Intuitive prosthetic control is limited by the inability to easily convey intention and perceive physical requirements of the task. Rather than providing haptic feedback and allowing users to consciously control every component of manipulation, relegating some aspects of control to the device may simplify operation. This study focuses on the development and testing of a control scheme able to identify object stiffness and regulate impedance. The system includes an algorithm to detect the apparent stiffness of an object, a proportional nonlinear EMG control algorithm for interpreting a user’s desired grasp aperture, and an antagonistically acting impedance controller. Performance of a testbed prosthetic simulation used to controllably extrude pastes of different properties from a compliant tube was compared to that of the non-dominant human hand. The paste volume extrusion error and response time to perform the task were recorded for comparison. Statistical analysis using (GEE) and (TOST) suggests the prosthetic controller and human hand performed similarly along these metrics. Performance differences in the trials were more strongly correlated to tube type and repetition block. The results suggest that the developed controller allows users to perform a controlled squeezing task at a level comparable to the human hand with minimal training. It also suggests that a priori stiffness estimation acquired through quick palpations may be sufficient for effective control during simple manipulation. The lack of a learning curve suggests that the development of systems that automatically control aspects of mechanical interaction may offer users more advanced control capabilities with low cognitive load.

Rarely are natural conditions constant, but generally biologists study microbes in artificially constant environments in the laboratory. I relaxed these assumptions of constant environments through time and space as I investigated how microbial populations evolve. First, I examined how bacteriophage evolved in the presence of permissive and nonpermissive hosts. I found that bacteriophage evolved discrimina- tion in mixed environments as well as in one of two environments with homogeneous, permissive hosts. This showed the asymmetry of host-shifting in viruses as well as the possibility of large, and somewhat unpredictable, pleiotropic effects. Secondly, I reconstructed ancestral environmental conditions for soil bacteria groups using phy- logenetics and environmental variables of extant species’ habitats. These generaliza- tions suggested characteristic phenotypes for several phylogenetic groups, including uncultured Acidobacteria. Lastly, I collected genetic sequences and global collection information for 65 bacteria genera across the domain. In examining the relation- ship between genetic distance, environmental conditions, and geography, I observed positive relationships specifically between genetic distance and geography or genetic distance and environmental conditions for bacteria from land sites but not from wa- ter sites. Phylogenic classifications or phenotypes of the genera could not predict these correlations. In all of these projects, variations in the environment created evolutionary signals that hinted at past environments of microbial populations. / text

Στην παρούσα διατριβή παρουσιάζεται η σύνθεση εικοσιεπτά νέων αναλόγων της ωκυτοκίνης (ΟΤ), τα οποία περιέχουν πέραν της Gly(But)8 ή/και Gly(But)9 και Gly(But)3 ή/και Gly(But)7, D-Cys6;ή Pen6, το μη φυσικό αμινοξύ α-αμινοϊσοβουτυρικό οξύ (Aib), το ιμινοξύ 1,2,3,4- τετραϋδροκινολινο-3-καρβοξυλικό οξύ (Tic) στη D- μορφή του στις θέσεις 7 ή/και 9 και τέλος τα παράγωγα D-Tyr(Et) και D-Nal(1) στη θέση 2. H σύνθεση των νέων αναλόγων έγινε σύμφωνα με την Fmoc/But μεθοδολογία σύνθεσης επί στερεάς φάσεως σε στερεό υπόστρωμα Rink Bernatowitz 2-χλωροτριτυλο-ρητίνη.