Η διενέργεια εμβιομηχανικών μελετών σε μοντέλο με τη βοήθεια ηλεκτρονικών υπολογιστών βρίσκεται σήμερα σε προχωρημένο στάδιο εξέλιξης. Σε αυτή την εξέλιξη κεντρική θέση κατέχουν λογισμικά δύο κατηγοριών. Στην πρώτη κατηγορία κατατάσσονται τα λογισμικά εμβιομηχανικής προσομοίωσης του ανθρωπίνου σώματος και στη δεύτερη κατηγορία τα λογισμικά ανάλυσης πεπερασμένων στοιχείων. Σε αυτή τη Μεταπτυχιακή Εργασία έγινε μία προσπάθεια διερεύνηση της συνεργασίας των δύο αυτών κατηγοριών λογισμικού με την κινηματική μελέτη ενός οσφυϊκού σπονδύλου και την ανάλυση φορτίσεών του με την μέθοδο των πεπερασμένων στοιχείων. Για αυτό το λόγο επιλέχτηκαν δύο λογισμικά εμπορικά διαθέσιμα. Το λογισμικό εμβιομηχανικής προσομοίωσης Anybody modeling system και το λογισμικό ανάλυσης πεπερασμένων στοιχείων Ansys multiphysics. Στο Πρώτο κεφάλαιο γίνεται παρουσίαση του λογισμικού Anybody. Πιο συγκεκριμένα. αναφέρονται τα στοιχεία εκείνα που υλοποιούν ένα μοντέλο του ανθρώπινου σώματος (τμήματα, αρθρώσεις, μύες, σύνδεσμοι) καθώς και οι μελέτες που μπορούν να εκτελεστούν δηλαδή η κινηματική και η δυναμική. Κύρια θέση κατέχει η αντιστροφή δυναμική μελέτη που χαρακτηρίζεται από την εξαγωγή συμπερασμάτων για τις δυνάμεις και τις ροπές που αναπτύσσονται σε ένα σώμα αφού έχει περιγραφεί εκ των προτέρων η κίνησή του. Στο Δεύτερο κεφάλαιο γίνεται μια λεπτομερής περιγραφή της ανατομίας της σπονδυλικής στήλης στην οποία αναφέρονται τα επιμέρους κοινά στοιχεία που έχουν οι σπόνδυλοι καθώς κου οι διαφορές στις διαφορετικές μοίρες της σπονδυλικής στήλης. Μετά την ανατομική περιγραφή παρατίθεται η εμβιομηχανική θεώρηση της κατασκευής της οσφυϊκής μοίρας της σπονδυλικής στήλης, αναλύοντας τα επιμέρους δομικά στοιχεία από μηχανική άποψη και η λειτουργικότητά τους. Στο Τρίτο κεφάλαιο περιγράφεται η κατασκευή ενός μοντέλου της σπονδυλικής στήλης στο λογισμικό Anybody το οποίο υποβάλλεται σε κινήσεις κάμψης, έκτασης, πλάγιας κάμψης και στροφής και επιχειρείται ο σχολιασμός των ευρημάτων. Τέλος, στο τέταρτο κεφάλαιο τα δεδομένα τα οποία παράγει η αντίστροφή μελέτη και συγκεκριμένα οι φορτίσεις που δέχεται ο Ο5 σπόνδυλος κατά τις κινήσεις στις οποίες υποβάλλεται η οσφυϊκή μοίρα χρησιμοποιούνται ως δεδομένα εισόδου για την ανάλυση του Ο5 σπόνδυλο με το λογισμικό μηχανικής ανάλυσης πεπερασμένων στοιχείων ANSYS. Συνοψίζοντας, η συνεργασία των δύο λογισμικών αποδείχθηκε εφικτή και πρόσφορη. Στην παρούσα μεταπτυχιακή εργασία αναπτύχθηκε η βασική τεχνογνωσία ως προς την χρήση του λογισμικού Anybody Modeling System και την συστηματοποίηση της διασύνδεσης του με το λογισμικό Ansys με αποτέλεσμά να αποτελεί την βάση για περαιτέρω εργασίες. / The conduction of biomechanical studies on models with the aid of computers is currently at an advanced stage. In this essay, the central position is hold by two software categories. In the first category are classified various software of biomechanical simulation of the human body and in the second category are classified the software for the finite element analysis. In this Master Thesis was made an attempt to explore the cooperation of these two kinds of software. For this reason, two commercially available softwares were selected. The biomechanical simulation was performed using the Anybody Modeling System software and the finite element analysis was performed using the Ansys Multiphysics software. In the first chapter the use of the Anybody software was presented. More specifically, those elements that implement a model of the human body (segments, joints, muscles, ligaments) as well as studies that can be performed i.e. the kinematics and dynamics studies were discussed in details. The inverse dynamics study has been characterized as the main feature of the software allowing to explore the resulting forces and torques developed in a body during the in advance described movement. The second chapter includes a detailed description of the anatomy of the spine. After the anatomical description the