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The construction industry today is responsible for approximately 3-4% of the global carbon footprint, which is mainly due to the production of cement, one of the main components of concrete. The substitution of concrete for more sustainable, circular and biobased materials has become more prominent when it comes to the construction of buildings in general. However, concrete is completely dominant when building house foundations.  When society strives for a sustainable future, the construction industry must adjust and build more sustainable. The carbon footprint of concrete must decrease or be replaced completely by an environmentally friendly material but still maintain similar capacity. Reinforced concrete can currently be replaced by materials such as wood when building other construction components, however it is hard to replace in the foundation. This makes it appropriate to explore different alternative foundation methods. Therefore, the goal of this study is to investigate different established or conceptual foundation methods that could potentially replace concrete foundations when constructing smaller buildings. Examine their potential and limits and assess whether the methods can compete with reinforced concrete today. A literature study and interviews has been carried out.  The three different studied methods involve, Foam glass foundation (Koljern), wood foundation and ground screw.    Wood foundation is still a conceptual method which in theory should work. Although there are risks involving using organic materials such as wood when constructing a foundation, considering the soil stores water. Foam glass foundation (Koljern), combined with steel beams is a Swedish technology developed to replace reinforced concrete foundations for smaller buildings. It is a waterproof solution produced to minimize the environmental impact of house foundations.  Ground screw is an environmentally friendly option developed to maximize effectiveness building foundations. The ground screws are screwed directly into the ground carrying the weight of the building and keeping it off the ground. This means no preparatory work of the ground needs to be carried out. Mainly produced for smaller constructions such a decks and sheds, however there are possibilities to build larger constructions, such as houses.  The results of the data that has been compiled from various scientific studies and the interviews that were carried out, showed that there are no real competitive foundation methods to concrete regarding the three main aspects studied. / Byggsektorn står idag för en stor mängd CO2 utsläpp och betong är en stor faktor. Ungefär 3–4% av världens utsläpp globalt kommer från tillverkning av cement, vilket är en av huvudkomponenterna i betong (Svensk Betong 2022). Betongen har börjat substitueras mot mer hållbara, cirkulära och biobaserade alternativ med tiden. Ett område emellertid som betongen är helt dominant på marknaden är grunden. När dagens samhälle strävar efter en hållbarare framtid måste byggbranschen anpassa sig och bygga klimatsmartare. Utsläppen av betong måste kunna förminskas eller så måste den kunna ersättas med ett bättre material som samtidigt kan upprätthålla den funktion som krävs. Den armerade betongen kan redan idag ersättas med exempelvis trä vid byggnation av alla andra stomdelar, men ej i grunden. Detta gör det angeläget att utforska alternativa lösningar till betonggrunder.  Denna undersökning syftar därför till att utforska etablerade eller konceptuella lösningar som potentiellt skulle kunna ersätta betong vid grundkonstruktioner för småhus. Studera dess möjligheter samt begränsningar kring att konkurrera med armerad betong och ta fram en mer hållbar men samtidigt konkurrenskraftig lösning. En Litteraturstudie har utförts samt ett antal intervjuer. De tre grundläggningar som undersökts är platta på mark i trä, Koljern-grund och markskruv. Trägrunden är en konceptuell lösning som i teorin bör fungera. Däremot är medför det risker att konstruera en grundlösning i organiska material, eftersom marken är en riskmiljö ur ett fuktperspektiv.  Koljern-tekniken är cellglaselement kombinerade med lättreglar i stål som kan ersätta armerad betong i grunden vid byggnation av småhus. Koljern-tekniken är en fuktsäker lösning framtagen för att minska klimatavtrycken av grundkonstruktioner. Markskruv är en klimatsmart grundlösning framtagen för att minimera byggtiden vid fabricering av fundament. Markskruven skruvas direkt ned i marken som konstruktionen kan vila på. Dränering och schaktning krävs således inte. Tekniken är främst framtagen för mindre konstruktioner som altaner och skjul, men det finns även möjligheter att bygga småhus. Slutsatsen löd att ingen av de alternativa lösningarna som undersöktes kunde konkurrera med en betongplatta idag.