Τα πεπτίδια δοκιμάστηκαν όσον αφορά στην ωκυτόκειο δράση in vitro, σε απομονωμένο ιστό μήτρας επίμυος ενώ η δοκιμή επί της πιέσεως πραγματοποιήθηκε σε επίμυες οι οποίοι είχαν επεξεργαστεί με φαινοξυβενζαμίνη. Τα νέα ανάλογα δοκιμάστηκαν και όσον αφορά στη συγγένεια τους με τον ανθρώπινο ωκυτόκειο υποδοχέα, η δοκιμή πραγματοποιήθηκε σε ανθρώπινα εμβρυϊκά νεφρικά κύτταρα (HEK) τα οποία υπερεκφράζουν τον υποδοχέα. Επιπρόσθετα, κάποια από τα ανάλογα αυτά δοκιμάστηκαν όσον αφορά στην επίδρασή τους στον πολλαπλασιασμό των καρκινικών κυττάρων του μαστού (MCF-7). Από τα προκαταρκτικά βιολογικά αποτελέσματα φαίνεται ότι τα συντεθέντα ανάλογα παρουσιάζουν στο σύνολό τους ανταγωνιστικές ιδιότητες, 10 εκ των οποίων παρουσίασαν ιδιαίτερα ισχυρή ανταγωνιστική δράση και εκλεκτικότητα εφ’ όσον στη δοκιμή επί της πιέσεως δεν εμφάνισαν δράση. Τα 10 αυτά ανάλογα εμφανίζουν ανταγωνιστική ισχυρότερη από αυτήν του Atosiban (pA2=8,29±0,05) και είναι εκλεκτικά. Επιπλέον, τρία από τα νέα ανάλογα (MOPACIN I,II και III) βρίσκονται σε διαδικασία κατοχύρωσης. Όσον αφορά την συγγένεια με τον ανθρώπινο υποδοχέα υπήρξε μια διαφοροποίηση μεταξύ των αποτελεσμάτων από τη βιολογική δράση και την συγγένεια με τον υποδοχέα, αφού ανάλογα με ισχυρή ανταγωνιστική δράση (π.χ. ανάλογο 23 με τιμή pA2 =8,31 και συγγένεια με τον υποδοχέα περισσότερο από 100 φορές χαμηλότερη σε σύγκριση με αυτή της φυσικής ορμόνης) εμφάνισαν χαμηλή συγγένεια με τον υποδοχέα. Η διαφοροποίση αυτή ίσως οφείλεται στις διαφορές μεταξύ των ειδών. Επιπρόσθετα, κάποια από τα ανάλογα αυτά δοκιμάστηκαν όσον αφορά στην επίδρασή τους στον πολλαπλασιασμό των καρκινικών κυττάρων του μαστού (MCF-7). Τα αποτελέσματα αυτών αποτελούν ένδειξη της βιολογικής δράσης των συνθετικών πεπτιδίων. Όμως χρειάζεται περισσό-τερη διερεύνηση ο ρόλος τους για την εξαγωγή ασφαλών συμπερασμάτων.Εν κατακλείδι, τα συμπεράσματα στα οποία καταλήγουμε, όσον αφορά στην παρούσα διατριβή προσφέρουν νέα δεδομένα όσον αφορά στη σύνθεση και τον σχεδιασμό νέων αναλόγων της ωκυτοκίνης τα οποία πιθανότατα θα αποτελέσουν και καλούς ανταγωνιστές με ενδεχόμενη θερα-πευτική/φαρμακευτική εφαρμογή. Επιπλέον, το εύρημα ότι η ωκυτοκίνη καθώς και τα ανάλογα αυτής μπορεί να εμπλέκονται στον πολλαπλασιασμό των νεοπλασματικών κυττάρων μπορεί να βρει εφαρμογή στην ραδιοαπεικόνιση διαφόρων νεοπλασμάτων, καθώς και στη θεραπεία αυτών. Επίσης ανάλογα της ωκυτοκίνης τα οποία παρουσιάζουν υψηλή συγγένεια με τον υποδοχέα μπορούν να χρησιμοποιηθούν ως ραδιοϊχνηθέτες ή ως χημειοθεραπευτικοί φορείς. / In the present study we present the synthesis and pharmacological investigation of twenty seven newly synthesized oxytocin analogues. Basic modification at positions 7, 8 and 9 (in-troduction of α,α-dialkyl amino acid, α-aminoisobutyric acid [Aib] or the unnatural imino acid D-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid [D-Tic] or tert-butyl-glycine [(But)Gly]) was combined with D-Cys6/Pen6, D-Tyr(Et)2, and D-Nal(1)2, Mpa1/Pen1 modifications and their various combinations.The new analogues were synthesized by Fmoc solid phase methodology utilizing a 2-chlorotrityl chloride resin as solid support bearing a Rink-Bernatowitz linker to provide the peptidic amide. The analogues were tested for their potency in two pharmacological tests, i.e. uterotonic in vitro test in the absence of magnesium ions on an isolated strip of rat uterus and in the pressοr test on phenoxybenzamine treated male rats. Parallel determination of binding affinity of the analogues to cloned human oxytocin recep-tors on HEK cell membranes using tritiated oxytocin from NEN Life Science, Boston, MA, USA was performed.We obtained a satisfactory number of quite potent and selective (as it concerns the binding with the vasopresor receptor V1a) oxytocin antagonists. Ten of these analogues showed higher antagonistic affinity than Atosiban (pA2=8.29) and they were completely inactive as far as it concerns the rat pressor test. Three of them (MOPACIN I, II and III) are under patent procedure. On the other hand, as it concerns the binding affinity and the biological evaluation, we observed a paradox phenomenon. Despite the high antagonistic potencies the affinity to the receptor was lower than oxytocin. This may be attributed to the species difference. Furthermore, some of the analogues were tested as far as it concerns their ability to in-crease or decrease the growth of MCF-7 breast cancer cells. The results indicate the ability of some analogues to decrease the growth of the MCF-7 breast cancer cells, but these re-sults need further investigation due to extract safe conclusions.Finally, the results from the presence study may aid in the design of novel and selective antagonists of oxytocin with pharmacological/pharmaceutical use. Furthermore, the evi-dence that some analogues have the ability to decrease the growth of MCF-7 cells, may find future applications in the radioimaging of different neoplasms, as wel as in their therapy, using oxytocin analogues that conserve high oxytocin receptor affinity as either radiotracers or chemiotherapeutic vectors.