biomechanical approach is presented, analyzing each individual component from engineering point of view as well as their functionality. The third chapter describes the construction of a model of the spine in the Anybody software that is subjected to flexion, extension, lateral bending and rotation along with the results. Finally, in the fourth chapter the data that produces the inverse study namely the loads applied to the L5 vertebra during each movement performed by the lumbar spine are used as input data for the mechanical analysis of L5 vertebra with the finite element analysis software ANSYS. As a conclusion, the collaboration of these two software programmes proved to be feasible and appropriate. In this master thesis the basic knowledge in the use of software Anybody Modeling System has been developed and an interface with the software Ansys has been built thus forming the basis for further work.

Η παρούσα διδακτορική διατριβή αναφέρεται σε έδρανα ολίσθησης. Συγκεκριμένα, αναφέρεται στο σχεδιασμό και την κατασκευή ενός νέου, πρωτότυπου υβριδικού εδράνου ολίσθησης, το οποίο έχει τη δυνατότητα να λειτουργεί είτε ως υδροδυναμικό, είτε ως ενεργό ηλεκτρομαγνητικό, είτε ως υβριδικό, δηλαδή υδροδυναμικό και ενεργό ηλεκτρομαγνητικό ταυτόχρονα. Προκειμένου να πραγματοποιηθεί ο σχεδιασμός και η κατασκευή του συγκεκριμένου υβριδικού εδράνου ολίσθησης, έγιναν υπολογισμοί και προσομοίωση του υδροδυναμικού πεδίου για τα υδροδυναμικά έδρανα ολίσθησης και του ηλεκτρομαγνητικού πεδίου για τα ηλεκτρομαγνητικά έδρανα στο πρόγραμμα ANSYS. Η προσομοίωση των υβριδικών εδράνων ολίσθησης έγινε με επαναληπτική διαδικασία μεταξύ του υδροδυναμικού και του ηλεκτρομαγνητικού πεδίου προκειμένου να υπολογίζεται το κάθε επιθυμητό μέγεθος. Για το σχεδιασμό του υβριδικού εδράνου ολίσθησης χρησιμοποιήθηκε το σχεδιαστικό πρόγραμμα CATIA. Για την προσομοίωση του ελέγχου του υβριδικού εδράνου ολίσθησης, χρησιμοποιήθηκε το πρόγραμμα Matlab, το οποίο ενεργοποιεί το πρόγραμμα Ansys για τον υπολογισμό των χαρακτηριστικών του υδροδυναμικού και του ηλεκτρομαγνητικού πεδίου του εδράνου και το Simulink module του Matlab για τον υπολογισμό των χαρακτηριστικών του ελέγχου, ώστε να γίνονται όλοι οι απαραίτητοι υπολογισμοί αυτοματοποιημένα. Τέλος, έγιναν υπολογισμοί και προσομοίωση δυναμικής περιστρεφόμενων αξόνων, με στήριξη του ρότορα σε δύο έδρανα και δίσκο προσαρμοσμένο στον ρότορα, στο πρόγραμμα Matlab, με σύνδεση με το Ansys για τον υπολογισμό των συντελεστών ελαστικότητας και απόσβεσης και το Simulink module του Matlab για τον υπολογισμό των χαρακτηριστικών του ελέγχου, με σκοπό την ολοκληρωμένη ανάλυση του συστήματος. Συμπερασματικά, μέσω της συγκεκριμένης διδακτορικής διατριβής αποδεικνύεται πως ο σχεδιασμός, η λειτουργία και η κατασκευή του συγκεκριμένου πρωτότυπου υβριδικού εδράνου ολίσθησης είναι εφικτά, και από τα αποτελέσματα προκύπτει πως η λειτουργία ενός τέτοιου υβριδικού εδράνου ολίσθησης, έχει πολλά πλεονεκτήματα σε σχέση με άλλα έδρανα στήριξης περιστρεφόμενων αξόνων, είτε αυτά είναι απλά είτε υβριδικά και μπορεί να εφαρμοστεί είτε σε εργαστηριακό επίπεδο είτε σε βιομηχανικές εφαρμογές. / The present doctoral thesis refers to hydrodynamic journal bearings. Specifically, it refers to the design and construction of a new, innovative hybrid journal bearing, which has the ability to function either as hydrodynamic or active magnetic or hybrid, i.e. both hydrodynamic and active magnetic, at the same time. In order to be performed the design and construction of the specific hybrid journal bearing, calculations and simulation of the hydrodynamic field for the hydrodynamic journal bearings in the program ANSYS, have been made. The simulation of the hybrid journal bearings has been made with iterative process, between the hydrodynamic and active magnetic field, so that every desired magnitude can be calculated. For the design of the hybrid journal bearing, the designing program CATIA has been used. For the simulation