in wetlands are hydraulic overflow rate (HOR) and inlet coliform concentration. The importance of HOR would appear to suggest that an area-dependent process, such as settling, is the dominant removal mechanism in most wetlands. However, since most wetlands have some form of pretreatment to remove settleable material, it is unlikely that coliform is significantly removed by settling. A theortical examination of coliform removal mechanisms in constructed wetlands suggests that filtration, die-off, and solar ultraviolet disinfection are more likely removal processes. / Graduation date: 1999

The goal of these experiments was to ensile combinations of shrimp or crab waste with perennial ryegrass straw and analyze it for silage quality and ruminal degradability. The rapid deterioration of seafood wastes required initial preservation prior to ensiling to minimize odor production and protein breakdown. Eight experiments were conducted to preserve, ensile and test the ruminal degradability of shrimp and crab waste. The first three experiments attempted to preserve crab waste with the addition of 0 to 15% molasses for 14 days or shrimp waste with molasses at 0 to 25% for 6 or 21 days. In all three experiments, the addition of molasses decreased crude protein, crude protein loss, and pH, and improved odors. Although a lactic acid fermentation began, the high pH and acetic and butyric acid concentrations indicate fermentation was not completed. The crude protein loss and odor production warrants a quicker method of preservation. In Experiments 4 and 5, shrimp or crab waste were combined with 6 levels of salt from 0 to 12.5% for 6 days. The addition of salt decreased crude protein percentage, crude protein loss and all volatile fatty acid concentrations while increasing the pH and improving the odors. The 7.5% salt-preserved shrimp and crab wastes had 29.9 and 30.7% crude protein, respectively. Experiments 6 and 7 ensiled the salt-preserved shrimp and crab waste with grass straw, molasses and an inoculant in 15 L mini-silos for 40 days. Shrimp waste was combined at 37, 47 or 52% dry matter while crab waste was combined at 43, 46 or 52% dry matter. Molasses at 0, 10, or 20% and an inoculant were added to both silages. The 47% dry matter, 20% molasses non-inoculated shrimp silage had the following analysis on a dry matter basis: crude protein, 16.1%, acid detergent fiber. 27.0%. acetic acid, 1.37%. butyric acid, .01%, lactic acid, 7.17%, and a pH of 7.0 and a good silage odor. The 46% dry matter, 10% molasses, inoculated crab silage had the following analysis on a dry matter basis: crude protein. 21.1%, acid detergent fiber, 19.6%, acetic acid, 1.68, butyric acid, .00%, lactic acid, 2.86% and a questionable odor score. In Experiment 8, the ruminal degradability of shrimp and crab waste and shrimp and crab silage were tested using two fistulated steers and sampled at nine time points ranging from 0 to 96 hr. Shrimp waste had a ruminally available DM%, CP%, ADF%, and %ADIN of 36.9, 43.0, 44.2, and 43.6% respectively. Crab waste had a ruminally available DM%, CP%, ADF%, and %ADIN of 38.9, 53.3, 41.0, and 33.0% respectively. Ensiling the shrimp and crab wastes improved the percentage of ruminally available DM and CP and lowered the percentage of ruminally available ADF and ADIN. This indicates that ensiling promotes the degradation of chitin and the release of nitrogen to the rumen. Effective preservation of shrimp and crab waste with salt and then adequate fermentation of the wastes with grass straw, molasses and inoculant has increased the ruminal degradability of the wastes and led to successful transformation of the waste into a dairy heifer feedstuff. / Graduation date: 1995

Naturally occurring plant derived phenols can be degraded through bacteria in swine waste. Chlorinated phenols, which are not naturally present in the environment, are toxic and generated from industrial activities as such petrochemical, pharmaceutical, plastic, rubber, pesticide, iron, steel, paper production, coal conversion, wood preserving, and cellulose bleaching. Large scale coal gasification and carbonization plants are another source of chlorinated phenols. Although not normally present in the environment, chlorinated phenols are structurally similar to many plant derived phenolics. It is our hypothesis that bacteria located in swine wastes may also have the ability to degrade chlorinated phenols. Identifying situations (and organisms) in which degradation of pollutants occurs is important field of research. Experimental work was focused on measuring the degradation of seven chlorinated phenols in swine waste using solid-phase micro-extraction (SPME) and gas chromatography(GC). Microbes in the waste perform respiration or fermentation to obtain the energy they need to carry out their life processes. Fermentation is a process in which electrons are transferred from one organic substrate to another and which results in incomplete degradation of organic compounds. Anaerobic respiration is a process in which organic substrates are degraded completely to CO2, but using substances other than oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor (such as Fe(III), NO3- or SO42-). Anaerobic respiration using these alternative electron acceptors provides an easier pathway for degradation of aromatics than fermentation alone. Usually the abundance of these electron acceptors in waste is low since microbes consume them readily and thus they must be added to the mixture. Our work focused on development of methods for the quantification of chlorinated phenols in swine wastes and results of bioremediation research. In this study, chlorophenols were extracted by SPME and analysed by GC. This research project mainly focused on the anaerobic degradation of chlorophenols in swine waste. It was observed that the decreased concentration of the chlorophenols was likely due to partitioning of the chlorophenols to solids, sticking to glass bottles and by bacteria present in the swine waste. In summary, it was observed that by ANOVA and gas production analysis 2,6-dichlorophenol and 2,4,5-trichlorophenol were likely to be degraded by bacteria present in swine waste.

Thesis (M.S.)--Mississippi State University. Department of Chemical Engineering. / Title from title screen. Includes bibliographical references.