Inomhusluftens kvalitet påverkas direkt av antal människor i lokalen och är ett problematiskt arbetsmiljöområde, bl. a. i skolmiljöer. Antalet elever beräknas fortsätta öka de närmaste åren i Stockholms skolor och det finns risk för att befintliga ventilationssystem i vissa fall inte räcker till. Syftet i detta arbete var att undersöka och analysera lärares och elevers arbetsmiljö avseende luftkvalité. Frågor som var av extra intresse var bland annat: hur CO2-halter, temperatur och luftfuktighet varierar i samband med lektioner; om mätinstrument och mätmetoden som används i kommunens projekt är tillräckligt pålitliga; samt om skolorna klarar den ökade elevpopulationen utifrån bibehållen luftkvalité. Teorianalysen i arbetet visade att många skolor inte får godkänt på OVKkontroller och har brister i ventilationssystemet. Det är svårt för skolorna att klara ett ökat antal elever utan att förbättra ventilationen och för att kunna uppfylla ventilationskraven från Arbetsmiljöverket. Metoden som användes var mätningar som samlades in och analyserades kvantitativt. Resultatet av mätningarna visade att temperatur och luftfuktighet ligger på en bra nivå. Generellt överstiger CO2-halter inte 1000 ppm men ackumuleras under dagen vilket kräver åtgärder, endast ett fåtal mätningar uppvisade dock CO2-halter som översteg 1000 ppm. I vissa skolor som var med i analysen bedömdes att ett ökat elevantal inte är möjligt med bibehållen luftkvalité, fler åtgärder kommer krävas av kommunen. Analys av mättekniken som använts visar att validiteten i mättekniken kan förbättras liksom att flera mätpunkter bör användas i klassrummet. Beräkningar av uteluftflöde som behövs för ett klassrum kan göras genom att utgå ifrån krav som Arbetsmiljöverket ställer, men det är inte alltid möjligt att öka uteluftflöde. Detta arbete har hittat ett fåtal alternativ för ökat luftflöde, när ventilationssystemet visar sig vara underdimensionerat för befintligt antal elever. / Indoor air quality is directly affected by the number of people and is a problematic area in school environments. The number of students is expected to increase in coming years in the Stockholm schools and there is a risk that existing ventilation system is not enough efficient. Aim of this study was to investigate and analyse the teachers and students working environment on the air quality. Questions of extraordinary interest were for example: how does CO2 concentrations, temperature and humidity vary during lessons; are measuring instruments and method used in municipal project sufficiently reliable; and can schools handle the increased student population on the basis of maintaining air quality. Theory analysis in this study showed that many schools does not pass the OVKcontrols and that they have deficient ventilation. It will be difficult for the schools to cope with an increased number of students, without improving the ventilation to be able to meet the requirements for ventilation from the Swedish Work Environment Authority. The method used was measurements that were collected and analysed air quality quantitatively. The results of the measurements showed that the temperature and humidity is at a acceptable level. Overall, the CO2 concentrations did not exceed 1 000 ppm but accumulate during the day which require actions, yet a few measured concentrations did exceed the limit of 1000 ppm. Some schools that were included in the analysis will not be able to maintaining air quality show at an increasing population of students, more action will be required by the municipality. Analysis of the measurement technique used shows that the validity of the technique can be improved as well as the need for a number of measurement points to be used in the classroom. Measurement of outside airflow needed for a classroom can be made by emanuate from the requirements of Swedish Work Environment Authority, but it is not always possible to increase outside airflow in the existing ventilation system. This work points at a few options for increased airflow when the ventilation system is found to be under-dimensioned for the existing number of students.

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No description available.

ABSTRACT This project deals with the search of the most proper offshore foundation to install in the Baltic Sea, in order to reduce costs and environmental impact. A pre-study was performed to define the Baltic Sea conditions and the required knowledge for the following steps. Afterwards, the specifications were set and clarified, and then the concept analysis phase was started. The analysis phase included the description of each one of the current foundations, those which are considered conventional foundations and those which are innovative ones. In order to evaluate these concept foundations, selection methods were used to assess the most relevant features of these foundations which should fulfil the requirements. The concepts ranking was studied and it led to the final results. Two different outcomes were obtained; such as, innovative concepts, which obtained the first position in this report; and conventional concepts, as a second finding. The continuous contact with different experienced professionals of this sector was essential during the whole project, in order to obtain advices, experienced knowledge and feedback.

Non-destructive technologies have been applied on predicting the stiffness and strength properties of timber for decades. However, these technologies have rarely been investigated on predicting the properties of thermally modified timber. This study was performed to investigate the non-destructive technologies on estimating of the strength and stiffness properties of thermally modified timber. The material that was utilized for study is full-size structural Norway spruce. Twenty-five thermally modified boards were investigated by applying both non-destructive technologies and static bending test; 25 unmodified boards were used as a control group. Timber grader MTG and Sylvatest Trio are two non-destructive tools that were used for the determining the modulus of elasticity (MOE): MTG is an application of resonance frequency technology and Sylvatest Trio is an application of time-of-flight technology (TOF). The results show that both non-destructive technologies provide good results (??2=0.70 from MTG and??2=0.58 from Sylvatest Trio) on estimating the stiffness properties while poor resultson predicting the strength properties of thermally modified boards.The result shows anoverestimation of modulus of elasticity (MOE) from time-of-flight test compared withthe MOEs gathered from static bending test and resonance frequency test for both thermally modified boards and unmodified ones. The stiffness properties of boards after thermal modification reduced slightly (6.5%) compared with unmodified timbers; while strength properties of thermally modified boards decreased (37.5%) significantlycompared with control group.This study is a part of a bigger study performed at Linneaus University by Joran vanBlokland.