of the control of the hybrid journal bearing, the program Maltab has been used, which activates the program Ansys, for the calculation of the features of the hydrodynamic and active magnetic field of the bearing and the Simulink module of Maltab, for the calculation of the features of control, so that all necessary calculations can be made automated. Finally, calculations and simulation of rotor dynamics, with support of the rotor in two bearings and disc adjusted to the rotor, in Maltab, in connection to Ansys, for the calculation of the elastic and damping coefficients and the Simulink module of Maltab, for the calculation of the features of control, have been made, having as a purpose the complete analysis of the system. In conclusion, through the specific doctoral thesis, it is proved that the design, function and construction of the specific, new hybrid journal bearing, can be achieved and the results show that the function of such a hybrid journal bearing, has many advantages compared to other bearings of support of rotors, either they are simple or hybrid and it can be applied either to laboratory level or industrial applications.

The near field blast–wave propagation dynamics has been a subject of intense research in recent past. Since experiments on a large scale are difficult to carry out, focus has been directed towards recreating these blast waves inside the laboratory by expending minuscule amounts of energy(few joules),which have been termed here as micro–blast waves. In the present study, micro-blast waves are generated from the open end of a small diameter polymer tube (Inner Diameter of 1.3 mm)coated on its inner side with negligible amounts of HMX explosive (~18 mg/m), along with traces of aluminium powder. Experimental, numerical, and analytical approaches have been adopted in this investigation to understand the generation and subsequent propagation of these micro–blast waves in the open domain. Time–resolved schlieren flow visualization experiments, using a high speed digital camera, and dynamic pressure measurements (head–on and side–on pressures) have been carried out. Quasi one dimensional numerical modeling of the detonation process inside the tube, has been carried out by considering the reaction kinetics of a single(HMX) reaction to account for the reaction dynamics of HMX. The one dimensional numerical model is then coupled to a commercial Navier– Stokes equation solver to understand the propagation of the blast wave from the open end of the tube. A theory that is valid for large scale explosions of intermediate strength was then used for the first time to understand the propagation dynamics of these micro–blast waves. From the experiments, the trajectory of the blast wave was mapped, and its initial Mach number was found to be about 3.7. The side–on overpressure was found to be 5.5 psi at a distance of 20 mm from the tube, along an axis, offset by 30 mm from the tube axis. These values were found to compare quite well with the numerically obtained data in the open domain. From the numerical model of the tube, the energy in the blast wave was inferred to be 1.5 J. This value was then used in the analytical theory and excellent correlation was obtained, suggesting the exciting possibility of using such theories, validated for large-scale explosions, to describe these micro–blasts. Considering the uncertainties in the approximate model, a better estimate of energy was obtained by working back the energy(using the analytical model) from the trajectory data as 1.25 J. The average TNT equivalent, a measure of its strength relative to a TNT explosion, was found to be 0.3. A few benchmark experiments, demonstrating the capability of this novel blast device have also been done by comparing them against the extant large–scale explosion database, suggesting the possibility of using these micro–blast waves to study certain aspects of large–scale explosions.

