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A configuração e o formato das estruturas craniofaciais, a oclusão dentária, a musculatura orofacial bem como a harmonia facial são determinantes para as características próprias da face humana. Instrumentos manuais como paquímetro e fitas métricas têm sido tradicionalmente utilizados para realizar as medidas antropométricas, diretamente de um sujeito em ambiente clínico. O avanço tecnológico possibilitou transformar a aquisição destas medidas analógicas em medições digitais, tornando possível aquisições rápidas, precisas e sem radiação. Tais informações podem, ainda, ser arquivadas para futuras análises e compartilhamento de informações com colegas e pacientes. A estereofotogrametria tem se destacado dentre as novas técnicas de captação de imagens tridimensionais, onde um grupo de câmeras de rápida captura fotografam a imagem do indivíduo a partir de variadas angulações. Atualmente, sistemas portáteis de estereofotogrametria vêm sendo propostos no mercado por apresentarem maior praticidade e simplicidade no manuseio. A proposta do presente estudo foi avaliar a precisão e a reprodutibilidade de um sistema de estereofotogrametria 3D portátil (Vectra H1, Canfield Scientific, Fairfield, NJ, EUA) em medições dos tecidos moles faciais de 30 participantes e de um cubo de medidas definidas, comparando tais medidas com as obtidas por um sistema de estereofotogrametria 3D fixo (Vectra M3, Canfield Scientific, Fairfield, NJ, EUA), de precisão e reprodutibilidade estabelecidas e validadas, através de análise quantitativa dos possíveis erros. Foram realizadas marcações craniométricas transitórias em tecido mole da face nos 30 participantes do estudo (n=30), sendo estes submetidos à aquisição de imagens pela técnica da estereofotogrametria, tanto pelo sistema fixo Vectra M3, quanto pelo sistema portátil Vectra H1. Trinta pontos de referência (landmarks) foram utilizados para realizar as medidas (em mm) de 34 distâncias. Quanto ao cubo, foram avaliados, no total, 20 ângulos, 20 áreas e 9 distâncias lineares. Os resultados obtidos pela metodologia estabelecida, juntamente com a correlação aos achados da literatura, permitiram concluir que o sistema portátil Vectra H1 apresentou precisão e repetibilidade comparáveis com o sistema fixo Vectra M3, evidenciando sua capacidade de capturar imagens tridimensionais de modo eficaz, o que torna viável seu uso nas mais diversas aplicações clínicas / The human face presents characteristics according to dental occlusion, facial harmony, orofacial musculature, besides the format and configuration of craniofacial structures. Traditionally, anthropometric measurements have been acquired through direct measurements of a subject inside clinical environment, using calipers and metric tapes to measure distance between arches and landmarks. Along with scientific breakthrough, the data, used to be analogic, became digital. It opened the possibility of quick, precise and radiation-free acquisitions, with its details being simultaneously archived for future analysis and being able to be easily shared with patients and colleagues. Among new facial analysis methods the stereophotogrammetry technique has emerged, where a group of cameras with fast acquisition take photographs of the subject from multiple angles. Nowadays, portable stereophotogrammetric are being proposed, as they are more practical and easy to use. The aim of this work was analyze the accuracy and reproducibility of a portable 3D stereophotogrammetric system (Vectra H1, Candield, Fairfeld, NJ, USA) in measurements of facial soft tissue of 30 participants and defined measures of a cube, comparing these measurements with those obtained by a set 3D stereophotogrammetric system (Vectra M3, Candield, Fairfeld, NJ, USA), which has it\'s accuracy and reproducibility previously validated, through quantitative analysis of possible errors. Thirty temporary landmarks were used to make the measurements (in mm) of 34 distances in 30 participants (n=30). Regarding the cube, 20 angles, 20 areas and 9 linear distances were evaluated. The obtained results by the established methodology, along with the correlation to literature findings, allowed us to conclude that the Vectra H1 portable system has shown accuracy and reproducibility as good as the Vectra M3 set system, evidencing it\'s capability to reliably capture tridimensional images, what makes practicable it\'s use in the most diverse clinical applications

