O objetivo da presente dissertação foi avaliar e comparar as possíveis diferenças nas adaptações cardiovasculares e funcionais ao treinamento concorrente com e sem a execução de séries com repetições até a falha concêntrica em homens idosos. Trinta e dois homens idosos saudáveis (67,4 ± 4,1) foram alocados randomicamente em três grupos diferentes de treinamento concorrente: Treinamento de força utilizando repetições máximas (GRM, n = 12), Treinamento de força com repetições submáximas (GRNM, n = 11) e Treinamento de força com repetições submáximas com volume equalizado ao realizado pelo GRM (GRNMV, n = 9). Os participantes treinavam duas vezes por semana, durante doze semanas, executando o treinamento aeróbico imediatamente após o treinamento de força. Antes e após a intervenção foi avaliado o Vo2pico através de ergoespirometria, o desempenho funcional utilizando os testes timed up and go (TUG), sentar e levantar 5 vezes (SeL) e preensão manual (PM). Coletou-se amostras de sangue para análise da glicemia, colesterol total, HDL, LDL e triglicerídeos. A pressão arterial sistólica (PAS) e pressão arterial diastólica (PAD) foram mensuradas através de método auscultatório, o desempenho de saltos através do salto agachado (SJ) e salto com contra movimento (CMJ) e a composição corporal avaliada a partir de antropometria. Após a intervenção, foi observado um efeito tempo significativo (P<0,05) no Vo2pico, sem diferenças entre os grupos. No desempenho funcional não foram observadas mudanças em nenhum dos testes. A análise sanguínea demonstrou um efeito tempo significativo (p<0,01) no HDL, sem diferenças entre os grupos, enquanto não houve variações para glicemia, LDL e triglicerídeos. Na altura dos saltos, foi verificado um efeito tempo significativo (p<0,01) no SJ e uma tendência a incremento (p<0,056) no CMJ, sem diferenças entre os protocolos de treinamento. A composição corporal foi alterada pelo treinamento, com efeito significativo na massa de gordura relativa (p<0,001), na massa livre de gordura relativa (p<0,001) e no somatório de dobras cutâneas (p<0,001), sem diferenças entre os grupos. Desta forma, foi observado que todos os protocolos de treinamento foram eficazes para promover mudanças na capacidade aeróbica, no perfil lipídico, no desempenho de saltos e na composição corporal, porém, o GRNM foi mais eficiente, pois promoveu tais adaptações com um volume de treino menor. / The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the possible differences in cardiovascular and functional adaptations to concurrent training with and without the execution of series with repetitions until concentric failure in elderly men. Thirty-two healthy elderly men (67,4 ± 4,1) were randomly assigned to three different groups of concurrent training: strength training using maximal repetitions (GRM, n = 12), Strength training with submaximal repetitions (GRNM, n = 11), and strength training with submaximal repetitions with volume equalized to that performed by GRM (GRNMV, n = 9). Participants trained twice a week for twelve weeks, performing aerobic training immediately after strength training. Before and after the intervention, VO2peak was evaluated using a metabolic cart, functional performance using the timed up and go (TUG), sit and up 5 times (SUp) and handgrip strength (HS) tests. Blood samples were collected for analysis of glycemia, total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, and triglycerides. The systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were measured using the auscultatory method, the jump performance determined by squat jump (SJ) and counter-movement jump (CMJ). Body composition are evaluated through anthropometry. After the intervention, a significant time effect (P <0.05) was observed on VO2peak, with no differences between groups. In functional performance, no changes were observed in any of the tests. Blood analysis showed a significant increase (p <0.01) in HDL, with no differences between groups, whereas there were no changes for glycemia, LDL and triglycerides. In the jump performance, a significant time effect (p <0.01) was observed in the SJ and a trend toward significant increase (p <0.057) in the CMJ, without differences between the training protocols. Body composition was changed by training, with a significant time effect on the relative fat mass (p <0.001), relative fat free mass (p <0.001), and on the sum of skinfolds (p <0.001), with no differences between groups. In this way, it was observed that all training protocols were effective to promote changes in aerobic capacity, lipid profile, jumping performance and body composition, but the GRNM was more efficient, as it induced such adaptations with a lower training volume.