Submitted by Ariane Souza (arianedocarmosouza@gmail.com) on 2018-08-14T02:02:56Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Ariane do Carmo Souza dissertação mestrado.pdf: 1195184 bytes, checksum: e6271bca7a0f0772ac6bb6269483b8fd (MD5) Carta para repositorio Ariane do Carmo Souza.pdf: 105567 bytes, checksum: 2517d898996d34fae9bd02b616df2176 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Alini Demarchi (ri.bar@ufscar.br) on 2018-08-17T12:57:39Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Ariane do Carmo Souza dissertação mestrado.pdf: 1195184 bytes, checksum: e6271bca7a0f0772ac6bb6269483b8fd (MD5) Carta para repositorio Ariane do Carmo Souza.pdf: 105567 bytes, checksum: 2517d898996d34fae9bd02b616df2176 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Alini Demarchi (ri.bar@ufscar.br) on 2018-08-17T12:57:52Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Ariane do Carmo Souza dissertação mestrado.pdf: 1195184 bytes, checksum: e6271bca7a0f0772ac6bb6269483b8fd (MD5) Carta para repositorio Ariane do Carmo Souza.pdf: 105567 bytes, checksum: 2517d898996d34fae9bd02b616df2176 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-17T19:25:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Ariane do Carmo Souza dissertação mestrado.pdf: 1195184 bytes, checksum: e6271bca7a0f0772ac6bb6269483b8fd (MD5) Carta para repositorio Ariane do Carmo Souza.pdf: 105567 bytes, checksum: 2517d898996d34fae9bd02b616df2176 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-06-14 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / The alternaria brown spot, caused by Alternaria alternata f sp. citri, causes large economic damages in tangor Murcott (Citrus sinensis Osbeck x Citrus reticulata [L.] Blanco). Its control is carried out through the spraying of agrochemicals, implying up to 15 pulverizations per year, which causes an increase in the production costs of the cultures and damages to the environment. As an alternative, the use of microorganisms, in particular Bacillus spp., has been used to diseases’ control. Therefore, the aim of this work was to evaluate the viability of Bacillus spp in in vitro and in vivo conditions. The methodologies were based on the interactions between biological control agents (Bacillus spp.) and the phytopathogen A. alternata, evaluated by the paired culture technique, by the production of volatile, thermostable and cell-free metabolites by different Bacillus spp. isolates. The molecular identification of the isolates tested and the efficacy of bacterial isolates were evaluated in leaves and plants under greenhouse conditions. The results showed that most of the isolates affected the development of phytopathogen and produced some types of metabolite, being antibiosis one of the probable mechanisms of action of the bacterium. The isolates ACB-01, ACB-07, ACB-08, ACB-18 and ACB-57 presented potential for disease control of A. alternata. / A mancha marrom de alternaria, causada por Alternaria alternata f sp. citri, causa grandes danos econômicos em tangor Murcott (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck x Citrus reticulata [L.] Blanco). Seu controle é realizado através de pulverizações com agroquímicos, implicando em até 15 pulverizações por ano, o que acarreta em aumento no custo de produção da cultura e prejuízos ao meio ambiente. Como alternativa, o uso de microrganismos, em particular, as bactérias do gênero Bacillus spp., têm sido empregadas para o controle de doenças. Portanto, esse trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar em condições in vitro e in vivo a viabilidade de 47 isolados de Bacillus spp. para o controle da doença. As metodologias foram embasadas nas interações entre agentes de controle biológico (Bacillus spp.) e o fitopatógeno A. alternata avaliadas pela técnica de cultivo pareado, pela produção de metabólitos voláteis, termoestáveis e livre de células por diferentes isolados de Bacillus spp.. Realizou-se, ainda, a identificação molecular dos isolados testados e a eficácia dos isolados da bactéria em folhas destacadas e em plantas, sob condições de casa de vegetação. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que a maioria dos isolados afetou o desenvolvimento do fitopatógeno e produziram algum tipo de metabólito, sendo, a antibiose um dos prováveis mecanismos de ação da bactéria. Os isolados ACB-01, ACB-07, ACB-08, ACB-18 e ACB-57 apresentaram potencial para o biocontrole de A. alternata.

