The creation of digital twins has been on a rise in the last years, and digital twins are becoming an essential part in today's industries. To be able to keep up, the engineering students at Högskolan i Halmstad need to follow and explore the current development. The goal with this project is to introduce digital twins to the students and give them a wider knowledge about the future of manufacturing.In this project a digital twin was developed from a physical crane. The digital twin was made from a CAD model and was imported into a simulator to replicate the physical robot and its parts. The digital twin had virtual sensors installed and may be considered a cyber-physical system. / På senare år har skapandet och användandet av digitala tvillingar ökat drastiskt och de håller på att implementeras i dagens industrier. För att ingenjör studenterna på Högskolan i Halmstad skall hänga med i utvecklingen av dagens tekniska samhälle, behöver de vara med och utforska de tekniska nyheter som finns. Målet med detta projekt är att introducera digitala tvillingar till ingenjör studenterna, för att ge dem en bredare grundkunskap inom framtidens industrier.I detta projekt har en digital tvilling utvecklats utifrån att efterlikna en fysisk kran. Utvecklingen av den digitala tvillingen har designats som en CAD-modell och importerats in i en simulator för att efterlikna den fysiska kranen och dess delar. På den digitala tvillingen har även virtuella sensorer installerats och systemet kan anses vara ett cyber-physical system.

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Today’s manufacturing industry is characterized by being highly competitive and drives companies to strive for more efficient product and production system development. One way of achieving this, is by continuous improvement of processes. One important part of lowering waste is by an efficient  production planning. A competitive production system can improve product quality, decrease costs, and improve the general efficiency. Engineering-to-order (ETO) systems face a challenge due to the difficulty to attain an efficient production planning. The difficulty strives from the complex character of the manufacturing processes and the uniqueness of product properties, which makes a good standardization work a challenge. ETO companies often have high reliance on manual-labor with manual data acquisition, which makes it hard to perform effective production planning with high accuracy. One common technique for executing production planning in the ETO-industry represent a multivariate regression analysis     The thesis includes a case study that examines how regression analysis used for production planning within a production of an ETO company can be improved and what effects it has on processes and departments within the company. The problem was addressed by a mixed method approach, qualitative data were collected from semi-structured interviews, observations, and a thorough literature review and quantitative data were mainly collected through document studies. The study shows that regression analysis is suitable for production planning in the ETO industry while emphasizing the importance of high-quality data, partly through implementation of standardizations. The updated model improves main processes in production which in turn gives rise to improvements in support processes performed by other departments.