Child growth reference charts have been used since the 1960s to assess children´s growth - enabling comparison of different population groups and the implementation of nutritional surveillance. In 2006, an important critical juncture occurred in the history of anthropometry and nutritional assessment, when the WHO released new growth charts for international comparison after promoting, since 1975, the use of the charts developed by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) and US National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). According to the WHO, these charts indicate how children should grow for the best health outcome in contrast to the NCHS/CDC charts that indicated how the average child grows. This shift from a descriptive to a prescriptive -and rather normative - approach allowed the WHO to state that all children in the world have the potential to grow and develop to within the same range of height and weight, thus implying that all children should develop in specific standardised ways, regardless of ethnicity, socioeconomic status and type of feeding. By 2011, approximately 125 countries had adopted the WHO charts for individual growth monitoring as well as the means of producing statistics for under- and over-nutrition, which would be used to assess and monitor a population's health status. This shift between charts has direct implications for how children's growth is measured and how malnutrition is assessed. The adoption of the WHO charts has immediate consequences for the calculation of underweight, overweight, stunting, and wasting prevalence. In this sense, the adoption of the new charts considerably changes the estimates to predict nutrition-related emergencies, the assessment of appropriate weaning practices, and the screening and monitoring of populations at risk or with growth deficiencies or excesses. In my doctoral research, I use Colombia as a case study to unpack how a standard developed by an international organisation is negotiated, adopted and constantly transformed once it is scaled down to a specific country. Using the theoretical approach to standards by authors such as Star, Bowker, Timmermans, Berg, and Epstein, in this dissertation I show how, far from being 'stable' and 'value-free' (as the World Bank would describe them), growth charts are political tools of measurement, charged with specific values regarding children's bodies. Given that Colombia had previously used the NCHS charts, this research explores how the WHO charts have been adopted within individual growth monitoring programmes in Colombia. I also describe how the change in charts has destabilised the production of under and over-nutrition indicators by national bodies, such as the Ministry of Health and the Instituto Nacional de Salud. My data includes twenty-eight interviews with policy makers, experts and civil servants who actively participated in the process of adopting and adapting the standards in Colombia at the national level; seventeen interviews with nurses and doctors; observation of 158 anthropometric assessments of children under five years old within six health facilities in the Caribbean region that were implementing a growth monitoring programme. By exploring how the WHO charts are interpreted and used in practice, this research contributes to the study of standards and standardisation as a field of study in its own right.

Recentemente tem-se deparado com uma grande mudança no comportamento humano no que diz respeito a papeis de gênero, e como consequência na indumentaria, uma vez que esta e responsável por introduzir, através do elemento novo, mudanças nos padrões do comportamento tradicional instituído e que aos poucos se tornou frequente. A sociedade vem acompanhando o crescimento do numero de pessoas providas de dupla-sexualidade e elementos que antes eram de uso restrito ao gênero feminino sendo aceitos pelos homens, como as calças skinny, os decotes em V, as cores neon ou mesmo as saias. Esse movimento, denominado nogender, invadiu o universo da moda. Em paralelo, temos as mudanças de papeis de gênero na sociedade contemporânea, na qual e comum vermos casais em que homens são responsáveis pela administração da casa e mulheres capitas de industria, tendo suas funções bastante delimitadas. A partir deste momento, algumas pecas do guarda-roupa passaram a ser