Submitted by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2017-07-07T17:00:54Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Leonardo Lima Bergamini - 2017.pdf: 3505106 bytes, checksum: 536ed882cdb2712abf63490a466f1a9e (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-07-10T14:40:03Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Leonardo Lima Bergamini - 2017.pdf: 3505106 bytes, checksum: 536ed882cdb2712abf63490a466f1a9e (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T14:40:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Leonardo Lima Bergamini - 2017.pdf: 3505106 bytes, checksum: 536ed882cdb2712abf63490a466f1a9e (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-05-26 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This thesis comprises three chapters presented in the form of scientific articles, and approaches phylogenetic conservatism of ecological interactions under different aspects. Citations and bibliographic references are formatted in accordance with the norms from the journal Oikos, where a version of the first chapter was published. Supplementary materials cited in the text can be found in the anexes at the end of the thesis. I begin with the text from my qualification exam, that gives a brief overview about community phylogenetics. By presenting this more general literature, this introduction gives a point of view that complements the specific discussions of each chapter. In the first chapter, my coauthors and I explore the correlation between phylogenetic similarity and the similarity between counterpart sets of plants and herbivores in a regional Asteraceae-flowerhead endophages. By using different measures of counterpart similarity and different subsets defined by herbivore lineages I tried to detect how the evolutionary history of plants and herbivores is reflected in their interactions, both at the specific level as at the modular structure of the network. We show that, beyond the compositional similarity previously reported, closely related species also share a greater proportion of the phylogenetic history of their partners, both for resources and consumers. The comparison between patterns found in the entire network with those found in the subsets provides evidence that resource sharing happens mainly at deeper phylogenetic levels, so that phylogenetic sinal is detectable even among closely related consumers. Asymmetry in signal strength between trophic levels is more evident in the way how network modules reflect host plant phylogeny, both in the entire network and the sub-networks. Taken together, these results show that evolutionary processes, such as phylogenetic conservatism and independent colonization history may be the main forces behind phylogenetic structure observed in this particular plant-herbivore system. In the second chapter, I test with more detail the relative contributions of different ecological processes and the evolutionary history in the formation of the Asteraceae-Tephritidae interaction network. By uniting a previously used approach with a coevolutionary analysis method and some new methods proposed in this work I have shown the striking effect of phylogeny in this system and discuss how the patterns in this antagonistic network differ from other systems. In the third chapter I used a data set compiled from the cophylogeny literature to test the generality of the phylogenetic conservatism observed in other systems. I used a meta-analytical approach to estimate overall effect sizes for the correlations between phylogeny and interactions, as well as the asymmetry in signal strength. I have found a general pattern of phylogenetic conservatism in interaction patterns for both trophic levels along with considerable between-study heterogeneity. On the other hand, the asymmetry in signal strength was consistently small and non-significant in each individual study, with a positive albeit small overall effect size. My results provide compelling evidence that phylogenetic consevatism of ecological interactions is common in nature, togheter with a quantitave picture of its heterogeneity and of the asymmetry between trophic levels. Taken togheter, the results from the three chapters highlight the important role of specialization in structuring antagonistic interactions and the striking presence of phylogenetic constraints in the establishment of this interactions. I hope that the contributions presented here, the questions they raise, and the new approaches I have used help