L'insertion des microcommutateurs MEMS RF nécessite une tension d'actionnement et des dimensions toujours plus petites, ce qui confère davantage d'importance aux effets de surfaces, si bien qu'une des principales limitations des performances des microcommutateurs est la qualité du contact et sa fiabilité. Dans ce contexte, nous avons développé un outil de calcul de la résistance de contact électrique de microcommutateurs MEMS RF à contact ohmique. La finalité de l'outil sera l'étude de l'impact des matériaux, de l'état de surface, de la topologie de contact pour augmenter les performances de contact. Un tour d'horizon des différentes méthodes existantes (analytique, numérique, expérimentale) pour analyser le contact mécanique puis électrique de surfaces rugueuses a tout d'abord été réalisé. Puis nous avons conçu et fabriqué deux types de véhicules de test, à actionnement mécanique et à actionnement électrostatique afin de pouvoir tester la méthodologie de modélisation du contact mise en oeuvre. L'originalité de cette méthodologie repose sur une nouvelle approche utilisant la méthode d'ingénierie inverse pour générer la forme réelle de la surface. Les progrès apportés sur les logiciels de calcul rendent possible l'implantation de profils réels de surface issus de la caractérisation. L'analyse du contact mécanique est ensuite réalisée à travers des simulations numériques de contact avec le logiciel multiphysique éléments finis ANSYS 11. Cette analyse mécanique est suivie d'une analyse électrique, basée sur des formulations analytiques issues de la théorie du contact électrique et utilisant les résultats de l'analyse précédente. Les surfaces de contact des structures de test sont acquises à l'AFM afin de tester l'outil de calcul. Les résultats obtenus avec la nouvelle méthodologie restent éloignés des mesures expérimentales de résistance de contact. Ces écarts étaient prévisibles tant il est difficile d'une part de prendre en compte tous les paramètres affectant la val eur de la résistance (effet thermique, présence d'un film isolant sur l'interface de contact, phénomène de fluage) dans le modèle, et tant il est difficile d'autre part d'évaluer avec précision les propriétés des matériaux de contact.

Les écoulements en milieu urbain sont complexes et à l'heure actuelle estimés à l'aide d'outils informatiques. Pourtant, le manque de données expérimentales sur des géométries urbaines rend la validation et l'encadrement de l'utilisation de ces derniers difficile. Cette thèse présente les résultats obtenus sur un modèle physique d'un quartier urbain. La distribution des hauteurs d'eau ainsi que la répartition des débits en sortie du quartier expérimental sont mesurées. Leur étude a mis en évidence certains comportements caractéristiques des écoulements. Les données expérimentales ont été comparées aux simulations numériques générées avec un code 3D (Ansys-Fluent®) et un outil de recherche (Neptune 2D) mis au point durant cette thèse. Ce dernier résout les équations de Barré de Saint Venant 2D à l'aide d'un schéma EVR-DG, associé à une modification des solveurs de Riemann qui rend le code de calcul well-balanced.Les écarts observés entre Ansys-Fluent® et l'expérimental sont majoritairement en-dessous de 10%. Le code Neptune 2D apparait quant à lui légèrement moins précis : les écarts peuvent atteindre 20 à 30%. Diverses hypothèses sont avancées pour expliquer ces écarts.

Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-03-12T15:40:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DANIELA PASSOS SIMÕES DE ALMEIDA TAVARES - TESE PPGEQ 2016..pdf: 15494076 bytes, checksum: 86040371b4c9f0e560658409f7d3b95d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-12T15:40:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DANIELA PASSOS SIMÕES DE ALMEIDA TAVARES - TESE PPGEQ 2016..pdf: 15494076 bytes, checksum: 86040371b4c9f0e560658409f7d3b95d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-18 / Capes / O vazamento de fluidos tóxicos em tubulações submarinas devido à corrosão, erosão ou falhas na estrutura, geralmente conduzem a danos extensivos à vida marinha, saúde humana e recursos naturais. Quando um vazamento acidental ocorre, uma resposta rápida e adequada é necessária para reduzir as consequências ambientais. Logo, compreender, por exemplo, o comportamento da pluma de óleo vazado possibilita a determinação do percurso da pluma de óleo e a dispersão da mesma na correnteza marítima e, assim, propor técnicas e/ou tecnologias para eliminar ou minimizar os danos causados pelo vazamento. Neste sentido, foi realizado um estudo do comportamento da pluma e sua dispersão, adotando-se uma abordagem Euleriana-Euleriana. Foi utilizado um modelo matemático representativo da fluidodinâmica de uma pluma de óleo originada do vazamento em um riser tipo catenária. Adotou-se um escoamento bifásico (Modelo de Superfície Livre), isotérmico e turbulento (modelo k-ε padrão) para se resolver as equações de conservação de massa e momento linear utilizando ANSYS CFX® v.15. Os resultados dos campos de pressão, velocidade e fração volumétrica, além dos perfis de fração volumétrica possibilitaram a avaliação do comportamento da pluma e de sua dispersão no mar. Observou-se que a pluma atingiu a superfície marítima quando adotado altas velocidades de vazamento de óleo e baixas velocidades da correnteza marítima. Para os casos em que a densidade do óleo é maior, houve espalhamento lateral subsuperfície. Para os casos com maior velocidade do jato de óleo e menor velocidade da água do mar, na chegada do óleo à superfície observou-se que houve espalhamento horizontal a montante e a jusante do sentido de escoamento. A depender das condições de velocidade de vazamento, da correnteza marítima e da diferença de densidade percebeu-se uma tendência da pluma não atingir a superfície marítima. / The leak of toxic fluids in submarine pipes due to corrosion, erosion or failures in the structure, generally lead to extensive damage to marine life, human health and natural resources. When occurs an accidental leak, a quick and adequate response is needed to reduce the environmental consequences. Therefore, understand, for example, the behavior of leaked oil plume enables the determination of the oil plume path and the dispersion of the same in the sea current and like this propose techniques and/or technologies to eliminate or minimize the damage caused by the leak. In this sense, it was proposed a study of the behavior of plume and its dispersion, adopting an EulerianEulerian approach. It was used a representative mathematical model of the fluid dynamics of an oil plume originated from leak at riser in catenary format. It was adopted a two-phase flow (Free Surface Model), isothermal and turbulent (k-ε standard model) to solve the mass and momentum conservation equations using ANSYS CFX® v.15. The results of the pressure, velocity and volumetric fraction fields, and the volumetric fraction profiles allowed the plume behavior assessment and dispersal at sea. Also it was observed that the plume reaches the sea surface when adopted high velocities of oil leak and low velocities of sea current. For the cases in which the oil density is higher, there was lateral subsurface scattering. For the cases with higher velocity of the oil jet and lower velocity of the sea water, in the arrival of the oil to the surface it was observed that there was horizontal scattering upstream and downstream of the direction of flow. Moreover, depending on conditions of the leak velocity, of the sea current and of the density difference was noticed a tendency of the plume not reach the sea surface.

Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-03-14T22:16:17Z No. of bitstreams: 1 HELTON GOMES ALVES - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGEQ 2017..pdf: 6048381 bytes, checksum: 85c4b2fa7101540817c1a7f535cd9477 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-14T22:16:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 HELTON GOMES ALVES - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGEQ 2017..pdf: 6048381 bytes, checksum: 85c4b2fa7101540817c1a7f535cd9477 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-01 / Capes / O presente trabalho tem como objetivo dar uma contribuição na compreensão dos fenômenos envolvidos na recuperação de óleos com diferentes viscosidades através de poços produtores horizontais na presença e ausência de uma falha geológica via injeção de água. Para resolver as equações de conservação de massa e momento linear generalizadas a Lei de Darcy, foi utilizado o Ansys CFX 15.1 adotando o modelo de mistura de fluidos contínuos (água/óleo) em fluxo transiente e regime laminar. Mediante teste de malha, realizado segundo o princípio da superposição das curvas de perfil de fração volumétrica e velocidade superficial média da água, foi escolhido a malha estruturada com 603588 elementos hexaédricos por apresentar menor esforço computacional. Entretanto, através da comparação da recuperação de óleo com diferentes viscosidades foi possível constatar que a recuperação do óleo menos viscoso se apresentou mais eficiente. Contudo, segundo a análise da influência da altura do poço injetor, a configuração que apresentou uma maior área de varrido foi com a maior área de injeção. E através das distribuições em diferentes posições longitudinais de fração volumétrica de água, gradientes de pressão, velocidade superficial da água e do óleo, foi possível perceber a presença da falha geológica no reservatório, bem como a influência da variação da sua permeabilidade. / The present work aims to contribute to the understanding of the involved phenomena in the recovery of oils with different viscosities through horizontal wells in the presence and absence of a geological fault via water injection. In order to solve the mass conservation and generalized linear momentum equations of Darcy's law, Ansys CFX 15.1 has been used and it was supported by the continuous fluids mixture model (water/oil) in transient flow and laminar regime. Through mesh test, which was performed according to the principle of superposition of the volumetric fraction profile and the average surface velocity of the water, a structured mesh with 603588 hexahedral elements was chosen because of the lower computational effort. However, by comparing the recovery of oil with different viscosities, it was possible to verify that the recovery of less viscous oil was more efficient. In addition, according to the analysis of the influence of the height of the injector well, the configuration that presented a larger awept área was the one with a greater area of injection. Thus, through the distributions in different longitudinal positions of volumetric fraction of the water, pressure gradients, surface velocity of the water and the oil, it was possible to realize the presence of the geological fault in the reservoir, as well as the influence of the variation of its permeability.

Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-03-16T19:29:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 AKLEINO SILVESTRE DA SILVA - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGEQ 2016..pdf: 6288381 bytes, checksum: f65c5bdc20bfda0cdb5930837d5d1894 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-16T19:29:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AKLEINO SILVESTRE DA SILVA - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGEQ 2016..pdf: 6288381 bytes, checksum: f65c5bdc20bfda0cdb5930837d5d1894 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-09-29 / O consumo de água doce vem crescendo muito no mundo inteiro e sua possível escassez tornou-se um dos temas mais discutidos na atualidade. Com isso há necessidade de desenvolver novas estratégias para suprir a falta de água potável. Dentre elas, destacam-se a dessalinização. Neste sentido, o presente trabalho tem por objetivo avaliar um ciclone convencional utilizado para dessalinização da água salgada com adição de cinco bicos injetores, localizados na parte superior do mesmo. O modelo matemático adotado considera escoamento tridimensional, turbulento, estacionário e não isotérmico para a fase gasosa, e a aplicação do modelo Lagrangeano para as partículas. As equações de conservação da massa, de momento linear, de energia e as do modelo de turbulência SST , bem como as equações constitutivas e as condições de contorno foram resolvidas com auxílio do software comercial Ansys CFX. São apresentados os resultados dos campos de pressão, temperatura, velocidade e fração mássica, linhas de fluxo, trajetórias das partículas, perfis de velocidade, de pressão total e de temperatura total no interior do separador ciclônico térmico. Constatouse o caráter tridimensional do escoamento gás-partícula no interior do ciclone com presenças de regiões de zonas de recirculação e de inversão de fluxo. Os resultados mostraram que a variação das temperaturas na alimentação, tanto do ar como da água, influência na geração de vapor no interior do separador ciclônico. Porém é preciso um estudo cauteloso, como por exemplo, avaliar a influência do comprimento da parte cônica, tanto na fluidodinâmica quanto na cinética, para tentar aumentar o tempo de residência das partículas e com isso contribuir para o aquecimento da partícula. / The consumption of fresh water has been increasing worldwide and its possible shortage has become one of the most discussed topics today. With this, there is a need to develop new strategies to address the lack of potable water. Among them, desalination. In this sense, the present work aims to evaluate a conventional cyclone used for the desalination of salt water with the addition of five injector nozzles, located in the upper part of the same. The mathematical model adopted considers three-dimensional, turbulent, stationary and nonisothermal flow for the gas phase, and the application of the Lagrangian model to the particles. The equations of conservation of mass, linear momentum, energy and those of the SST w turbulence model, as well as the constitutive equations and the boundary conditions were solved with the commercial software Ansys CFX. The results of the fields of pressure, temperature, velocity and mass fraction, flow lines, particle trajectories, velocity profiles, total pressure and total temperature inside the thermal cyclone separator are presented. It was noted three-dimensional character of the gas-particle flow within the cyclone presence regions with recirculation zones and reverse flow. The results showed that the temperature variation in both air and water influences the generation of steam inside the cyclonic separator. However, a cautious study is required, for example, to evaluate the influence of the length of the conic part, both in fluid dynamics and kinetics, to try to increase the residence time of the particles and thereby contribute to the heating of the particle.