Student Number : 7809567 - MSc dissertation - School of Therapeutic - Faculty of Health Sciences / HIV/AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa has resulted in a major increase in the number of HIV infected children and orphans. HIV infected children are at risk of developmental delays and growth impairments which is further compromised by poor living conditions. Institutionalisation is not the preferred method of caring for children in need, however, it does provide a stable environment, shelter, nutrition and medical care. Objective: To compare the anthropometric measurements and neurodevelopment of HIV infected and HIV uninfected children who were vertically infected, not on antiretroviral treatment and residing in institutions in Gauteng, South Africa. Method: A comparative, longitudinal study of 16 HIV infected and 24 HIV uninfected children between the ages of 16 and 42 months. The Bayley Scale of Infant Development II (MDI and PDI) was used to evaluate neurodevelopment. The children’s mean z-scores for weight-for-age, height-for-age, weight-forheight and head circumference-for-age were calculated. Evaluations were carried out at two time points, seven months apart. Results: The HIV infected children scored significantly lower than HIV uninfected children at both time points, in neurodevelopmental (MDI p<0.02 and p<0.00; PDI p<0.00 and p<0.00) and anthropometric measurements for-age (weight p<0.00 and p<0.01; height p<0.00 and p<0.00; head circumference p<0.00 and p<0.07). Both groups (HIV infected and HIV uninfected) showed a significant improvement over time regarding to their weight-for-age (p<0.00; p<0.01) and head circumference-for-age (p<0.01 and p<0.08). The height-forage showed no significant improvement in the HIV infected group (p>0.2) but did in the HIV uninfected group (p<0.03). There was a severe delay in the mental abilities of both the HIV infected and HIV uninfected children and the motor abilities of the HIV infected children, which did not change over time, but the motor abilities of the HIV uninfected children did improve significantly. Conclusion: The HIV virus affects the neurodevelopment and growth of HIV infected children. Both groups showed an improvement over time in their growth particularly weight-for-age indicating that they may have benefited from their institutionalisation.

A face humana apresenta características próprias de acordo com a oclusão dentária, harmonia facial, musculatura orofacial, além do formato e configuração das estruturas craniofaciais. Tradicionalmente, medidas antropométricas têm sido adquiridas através de medições diretas de um sujeito em ambiente clínico, utilizando-se de compassos e fita métrica para medir distâncias ou arcos entre pontos de referência. Com o avanço científico e tecnológico, os dados anteriormente analógicos passaram então a ser digitais. Isto abriu a possibilidade de aquisição rápida, precisa e sem radiação, com suas informações sendo simultaneamente arquivadas para análises futuras e podendo ser compartilhadas facilmente com pacientes e colegas. Dentre as novas modalidades de análise facial a técnica da estereofotogrametria tem se destacado, onde um grupo de câmeras de captura rápida fotografam o sujeito a partir de múltiplos ângulos. O objetivo desse trabalho foi analisar o perfil facial de um grupo de jovens adultos brasileiros assintomáticos para Disfunções Temporomandibulares (DTMs), com idade entre 18 e 30 anos através da técnica da estereofotogrametria, definindo características faciais comuns a este grupo, criar um banco de dados de mensurações faciais de uma parcela da população brasileira adulta jovem saudável para uso em futuros estudos complementares e testar a precisão e repetibilidade do aparelho Vectra M3®. Participaram do estudo 60 brasileiros adultos jovens sem DTM, sendo 30 homens (GH) e 30 mulheres (GM). O diagnóstico da DTM foi realizado com o Research Diagnostic Criteria For Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD). Após avaliação Odontológica inicial, foram realizadas marcações craniométricas transitórias em tecido mole e estes sujeitos foram submetidos à aquisição de imagens pela técnica da estereofotogrametria. Trinta e um pontos de referência (landmarks) foram utilizadas para realizar as medidas (em mm) de 42 distâncias. A repetibilidade do aparelho foi testada em 20% da amostra (12 sujeitos), não havendo diferença estatisticamente significante (p>0,05) em nenhuma das 42 distâncias entre a primeira e a segunda aquisição. Os resultados obtidos possibilitaram