compartilhadas, resultando em alguns desconfortos e inadequações em relação ao corpo. Através de um estudo antropométrico, esta pesquisa teve por objetivo identificar e averiguar as características do corpo andrógino brasileiro, o que serviu como base para o desenvolvimento de uma tabela de medidas inicial representativa do publico-alvo em questão, o qual tem necessidades e desejos particulares e precisa ser valorizado em sua forma estética. Alem disso, a modelagem foi estudada como uma ferramenta de expressão e concretização do processo de desenvolvimento de produto para um corpo andrógino e foi traçado o perfil desse público consumidor / Recently we have confronted a major change in human behavior with regard to gender roles, and as a result to clothing, since it is responsible for introducing, through the new element, changes set in traditional behavior patterns that gradually became frequent. The society has been following the growing number of people \"provided\" of dual-sexuality and elements that were restricted to the female gender being accepted by men, such as skinny pants, deep necklines in \'V\', the neon colors or even the skirts. This movement, called nogender, invaded the fashion world. In parallel, we have changes in gender roles in the contemporary society, which is common to see couples where men are responsible for the management of the household and women leaders of industry, with their bounded functions. From this moment, some wardrobe pieces of clothes began to be shared, resulting in some discomforts and inadequacies in relation to the body. From an anthropometric study, this research aimed to identify and ascertain the Brazilian androgynous body characteristics, which served as a basis for the development of an initial representative table of measures of the target audience in question, that has special requirements and desires and needs to be valued in its aesthetic form. In addition, modeling was studied as a tool of expression and embodiment of product development process for an androgynous body and the consumer public profle has been set

Craniostenose é o fechamento precoce de uma ou mais suturas cranianas, levando ao redirecionamento do crescimento craniofacial e à deformidade do crânio. Estudos têm pesquisado o impacto da fusão da sutura sagital na base do crânio, focalizando a morfologia da base do crânio na presença de craniostenose sagital isolada (escafocefalia), enquanto outros têm avaliado o crescimento da base do crânio, antes e após a cirurgia. Este estudo teve como objetivo realizar as medidas antropométricas da base do crânio em crianças com escafocefalia, avaliar a influência da correção cirúrgica no remodelamento da base do crânio e nas medidas antropométricas. Foram operadas 21 crianças com diagnóstico clínico e radiológico de escafocefalia, entre abril de 2007 e outubro de 2008, sendo realizadas medidas antropométricas na base do crânio, antes e após 1 ano do tratamento cirúrgico. As medidas foram o índice craniano (IC), distância entre a crista galli e o tubérculo selar (CG-TS), distância entre a crista galli e o meato acústico interno (CG-MAI), distância entre os forames ovais (FO-FO), distância entre os meatos Acústicos internos (MAI-MAI), o ângulo da base do crânio Â1) e o ângulo entre o násio, centro selar e básio (Â2). Houve normalização do IC em todas as crianças, confirmando um remodelamento craniano adequado. A medida CG-TS avaliou a base do crânio anterior, com crescimento proporcional de 12,5%. O crescimento médio-lateral foi observado pelo aumento das medidas FO-FO de 8,5% e MAI-MAI de 9,5%. A medida CG-MAI teve um crescimento de 7,2%. Não houve diferença estatística nos ângulos basais Â1 e Â2 analisados. O tratamento cirúrgico da escafocefalia levou ao remodelamento da base do crânio, confirmado pelas mudanças das medidas antropométricas realizadas antes e após 1 ano da cirurgia / Craniosynostosis is defined as the premature closure of one or more sutures, leading to redirection of the craniofacial growth and deformity of the skull. Studies have examined the impact of fusion of the sagittal suture in the skull base, focusing on the morphology of the skull base in the presence of isolated sagittal craniosynostosis (scaphocephaly), while others have evaluated the growth of the skull base before and after surgery. This study aims to perform the anthropometric