to improve our understanding of the processes that mediate the formation of ecological networks. / Esta tese é composta de três capítulos apresentados em formato de artigos científicos, e aborda a conservação filogenética de interações ecológicas sob diferentes aspectos. Os três capítulos são apresentados em formato de artigos científicos. Citações e referências bibliográficas em todo o texto estão formatados de acordo as normas da revista Oikos, na qual uma versão do primeiro capítulo já se encontra publicado. Os materiais suplementares referidos nos textos de cada um dos capítulos se encontram nos anexos ao final da tese. Começo com o texto de meu exame de qualificação, que faz uma breve apresentação sobre filogenética de comunidades. Ao abordar este tema mais geral esta introdução fornece uma visão complementar à literatura específica apresentada em cada um dos capítulos. No primeiro capítulo, meus coautores e eu exploramos a correlação entre similaridade filogenética e similaridade no conjunto de antagonistas nas plantas e nos herbívoros em uma rede regional Asteraceae endófagos de capítulos. Usando diferentes medidas para similaridade de antagonistas e diferentes recortes definidos por linhagens de herbívoros tentei detectar como a história evolutiva das espécies de plantas e espécies se reflete em suas interações tanto ao nível específico quanto nos módulos da rede. Nós mostramos que, além da similaridade composicional previamente reportada em outros estudos, espécies aparentadas também compartilham uma maior proporção da história filogenética de seus pares, tanto para as espécies recurso quanto para seus consumidores. A comparação entre os padrões encontrados para a rede como um todo com aqueles encontrados em sub-redes compostas de grupos mais filogeneticamente restritos de herbívoros fornece evidência de que a partição de recursos ocorre em maior parte em níveis filogenéticos mais profundos, de modo que um sinal filogenético positivo na similaridade de hospedeiras é detectável mesmo entre consumidores muito próximos em sub-redes monofiléticas. A assimetria na força do sinal entre níveis tróficos é mais aparente na maneira com que os módulos da rede refletem a filogenia das espécies hospedeiras, tanto para a rede como um todo quanto para as sub-redes. Tomados em conjunto, estes resultados sugerem que processos evolutivos, como conservantismo filogenético e a história de colonizações independentes dos diferentes grupos de insetos devem ser as principais forças gerando a estrutura filogenética observada neste sistema planta-herbívoro em particular. No segundo capítulo testo mais detalhadamente as contribuições relativas de diferentes processos ecológicos e da história evolutiva na formação da rede de interações Asteraceae-Tephritidae. Unindo uma abordagem estatística previamente utilizada na literatura de redes mutualísticas, um método de análise coevolutiva e alguns novos métodos propostos neste trabalho mostrei o efeito marcante da filogenia neste sistema e discuti como os padrões desta rede de antagonistas diferem de outros sistemas. No terceiro capítulo utilizei um conjunto de dados compilado da bibliografia sobre cofilogenia para testar a generalidade do padrão de conservação filogenética e da assimetria na força dessa conservação observados em outros sistemas. Usei uma abordagem meta-analítica para estimar tamanhos de efeito gerais para as correlações entre filogenia e interações e também para as assimetrias nessas correlações. Encontrei um padrão geral de conservação filogenética nos padrões de interação para ambos níveis tróficos com uma considerável heterogeneidade entre estudos. Por outro lado, a assimetria na força do sinal foi consistentemente pequena e não significativa em cada estudo individual, com um efeito geral positivo mas também pequenoMeus resultados fornecem evidências convincentes de que a conservação de interações ecológicas é comum na natureza, juntamente com uma representação quantitativa de sua heterogeneidade e da assimetria entre níveis tróficos. Tomados em conjunto, os resultados dos três trabalhos ressaltam a importância da especialização para a estrutura das interações antagonistas e a presença marcante de restrições filogenéticas no estabelecimento destas interações. Espero que as contribuições apresentadas aqui, as questões que elas levantam, e as novas abordagens que utilizei ajudem a melhorar nossa compreensão dos processos que modulam a formação de redes ecológicas.