Examensarbetet som rapporten redovisar utfördes i ett av Volvo Group Truck Operation:s (GTO) gjuterier på motorfabriken i Skövde. Här används sandgjutning för att tillverka komponenter till lastbilsmotorer av gjutjärn. I gjutprocessentillverkas sandkärnor enligt Epoxy-SO2-metoden. Sandkärnorna hanteras av robotar i slutna celler. Underhållsavdelningen upplever att komponenter på robotverktygensom förflyttar kärnorna har kort livslängd. En teori är att detta beror påexponeringen för SO2. Forskning visar på att vissa material som exponeras för svaveldioxid (SO2) bland annat korrodera eller bli spröda. Korrosionsprocessen för metaller kan öka om SO2 reagerar tillsammans med vatten och syrgas och bildar svavelsyrlighet (H2SO3) eller svavelsyra (H2SO4). För att den här kemiska processen ska påbörjas krävs en relativluftfuktighet om minst 60%. Polymerer som plast och gummi kan svälla, lösas uppeller bli spröda vid exponering för SO2 , H2SO3 eller H2SO4. Slutmålet med examensarbetet är att definiera lämpliga komponenter åtunderhållsavdelningen som ska användas vid renovering av robotverktygen. Innan detta kan utföras behöver verktygen brytas ner på komponentnivå ochdokumenteras i ett underhållssystem. Vidare kommer mätningar på koncentrationav svaveldioxid, luftfuktighet samt temperatur utföras i robotcellerna. Resultatet från mätningarna används som underlag för att ta reda på om det finns liknande komponenter som tål miljön i robotcellen bättre. När verktygen slutligen renoverats kommer förhoppningsvis de oplanerade stoppen minska. Om de oplanerade stoppen minskar kommer underhållskostnaderna kopplat till robotcellerna också minska. Enligt mätningarna var inte luftfuktigheten tillräckligt hög för att komponenterna i robotcellerna ska riskera att korrodera på grund av exponering för SO2. Däremot ärmånga pneumatiska komponenter delvis tillverkade av plast som inte tål SO2. Många av de här komponenterna finns som alternativ tillverkade av till exempel nickel-pläterad mässing eller rostfritt stål som tål gasen. Examensarbetet har gett svar på frågeställningarna och lett fram till konkretaförbättringar. Det har även skapat nya idéer till fortsatt förbättringsarbete. / The thesis this report refers to has been carried out in one of Volvo Group truck operation’s(GTO) foundries in the engine factory in Skövde. Sandcasting is used to manufacture components for truck engines of cast iron. In the casting process, sandcores are manufactured according to the Epoxy-SO2-process. The sand cores are handled by robots in closed cells. The maintenance department experiences tha tcomponents on the robotic tools that move the cores have a short service life. One theory is that this is due to exposure to SO2. According to research, certain materials exposed to SO2 can corrode or become brittle. The corrosion process for metals can increase if SO2 react with water and oxygen to form sulfurous acid (H2SO3) or sulfuric acid (H2SO4). In order for thischemical process to begin, a relative humidity of at least 60% is required. Polymers such as plastic and rubber may swell, dissolve or become brittle upon exposed to SO2, H2SO3 or H2SO4. The final goal with this thesis is to define suitable components for the maintenance department that will be used in the renovation of the robotic tools. Before this can be done the tools need to be broken down to component level and be registered in a maintenance system. Furthermore, measurements of concentration of sulfur dioxide, humidity and temperature will be performed in the robotic cells. The results from the measurements are used as a basis for finding out if there are similar components that can withstand the environment better. When the tools are finally renovated, hopefully the unplanned stops will decrease. If the unplanned stops decrease, the maintenance costs associated with the robotic cells will also decrease. According to the measurements, the humidity was not high enough for the components in the robotic cells to risk corroding due to exposure to SO2. However, many pneumatic components are partly made of plastic that does not tolerate SO2. Many of these components are available as alternatives made of, for example, nickel-plated brass or stainless steel that can withstand the gas. The thesis has provided answers to the issues and led to concrete improvements. It has also created new ideas for continued improvement work.

SyfteOCR, optical character recognition, algoritmer kan implementeras på olika sätt, de påverkar även resultatet både beroende på vilken implementation som används och vilket dataset som det används på. Därför är det viktigt att testa de olika OCR algoritmerna på just det dataset som är tänkt att användas för att få ett förutsägbart resultat. Metod60 bilder är tagna på innehållsförteckningar tryckta på svenska livsmedelsprodukter med tre olika bakgrundsytor, aluminium, konvexa ytor och mjukplast. Två OCR algoritmer, ML Kit och Tesseract, har jämförts med avseende på precision och hastighet i syfte att hitta svårigheter för de respektive algoritmerna. ResultatBåda undersökta OCR algoritmerna hade störst svårighet att identifiera tecken i bilder med reflektion. ML Kit hade färre problem med lågupplösta bilder, Tesseract hade anmärkningsvärt större problem med lågupplösta bilder. För ändamålet som studien avser så är ML Kit det bästa valet. BegränsningarEnbart två OCR algoritmer jämförs i studien. Livsmedelsprodukter med tre olika bakgrundsytor har studerats, aluminium, konvex yta och mjukplast. Endast precision samt hastighet har jämförts. Precisionen har jämförts i antalet rätt ord samt hur nära en prediktering är från att vara helt rätt (Levenshtein algoritm).