measures of the skull base in children with scaphocephaly to evaluate the influence of surgical repair in the remodeling of the skull base and anthropometric measures. Twenty-one children with clinical and radiological diagnosis of scaphocephaly were operated between April 2007 and October 2008, and anthropometric measures at the base of the skull were performed before and after a year of surgery. The measures were the cranial index (CI), distance between the crista galli and tuberculum sellar (CG-TS), distance between the crista galli and the internal auditory meatus (CG-IAM), distance between the oval foramen (OF-OF) distance between the internal auditory meatus (IAM-IAM), the angle of the skull base (Â1) and the angle between the nasion, center of sella and basion (Â2). There was a normalization of the CI in all children, confirming an appropriate cranial remodeling. The CG-TS measure evaluated the anterior skull base, with proportional growth of 12.5%. The mediolateral growth was observed by the increase of OF-OF measures by 8.5% and IAM-IAM by 9.5%. The CG-IAM measure grew by 7.2%. There was no statistical difference in the angles Â1 and Â2 analyzed. Surgical treatment of scaphocephaly led to remodeling of the skull base, confirmed by the changes of anthropometric measures taken before and after a year of surgery

Thesis (M. Sc. (Statistics)) -- University of Limpopo, 2018 / TheEllisrasLongitudinalStudy(ELS)openedthepossibilitiesforunderstandingthegrowthvariationsamongchildreninruralSouthAfrica. Theaimofthe study was to analyse the growth spurt in height and weight of children using the ELS. This is part of the on going ELS and this study followed secondary analytical longitudinal study using data collected from November 1996 to November 2003. All children underwent a series of anthropometric measurements of height and weight according to the standard procedures recommended by the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry. The descriptive statistics was done for age, height, weight, velocity and acceleration by gender amongst rural children in Ellisras. Thelinearmixedmodelwasusedto analyse data. Based on the smallest values of AIC and BIC, the best model to fit the ELS data which was found to be the unstructured covariance structure model was chosen. The interaction between age and gender, which was significant at 5% level suggested that the relationship of age with growth varies depending on gender. There was also a significant positive linear relationship of age with distance. The onset of growth spurt for rural children in Ellisras was at 12.05 years for boys and at 12.32 years for girls, while the Senegalese boys took off earlier at 11.02 years. Ellisras rural boys and USA boys had their onset of growth spurt almost at the same age at 13 years for USA boys and 12.05 years for Ellisras rural boys. USA girls had their onset of growth spurt earlier at 11 years than Ellisras rural girls at 12.32 years. Newcastle upon Tyne adolescents reached ii their PHV at 14 and 12 years for boys and girls respectively, similarly with Ellisras rural children at 14.21 and 11.80 years for boys and girls respectively. Ellisras rural girls had their PHV at 11.80 years earlier than Ellisras rural boys at 14.21 years. Children in rural Ellisras in the ELS and their growth variations do not differ that much compared with other children across the world. Key words: Growth spurt, peak height velocity, boys, girls. / National Research Foundation (NRF)

<p>Istraživanje je sprovedeno sa ciljem da se primenom eksperimentalne metode naučno utvrdi da li dodatni &scaron;estomesečni program figičkog vežbanja u redovnim uslovima rada pred&scaron;kolske ustanove može regultirati gnačajnim promenama u morfolo&scaron;kim karakteristikama i motoričkim sposobnostima kod dece pred&scaron;kolskog ugrasta prosečne starosti 6,21&plusmn;0,56 decimalnih godina. Obuhvaćeno je ukupno 211 dece od toga devojčica (n=103) i dečaka (n=108) koji su na početku istraživanja (01. septembar 2014. godine) bili polaznici pred&scaron;kolskih grupa u Pred&scaron;kolskoj ustanovi &quot;Čukarica&quot; u Beogradu. Prema kriterijumu primene &scaron;estomesečnog figičkog vežbanja ispitanici su bili podeljeni u tri homogene grupe i to: eksperimentalnu (E) koju je činilo 36 dečaka i 28 devojčica, prvu kontrolnu (K1) sastavljenu od 31 dečaka i 37 devojčica