Esse trabalho teve como objetivo o estudo da toxicidade aguda e crônica da ação isolada e de misturas binárias de três medicamentos veterinários (Monensina, Sulfametazina e Enrofloxacina) para o organismo teste Daphnia magna. A toxicidade aguda da enrofloxacina determinada foi de CE50 - 54.36 mgL-1, da monensina CE50 - 15.11mgL-1 e da sulfametazina CE50 - 183.80 mgL-1. Para os ensaios de toxicidade crônica foram determinados 3 \"endpoints\" (sobrevivência, reprodução e tamanho do adulto) e foi determinado o CEO para a enrofloxacina de 0,33 mgL-1, da monensina 0,09 mgL-1 e da sulfametazina de 6,8 mgL-1. Para fazer uma comparação entre os testes das substâncias isoladas e das misturas binárias foi utilizado o conceito de unidade tóxica (UT), essa comparação foi feita através da soma das UT dos ensaios individuais e comparando com os resultados dos ensaios de misturas para determinar se houve ação sinérgica, aditiva ou antagônica. O ensaio agudo de mistura monensina/enrofloxacina apresentou ação sinérgica já os ensaios monensina/sulfametazina e sulfametazina/enrofloxacina apresentaram ação antagônica. Os ensaios crônicos de mistura monensina/enrofloxacina e monensina/sulfametazina apresentaram ação sinérgica, porém não foram dosedependente e o ensaio sulfametazina/enrofloxacina apresentou ação antagônica. Com base nesse estudo é possível concluir que a mistura desses medicamentos interfere na sua toxicidade, podendo causar efeitos sinérgicos ou antagônicos / This work aims to study the acute and chronic toxicity of the isolated and binary mixtures action of three veterinary drugs (Monensin, Sulfamethazine and Enrofloxacin) for the test organism Daphnia magna. The determined acute toxicity of enrofloxacin was EC50 - 54.36 mgL-1, monensin EC50 - 15.11 mgL-1 and sulfamethazine EC50 - 183.80 mgL-1. In the chronic toxicity tests were determined 3 endpoints (survival, reproduction and adult size) and the LOEC determined for enrofloxacina was 0.33 mgL-1, monensin 0.09 mgL-1 and sulfamethazine 6.8 mgL-1. To make a comparison between the tests of isolated substances and binary mixtures it was used the concept of toxic unit (TU), this comparison was made by adding the UT of individual studies and comparing the test results of mixtures to determine whether there was a synergistic action, additive or antagonistic. The acute mixture assay monensin/enrofloxacin showed synergistic action yet the assays monensin/sulfamethazine and sulfamethazine/enrofloxacin showed antagonistic action. The chronic mixing assays monensin / enrofloxacin and monensin / sulfamethazine showed synergistic action, but were not dose-dependent and testing sulfamethazine / enrofloxacin present antagonistic action. Based on this study it can be concluded that the mixing of these drugs interferes with its toxicity, and may cause synergistic or antagonistic effect

No description available.