The development of new products and processes is a crucial point of competition and due to the rapid technological development and strong international competition, companies are being forced to design better products faster and more efficiently. In the last two decades large companies in particular have developed increasingly sophisticated models, process descriptions, structures and routines for how to steer and manage their often large and complex projects. Processes in product development projects often contain many dependencies among both tasks and people, requiring coordination of activities and the opportunity to capture incomplete information that evolves over time. When attempting to increase project performance, a strong focus has been on the efficiency of the projects, on doing things right. As a result, both in industry and in research, effectiveness, doing the right things, has gained less importance than it probably should. For companies to really increase their performance, effectiveness must be considered to a much higher extent. The objective of the research presented in this thesis has been to increase the knowledge of how the performance of projects in a product development context can be improved. This involves investigating factors which affects performance on different levels of the projects such as the individual working on the project, the single project, the project organisation, the company, and the business context. Data have been collected through literature studies as well as a case study divided into two parts. The research results show that project organisations face the challenge of being able to have projects running efficiently according to plan while at the same time exploring and creating new knowledge. Formalised product development processes can support the progress of projects, but there is a risk that exploratory work and innovation could suffer. This is a challenge, especially in contexts characterised by uncertainty and complexity. Further, a number of areas which affect the project performance were identified, including the business context, process characteristics, project model, project characteristics, and project management. These findings have resulted in a proposed start of a framework for improving product development project performance in dynamic contexts. / INNOFACTURE - innovative manufacturing development

Focus in the world today is quality and customer orientation. An organization needs to understand the concept of value from the perspective of a customer in order to keep up with expectations on quality, and the turbulent and global environment of today characterized by rapidly changing conditions. This master thesis project was conducted at ABB in Sweden during spring 2020. It is essential for ABB to have an ongoing focus on improvement to maintain a successful organization and enable a competitive future of quality and innovation. The aim of this project was to identify ways to improve material flow and reduce the amount of non-value-added activities that exist in a particular assembly process today. The objective of the project was to conduct proposals on realistic actions for improvement for implementation. Initially in the project a current state was performed and compiled into a specification of requirements and visualized through overall mapping of the material and communication flow. Two of the requirements were reducing the total lead time and ensure the same, or improved, physical and psychosocial work environment. The result of the current state showed that material is not available when needed, material shelves are not structured, and material flow is not optimal. Analysis methods used for analyzing the current state were material flow charts, value stream mapping and spaghetti diagrams. The outcome of the performed analyzes were then used as the foundation for a compiled list of problem areas. All previous performed work was then summarized, discussed and developed into a list of actions for improvement. This phase was performed by initially generating a great amount of ideas, which were then reviewed and evaluated in consideration of the specification of requirements. In addition to the final list of actions, a mapping of the future state was conducted to support the actions and visualize what a future state could look like if the actions are implemented. Lastly, the final list of actions was complemented with another list – a living document of the actions. This document gives the opportunity on a regular basis to monitor progress and should be regularly reviewed and updated. To ensure a successful implementation of improvement work based on the conducted action list, it is recommended to define and clarify responsibility for each action as well as target date and end date. Furthermore, the list should be continuously modified to ensure implementation. It is as well recommended to acknowledge implemented improvements in parallel with performing actions to maintain motivation. Additionally, participation in implementation and promoting dialogue, transparency and respect are valuable factors reducing the negative effects of the implementation of improvement concepts and contributes to a sustainable development of the improvement work.

This is a master thesis project performed with Maze Interior AB in Stockholm in the spring/summer 2019, via Luleå University of Technology within product design. It is further part of the Master Programme in Industrial Design Engineering in the course D7014A with the purpose of designing a new coffee-table concept for the less spacious homes. The assignment was additionally about developing an aesthetic coffee table that meets the needs of Maze, the market and the intended users. Other desired qualities were a sustainable and Scandinavian design that is of good quality as well as works with Maze’s existing product range. The project came about because of a perceived lack of smaller tables on today’s interior market and as a result of that, a mutual interest was found in developing a coffee table. As the coffee table is sometimes considered the heart of the living room, it puts certain demands on the product experience, which was explored in this thesis project. The project consisted of four main phases, namely the Conceive & Inspiration, Design, Implement and Operate phase. Examples of methods used, leading up to the results, included a literature review, various analyses of Scandinavian design, the market and Maze, online surveys, interviews, ideation, building a full-sized prototype, CAD modelling, stability calculations etc. The project resulted in a final coffee-table concept named Öglan and an alternative version of it presented in the collection Mono 19. Öglan is a contemporary coffee table with personality due to its playful yet elegant loop shaped leg. It furthermore fulfils the objectives and aims of the project; an innovative, aesthetic, Scandinavian rooted and sustainable coffee table of high quality for the space efficient home. Lastly, Öglan caters to social, ecologic and economic sustainability with its flat packaging, timeless design, material choices, functionality and its tried and tested durable construction.

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