a criação de um banco de dados de mensurações faciais de uma parcela população brasileira jovem saudável. As distâncias Tr-N, N-Sn, Tr-G, Ls-Sto, Sto-Li, En[r]-En[l] e Prn-Sn não mostraram-se estatisticamente diferentes entre os grupos GH e GM, sendo que as outras 35 medidas apresentaram-se significantemente maiores no grupo GH. O aparelho de estereofotogrametria Vectra M3® mostrou alto grau de precisão e repetibilidade. / The human face presents characteristics according to dental occlusion, facial harmony, orofacial musculature, besides the format and configuration of craniofacial structures. Traditionally, anthropometric measurements have been acquired through direct measurements of a subject inside clinical environment, using calipers and metric tapes to measure distance between arches and landmarks. Along with scientific breakthrough, the data, used to be analogic, became digital. It opened the possibility of quick, precise and radiation-free acquisitions, with its details being simultaneously archived for future analysis and being able to be easily shared with patients and colleagues. Among new facial analysis methods the stereophotogrammetry technique has emerged, where a group of cameras with fast acquisition take photographs of the subject from multiple angles. The aim of this work was analyze the anthropometric profile of a group consisted of young Brazilian adults without symptoms of Temporomandibular Disorders (TMDs), aged between 18 and 30 years old, defining facial characteristics that are common to them, create a database of facial measurements for a portion of a young healthy Brazilian population to be used in future works and test the precision and repeatability of the Vectra M3® equipment. 60 young adult Brazilians without TMD participated in this study, 30 males and 30 females. The TMD diagnose was accomplished with the Research Diagnostic Criteria For Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD). After early Odontological exam, temporary craniometrical landmarks were performed in soft tissue and those subjects underwent to imaging acquisition by the stereophotogrammetry technique. 31 landmarks were used to make the measurements (in mm) of 42 distances. The equipment repeatability was tested in 20% of the sample (12 subjects), not having statistically significant difference (p>0.05) in none of the 42 distances between first and second acquisitions. The obtained results allowed the creation of a database containing facial distances of a portion of a young healthy Brazilian population. The distances Tr-N, N-Sn, Tr-G, Ls-Sto, Sto-Li, En[r]-En[l] e Prn-Sn didn\'t show statistical difference between the group GH and GM, while the other 35 distances were significantly greater in GH. The equipment Vectra M3® showed a high level of precision and repeatability.

Graham Neil Thomas. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1999. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 245-281). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Nos Ãltimos anos, a sÃndrome metabÃlica tem despertado profundo interesse e debate na comunidade cientÃfica. A ascensÃo epidemiolÃgica deste distÃrbio ocorre nas mais diversas populaÃÃes e faixas etÃrias, somada à sua capacidade de agregar vÃrios fatores de risco para doenÃas cardiovasculares, como aumento das medidas antropomÃtricas, dislipidemias aterogÃnicas, hipertensÃo arterial sistÃmica, alteraÃÃes do metabolismo dos carboidratos, estado prÃ-inflamatÃrio e prÃ-trombÃtico. Mencionada sÃndrome està associada ao maior risco de desenvolver diabetes mellitus tipo 2, doenÃa coronariana precoce e altas taxas de morbimortalidade para complicaÃÃes cardiovasculares. Teve-se como objetivo geral analisar a circunferÃncia do pescoÃo como possÃvel marcador para a sÃndrome metabÃlica em estudantes de uma universidade pÃblica de Fortaleza-CE. Trata-se de um estudo exploratÃrio, quantitativo, transversal e observacional realizado de marÃo de 2010 a junho de 2011 na Universidade Federal do CearÃ, com 702 universitÃrios das seis grandes Ãreas do conhecimento. Participaram do estudo 440 mulheres e 262 homens com idade entre 16 e 58 anos. Percebeu-se associaÃÃo entre a CP e os dados sociodemogrÃficos; 43,9 % dos homens e 7,1% das mulheres apresentaram CP elevada, sendo estatisticamente significante, p < 0,0001 em ambos os sexos. SituaÃÃo semelhante se deu com a idade (p< 0,001), com a situaÃÃo laboral (p<0,031) e com o semestre (p < 0,012). Em relaÃÃo à prÃtica de atividade fÃsica, 22,4% dos