Researchers have offered a variety of solutions for overcoming the old and challenging problem of undesired vibrations. The optimum vibration-control solution that can be a passive, semi-active or active solution, is chosen based on the desired level of vibration-control, the budget and the nature of the vibration source. Mechanical vibration-control systems, which work based on variable stiffness control, are categorized as semi-active solutions. They are advantageous for applications with multiple excitation frequencies, such as seismic applications. The available mechanical variable stiffness systems that are used for vibration-control, however, are slow and usually big, and their slowness and size have limited their application. A new semi-active variable stiffness solution is introduced and developed in this thesis to address these challenges by providing a faster vibration-control system with a feasible size. The new solution proposed in this thesis is a semi-active variable stiffness mount/isolator called the antagonistic Variable Stiffness Mount (VSM), which uses a variable stiffness spring called the Antagonistic Variable stiffness Spring (AVS). The AVS is a kinematically singular prestressable mechanism. Its stiffness can be changed by controlling the prestress of the mechanisms links. The AVS provides additional stiffness for a VSM when such stiffness is needed and remains inactive when it is not needed. The damping of the VSM is constant and an additional constant stiffness in the VSM supports the deadweight. Two cable-mechanisms - kinematically singular cable-driven mechanisms and Prism Tensegrities - are developed as AVSs in this thesis. Their optimal configurations are identified and a general formulation for their prestress stiffness is provided by using the notion of infinitesimal mechanism. The feasibility and practicality of the AVS and VSM are demonstrated through a case study of a typical engine mount by simulation of the mathematical models and by extensive experimental analysis. A VSM with an adjustable design, a piezo-actuation mechanism and a simple on-off controller is fabricated and tested for performance evaluation. The performance is measured based on four criteria: (1) how much the VSM controls the displacement near the resonance, (2) how well the VSM isolates the vibration at high frequencies, (3) how well the VSM controls the motion caused by shock, and (4) how fast the VSM reacts to control the vibration. For this evaluation, first the stiffness of the VSM was characterized through static and dynamic tests. Then performance of the VSM was evaluated and compared with an equivalent passive mount in two main areas of transmissibility and shock absorption. The response time of the VSM is also measured in a realistic scenario.

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<p>Multiple mating by females is common in nature. Yet, the evolution and maintenance of polyandry remains a bit of an evolutionary puzzle. It was my aim in this thesis to reach a greater understanding of this phenomenon as well as to investigate the consequences of polyandry on the evolution of reproductive divergence in insects. In an extensive meta analysis addressing the direct effects of multiple mating on female fitness in insects, I found that insects gain from multiple matings in terms of increased lifetime offspring production. In species without nuptial feeding, increased mating rate leads to decreased female lifespan and my results strongly support the existence of an intermediate optimal female mating rate. However, results from an experimental study where I examined the relationship between female fitness and mating rate in the bean weevil (Callosobruchus maculatus) showed that female fitness was maximized at two alternative mating rates, indicating that some species may exhibit a more complex relationship between the costs and benefits of mating. In the meta analysis on species with nuptial feeding, I found only positive effects of increased mating rate and the puzzle is rather what constrains the actual mating rates of females in these groups.</p><p>Sexual selection is a very potent driver of rapid evolutionary change in reproductive characters. Most research has focussed on precopulatory sexual selection, but in promiscuous species sexual selection continues after copulation and variance in male fertilization success gives rise to postcopulatory sexual selection. In this thesis I found that three allopatric populations of the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum) have diverged in traits related to reproduction. Male genotype affected all aspects of female reproduction, but more interestingly, males and females interacted in their effect on offspring production and reproductive rate, showing that the divergence was due to the evolution of both male and female reproductive traits.</p><p>When studying postcopulatory sexual selection, sperm competition has been put forward as the main source of variance in fertilization success. The results from a set of double-mating experiments, using the same populations of flour beetles, provided strong evidence that cryptic female choice is also important in generating variance in male fertilization success. I found not only main effects of female genotype on male fertilization success but also male-female interactions which provide more unambiguous evidence for cryptic female choice. Finally, I attempted to uncover which male signals-female receptors are involved in the reproductive divergence observed in the Tribolium populations. In a double-mating experiment I manipulated female perception of two male reproductive signals, copulatory courtship and cuticular hydrocarbons, and the results indicate that, within populations, both signals are sexually selected. However, only male cuticular hydrocarbons seem to be involved in the reproductive divergence between the populations. </p><p>In conclusion, multiple mating by female insects can be understood solely in terms of direct fitness benefits resulting from increased offspring production. I have shown that postcopulatory sexual selection can lead to rapid divergence in reproductive traits related to mating and that cryptic female choice plays an important role in this divergence.</p>