Submitted by Emanuel Varela Cardoso (emanuel.varela@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-06-05T19:00:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 EVALDO MARCOS ASCENDINO PEREIRA – TESE (PPGEP) 2015.pdf: 8939459 bytes, checksum: e1aafd638233894a238ae405231508a3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-05T19:00:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 EVALDO MARCOS ASCENDINO PEREIRA – TESE (PPGEP) 2015.pdf: 8939459 bytes, checksum: e1aafd638233894a238ae405231508a3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-05-29 / CNPq / Subprodutos à base de óleo de rícino são utilizados na fabricação de vários produtos de base comercialmente importantes, tais como: surfactantes, lubrificantes, tintas, produtos farmacêuticos, cosméticos, poliésteres, polímeros, etc. A mamona tem na sua composição aproximadamente 50% de óleo, com especiais características, tais como elevada viscosidade, estabilidade ao calor e pressão, baixo ponto de congelamento e habilidade para formar substâncias cerosas após tratamentos químicos. A mamona é um candidato potencial para a produção de biodiesel; No entanto, este produto deve ser seco, a fim de reduzir o teor de umidade (10%), para o armazenamento seguro. A secagem é uma operação complexa, que envolve a transferência transiente de calor e de massa, que provoca transformações físicas e químicas do produto, o qual, por sua vez, pode causar alterações na qualidade do mesmo, bem como nos mecanismos de transferência de calor e de massa . Este trabalho apresenta um estudo experimental e numérico da secagem de frutos de mamona (Ricinus communis L., variedade "BRSEnergia"). Um modelo matemático tridimensional transiente é apresentado para predizer a transferência de massa e calor e simular a distribuição do teor de umidade e temperatura no interior do sólido, considerando as propriedades termofí sicas constantes, utilizando-se o software ANSYS CFX®. Para a validação da metodologia numérica foram realizados experimentos de secagem com frutos de mam ona da variedade BRS Energia. Nos experimentos, foram usadas temperaturas de secagem de 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 e 100 ºC. Os dados experimentais de secagem foram ajustados ao modelo matemático empírico de Page, apresentando para todos os tratamentos coeficientes de determinação (R2) superiores a 99,60% e valores de desvio-padrão da estimativa (SE) inferiores a 0,0165. As cinéticas de secagem de teor de umidade e temperatura obtidos por meio do CFX® foram comparados com as cinéticas experimentais de secagem e uma boa aproximação foram obtidas. Coeficientes de massa difusivo foram obtidos para diferentes condições de secagem. Verificou-se que os coeficientes de transporte de massa difusivo tendem a aumentar com o aumento da temperatura do ar de secagem. / Castor oil-based by-products are used in the manufacture of several commercially important commodities like surfactants, coatings, greases, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, polyesters, polymers, etc . The castor bean has in the compositions approximately 50% oil, with special characteristics such as high viscosity, heat and pressure stability, low freezing point and ability to form waxy substances after chemical treatments. The castor bean is a potential candidate for the production of biodiesel; However, this product must be dried, in order, to reduce moisture content (10%), for safe storage. Drying is a complex operation involving transient transfer of heat and mass that provokes physical and chemical transformations in the product, which, in turn, may cause changes in the quality thereof, as well as the mechanisms of heat and mass transfer. This work presents an experimental and numerical study of castor bean fruits drying (Ricinus communis L., variety "BRS Energia"). A three-dimensional transient mathematical model is presented to predict the heat and mass transfer and to simulate the distribution of temperature and moisture content inside the solid, considering the constant thermophysical properties, using ANSYS CFX® software. For validation of the numerical methodology were performed drying experiments with castor bean fruits of the variety BRS Energy. In the experiments, were used drying temperatures of 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 and 100ºC. The experimental data of drying were adjusted to the empirical mathematical model of Page, presenting for all treatments, coefficients of determination (R2) greater than 99.60% and standard deviation values of the estimate (SE) lower than 0.0165. The drying kinetics of temperature and moisture content obtained by CFX® were compared with the experimental drying kinetics and a good approximation has been obtained. Diffusive mass coefficients were obtained for different drying conditions. It was found that the diffusive mass transport coefficients tend to increase with increasing drying air temperature.