sujeitos que praticam algum tipo de atividade fÃsica regular tiveram a CP elevada (p < 0,503). O IMC tambÃm se mostrou estatisticamente significante com p<0,0001. A CP denotou correlaÃÃo positiva com todos os componentes da sÃndrome metabÃlica segundo os critÃrios do NCEP/ATP III. Conforme se concluiu, a CP à um marcador preditor para sÃndrome metabÃlica numa populaÃÃo de universitÃrios. Contudo, ressalta-se a importÃncia de outros estudos sobre essa temÃtica. / In recent years, the metabolic syndrome has aroused profound interest and debate in the scientific community. The epidemiological ascent of this disorder occurs in a wide range of populations and age groups, in addition to its capacity to aggregate various risk factors for cardiovascular illnesses, such as increased anthropometric measures, atherogenic dyslipidemias, systemic arterial hypertension, alterations in carbohydrate metabolism, pro-inflammatory and pro-thrombotic status. This syndrome is associated with a greater risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus, early coronary disease and high morbidity and mortality levels for cardiovascular complications. The general aim was analyze neck circumference as a possible marker for the metabolic syndrome in students at a public university in Fortaleza-CE. An exploratory, quantitative, cross-sectional and observational study was developed between March 2010 and June 2011 at University Federal of CearÃ, involving 702 college students from the six large knowledge areas. Study participants were 440 women and 262 men between 16 and 58 years of age. An association was perceived between neck circumference (NC) and sociodemographic data: 43.9% of men and 7.1% of women showed altered NC, with statistical significance at p < 0.0001. A similar situation occurred for age (p< 0.001), occupational situation (p<0.031) and the semester (p < 0.012). Concerning physical exercise, 22.4% of the subjects who exercise regularly displayed altered NC (p < 0.503). The BMI also showed statistical significance with p<0.0001. NC indicated a positive correlation with all metabolic syndrome components according to NCEP/ATP III criteria. In conclusion, NC is a predictive marker of the metabolic syndrome in a population of college students. The importance of further research on this theme is highlighted though.

The aim of this research was to determine ethnic and cultural influences on body composition, lifestyle, and aspects of body image (perception, acceptability, and satisfaction) of younger (age 18-40 years) Australian and Japanese males, the latter including groups living in Australia and Japan. The sample sizes of the three groups were 68 Japanese living in Australia, 84 Japanese living in Japan, and 72 Australian Caucasian males respectively. The methodology included body composition assessments (by anthropometry and DXA), lifestyle and body image questionnaires, and dietary records. The study found significant p<0.05) ethnic differences in the %BF at given BMI levels and for Japanese the BMI values of 23.6kg/m2 and 28.6kg/m2 were found to be equivalent to 25 and 30 for Caucasians when used to classify individuals as "overweight" and "obese". Equations in common use for the calculation of body composition in Japanese males were evaluated using modern methods of body composition assessment and found to need considerable modification. New regression equations that represent BMI-%BF relationships for Japanese and Australians were proposed: Japanese: Log %BF = -1.330 + 1.896(log BMI), (R2 = 0.547, SEE = 0.09); Australians: Log %BF = -1.522 + 2.001(log BMI), (R2 = 0.544, SEE = 0.10). Equations were also developed to predict %BF for Japanese and Australian males from body composition assessments using anthropometry and DXA: Japanese: %BF = 0.376 + 0.402(abdominal) + 0.772(medial calf) + 0.217(age), (R2 = 0.786, SEE = 2.69); Australians: %BF = 2.184 + 0.392(medial calf) + 0.678(supraspinale) + 0.467(triceps), (R2 = 0.864, SEE = 2.37). Lifestyle factors were found to influence perceptions of body image. / Australian males participate in physical activity more frequently than their Japanese counterparts (Australians = 98.6% involved in vigorous activity at least once per week, Japanese living in Japan = 85.7%, Japanese living in Australia = 72.1%). Significant differences p<0.05) in energy contribution patterns were found between the Japanese group (Protein: 14.4%, Carbohydrate: 50.4%, Fat: 28.1%) and Japanese living in Australia (JA: Protein: 16.3%, Carbohydrate: 