Information is an intelligent data through which knowledgeable and usable things can be convicted or interpreted in a proper manner. With the advancement of technology, transmission of information over the network has come a trend. This information must be transmitted securely over the network. Data security was not a problem if a secure channel was provided for single transmission. It is a necessity to convert the information into an unintelligible form for transmitting it over an unsecured channel. Encryption is a technique through which original information can be converted into unintelligible form. As time has elapsed, various encryption algorithms are employed so that information can be transmitted securely over an unsecured channel. Unless an intruder accesses the encrypted text, he / she cannot gain any information from that text. But as the new algorithms are designed, all the algorithms are challenged and their cryptanalysis is available. In the year 1998, Advanced Encryption Standards (A (S)) were proposed and later it was widely accepted as the most secure encryption algorithm that can be used to encrypt the information so that it can be transmitted securely and unsecured. fixed to a new scheme called Parallel AЕS, was an employee who takes four blocks of 16 bytes at a time to generate four blocks of 16 bytes of text thus providing diffusion of blocks at exchange. than all sequential AЕs. All the algorithms are challenged and their cryptanalysis is available. In the year 1998, To make A morS more fixed to a new scheme called Parallel AЕS, was an employee who took four blocks of 16 bytes at a time to generate four blocks of 16 bytes of text, thus providing diffusion of blocks at exchange. By doing this parallel A stoodS stood to be much firmer than sequential AЕS. Advanced Encryption Standards (AЕS) was proposed and later it was widely accepted as the most secure encryption algorithm that can be used to encrypt the information so that it can be transmitted securely over an unsecured channel. To make A morS more fixed to a new scheme called Parallel AЕS, was an employee who took four blocks of 16 bytes at a time to generate four blocks of 16 bytes of text, thus providing diffusion of blocks at exchange. By doing this parallel A stoodS stood to be much firmer than sequential AЕS. Advanced Encryption Standards (AЕS) was proposed and later it was widely accepted as the most secure encryption algorithm that can be used to encrypt the information so that it can be transmitted securely over an unsecured channel. To make A morS more fixed to a new scheme called Parallel AЕS, was an employee who took four blocks of 16 bytes at a time to generate four blocks of 16 bytes of text, thus providing diffusion of blocks at exchange. By doing this parallel A stoodS stood to be much firmer than sequential AЕS. was an employee who took four blocks of 16 bytes at a time to generate four blocks of 16 bytes of text, thus providing diffusion of blocks at exchange. By doing this parallel A stoodS stood to be much firmer than sequential AЕS. was an employee who took four blocks of 16 bytes at a time to generate four blocks of 16 bytes of text, thus providing diffusion of blocks at exchange. By doing this parallel A stoodS stood to be much firmer than sequential AЕS.

HejVän is an exclusive piece of furniture designed for the Hall of your house inspired by Swedish Design. The concept has been designed implementing the behavior of Swedish society and crafts, this can be seen in the use of materials, the smart mirror, the hangers or the dry shoe system. The furniture is all made by Cosentino materials to garantee exclusivity and durability, with the exception of the hangers and the back plates, which are made of pine wood, a fundamental element of Scandinavian design.

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to increase the knowledge of how SMEs can promote the efficiency of their waste management processes. In particular, to identify the causes of employee non-compliance within waste management procedures. This overarching purpose of identifying causes of non-compliance and improving the process is reflected in the following research questions. RQ1: What are the causes of procedural employee non-compliance within current waste management processes? RQ2: How can current waste management processes be improved? Method – A single case study was carried out in order to answer the research questions. To gain insight in relevant theory supporting both the qualitative and quantitative data gathered in the case study, a literature review was conducted and acted as the foundation for the theoretical framework. The data was collected through means of observations and interviews. Results – The interviews revealed a moderate degree of non-compliance of employees in the waste process in SMEs. The factors influencing this non-compliance are primarily a lack of knowledge, brought on by improper introduction process and a general high degree of complexity. In order to improve the handling of waste, there should be a larger focus on a thorough introduction process in order to reduce the amount of short-term memory processing by employees. As for process specific improvements, removing wastes and standardization should be of primary concern. Lastly, in order to maintain social sustainability, the needs and experience of the employees should be considered before making improvements to waste management processes. Implications – This case study offers insights into what drives acts of non-compliance in waste management processes and possible improvements that can be derived from studying them. Therefore, this thesis can be used as a foundation for SMEs seeking to improve their waste management processes. Keywords – Waste, Waste Management, Social Sustainability, Processes, Process Improvement, Cognitive Ergonomics, Improvement Work, Small and Medium-sized Enterprise (SME).