The goal of the current study was to develop a computational framework for modelling the coupled fluid-structure interaction problem of squeeze films often encountered in MEMS devices. Vibratory MEMS devices such as gyroscopes, RF switches, and 2D resonators often have a thin plate like structure vibrating transversely to a Fixed substrate, and are generally not perfectly vacuum packed. This results in a thin air film being trapped between the vibrating plate and the fixed substrate which behaves like a squeeze film offering both stiffness and damping to the vibrating plate. For accurate modelling of the squeeze film effect, one must account for the coupled fluid-structure interaction. The majority of prior works attempting to address the coupled problem either approximate the mode shape of the vibrating plate or resort to cumbersome iterative solution strategies to address the problem in an indirect way. In the current work, we discuss the development of a fully coupled finite element based numerical scheme to solve the 2D Reynolds equation coupled with the 3D plate elasticity equation in a single step. The squeeze film solver so developed has been implemented into a commercial FEA package NISA as part of its Micro-Systems module. Further, extending on a prior analytical work, the effect of variable ow boundaries for an all sides clamped plate on squeeze film parameters has been thoroughly investigated. The developed FEM based numerical scheme has been used to validate the results of the prior analytical study. The developed numerical scheme models the 2D Reynolds equation thus limiting the model to account for the effects of the fluid volume strictly confined between the structure and the substrate. To study the effect of surrounding fluid volume ANSYS FLOTRAN simulations have been performed by numerically solving the full 3D Navier Stokes equation in the extended fluid domain for the different flow boundary scenarios. Cut-off frequencies are established beyond which one can consider a 2D fluid domain without considerable loss of accuracy. First, a displacement based finite element formulation is presented for the 2D Reynolds equation coupled with the 3D elasticity equation. Both lower order 8 node and higher order 27 node 3D elements are developed. Only a single type of 3D element is used for modelling along with a 2D fluid layer represented by the \wet" face of the 3D structural domain. The results from our numerical model are compared with experimental data from literature for a MEMS cantilever. The results from the 27 node displacement based elements show good agreement with published experimental data. The results from the lower order 8 node displacement based elements however show huge errors even for relatively fine meshes due to locking issues in modelling high aspect ratio structures. This limits the implementation of the displacement based solver in commercial FE packages where the available mesh generators are generally restricted to lower order 3D elements. In order to overcome the limitations faced by lower order elements (primarily locking issues) in modelling high aspect ratio MEMS geometries, a coupled hybrid formulation is developed next. A thorough performance study is presented considering both the hybrid and displacement based elements for lower order 8 node and higher order 27 node ele- ments. The optimal element choice for modelling squeeze film geometries is determined based on the comparative studies. The effect of element aspect ratio for hybrid and displacement based elements are studied and the superiority of hybrid formulation over displacement based formulations is established for lower order 8 node elements. The coupled hybrid nite element formulation developed for lower order elements is implemented in the commercial FEA package NISA. The implementation scheme to integrate the developed coupled hybrid 8 node squeeze film solver into the commercial FEA package is discussed. The pre-integration analysis and subsequent requirement gaps are first investigated. Based on the gap analysis, certain GUI modifications are undertaken and parser programs are developed to re-format data according to NISA input requirements. Certain special features are included in the package to aid in post processing data analysis by MEMS designers such as \frequency sweep" and \node of interest" selection. As a case study for validation, we also present the modelling of a MEMS cantilever and show that the simulation results from our software are in good agreement with experimental data reported in the literature. Finally as a case study, an extension of a prior analytical work, which studies the effect of varying flow boundaries on squeeze film parameters, is discussed. Explanations are provided for the findings reported in the prior analytical work. The concept of using variation in flow boundaries as a frequency tuning tool is introduced. The analytical results are validated with the coupled numerical scheme discussed before, by considering imposed mode shape for an all sides clamped plate as prescribed displacement to the fluid domain. The simulated results are used to study the intricacies in squeeze film damping and stiffness variations with respect to spatial changes in the fluid flow boundary conditions. In particular, it has been shown that the boundary venting conditions can be used effectively to tune the dynamic response of a micromechanical structure over a fairly large range of frequencies and somewhat smaller range of squeeze film damping. Next, the effect of the surrounding fluid volume for various venting conditions is studied. ANSYS FLOTRAN is used to solve for the full 3D Navier Stokes equation over the extended fluid domain. Results from the extended domain study are used to determine cut-off frequencies beyond which one need not resort to an extended mesh study, and yet be within 5% accuracy of the full extended mesh model.