47.3%, Fat: 32.3%) and the Australians (Protein: 17.1%, Carbohydrate: 47.9%, Fat: 30.6%). This shows that the Japanese living in Australia have adopted a more westemised diet than those living in Japan. Body Image assessments were done on all study groups using the Somatomorphic Matrix (SM) computer program and questionnaires, including the Ben-Tovim Walker Body Attitudes Questionnaires, (BAQ) the Attention to the Body Shape Scale (ABS), and the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT). Japanese males tended to overestimate their weight and amount of body fat, while Australian Caucasian males underestimated these parameters. The Japanese groups had higher scores on the selfdisparagement subscale and lower scores on the strengths and the attractiveness subscales of the BAQ questionnaire than Australian males. Australian males also had higher scores on the EAT total score and the dieting subscale of the EAT questionnaire than Japanese males. When all groups of subjects selected their perceived body image from the SM program menu, these results had no relationship with measured body composition values, suggesting that further development of this program is needed for use in these populations.

Franz Boas collected anthropometric data on approximately 15,000 people from over 200 Native American tribal groups between 1888 and 1902. Twelve basic measurements were taken: standing height, shoulder height, height to digit III, arm span, sitting height, shoulder width, head length and width, face height and breadth, and nose height and breadth. At the turn of the century, Boas was unable to efficiently analyze these data. With computers now commonplace, several investigations of the adult anthropometric data have been undertaken in recent years; however, analysis of the child anthropometric data has not been undertaken. This study analyzes child anthropometric data from Western North America, giving special emphasis to children on the Siletz and Klamath Reservations. More specifically, this study investigates the occurrence of morphological differences in Native American children as a result of living within the reservation system. It is well known that environmental factors play a crucial role in child growth and development, and the effect of those factors can be measured through anthropometry. Differences in the growth and development of the children on each reservation can be related to their unique histories. An investigation of the literature and records kept by the Bureau of Indian Affairs reveals differing socioeconomic conditions on the Siletz and Klamath Reservations. Both reservations failed agriculturally, but while many Klamath became successful in cattle raising and logging, the Siletz were unable to fully enter these lucrative occupations. Additionally, the unratified treaties of many Siletz tribes left the reservation without adequate support from the government, while the Klamath received rations and supplies as stipulated by their ratified treaty. Descriptive statistics and growth distance curves reveal that the Klamath are shorter than the total sample of Western North American Indians, and the Siletz, particularly the males, are shorter than the Klamath. The shorter stature is due to the proportionately shorter legs of the Siletz, a finding that is consistent with other studies of populations living in depressed socioeconomic conditions. / Graduation date: 2002

Undernutrition is a major public health problem, contributing to 33% of deaths in infants and young children globally. In Kygryzstan, Central Asia, Mercy Corps provided 6 metric tons of rice, flour and oil as well as nutritional education to kindergartens in 40 rural regions, serving 41,000 children, for one year. Anthropometric measurements were collected at the beginning and end of the program. Children, who were stunted, wasted and underweight at baseline, recovered by follow-up, with rates of recovery of 50%, 65% and 50%, respectively. The prevalence of stunting, wasting and underweight in the population decreased from 13.8%, 3.4% and 3.2%, respectively, to 8.6%, 2.1% and 2.3%, respectively. This study shows that preschool feeding programs have the potential to improve nutritional outcome. These results are particularly significant as the dearth of research on preschool feeding’s impact on growth and nutrition has led to this particular intervention being deemed ineffective for improvement of nutritional outcome.

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