i drugu kontrolnu grupu (K2) sačinjenu od 41 dečaka i 38 devojčica. E grupa je imala dodatni koncept programa koji je bio gasnovan na sadržajima visoke složenosti, sproveden kao figičko vaspitanje, a usmeren na razvoj biotičkih motoričkih gnanja. K1 grupa je takoe imala dodatni ali diferenciran program, usmeren kao trenažne sekvence, ga dečake polistrukturalnoaciklične aktivnosti, a ga devojčice estetskokonvencione aktivnosti. Dok K2 grupa pored redovnih aktivnosti ig figičkog vaspitanja nije bila podvrgnuta nijednom obliku dodatnog figičkog vežbanja. Koristio se kvagi&ndash; eksperimentalni nacrta istraživanja, tačnije nacrt sa neekvivalentnim grupama i pretestposttestom. Ugorak morfolo&scaron;kih mernih instrumenata bio je sačinjen po redukovanom modelu (Viskić, 1972; Kurelić i sar., 1975) preuget ig istraživanja Bale (1980). Motorički&nbsp;merni instrumenti proiglage takoe ig redukovanog teoretskog modela (Kurelića i sar., 1975; Gredelja i sar., 1975) preuzetog iz istraživanja Bale i Popovića (2007). Rezultati istraživanja ukaguju da je program dodatnog figičkog vežbanja E grupe dao dobre regultate u redukciji potkožnog masnog tkiva i volumena i mase tela kod dece. Najbolje rezultate dao je u pogledu mehanizma za strukturiranje kretanja. Deca iz K1 grupe, takoe su redukovala potkožno masno tkivo i volumen i masu tela, ali u pogledu motoričkih sposobnosti nije bilo pomaka u mehanizmu za strukturiranje kretanja. Kod dece u K2 grupi do&scaron;lo je do povećanja potkožnog masnog tkiva, volumena i mase tela kao i pada pojedinih motoričkih sposobnosti. U sve tri grupe izolovana su dva hipotetska morfolo&scaron;ka faktora koje je bolje interpretirati kao jedan Faktor mekog tkiva, i dva motorička koji se mogu interpretirati kao Generalni motorički Paktor. Kvalitativne promene u strukturi oba ekstrahovana faktora uočene su samo u K1 grupi u motoričkom prostoru, &scaron;to je posledica diferenciranog programa figičkog vežbanja. Regultati su ukagali da redovan program figičkog vaspitanja u pred&scaron;kolskim ustanovama nije dovoljan za pripremnu pred&scaron;kolsku grupu, kao i da se dodatnim programiranim figičkim vežbanjem postižu bolji rezultati pogotovo ako je usmeren ka razvoju biotičkih motoričkih znanja.</p> / <p>The research was conducted with the aim of applying experimental methods scientifically determine whether an additional six-month program of physical exercise in normal conditions of preschool institution may result in significant changes in the morphological characteristics and motor abilities in preschool children with mean age 6.21 &plusmn; 0.56 decimal years. A total of 211 children from that of girls (n=103) and boys (n=108) who were in the moment of research (01. September 2014) participants were preschool groups in preschool institution &quot;Čukarica&quot; in Belgrade. According to the criteria of application of the six-month physical exercise participants were divided into three homogeneous groups: experimental (E) which consisted of 36 boys and 28 girls, the first control (K1) made up of 31 boys and 37 girls, and another control group (K2) as made of 41 boys and 38 girls. E group had additional program concept which was based on the contents of higher complexity, implemented as physical education, which is focused on the development of biotic motor skills. K1 group also had additional or differentiated program, focused as the training sequence, for boys extracurricular- acyclic activities, and for girls estheticconventional activities. While K2 group in addition to the regular activities of physical education was&nbsp;not subjected to any form of additional physical exercise. It was used a quasi-experimental research designs, namely The draft with unequivalent groups and pretest-posttest. Morphological sample of measuring instruments was made through a reduced model (Viskić, 1972; Kurelić et al., 1975), taken from the research (Bala 1980). The motor measuring instruments derived also from the reduced theoretical model (Kurelić et al., 1975; Gredelj et al., 1975), taken from the research (Bala, &amp; Popovic 2007). The research results indicate that the program is additional physical exercise group E gave good results in the reduction of subcutaneous fat volume and body mass in children. The best results in terms of mechanisms for structuring movements. Children from the K1 group, also reduce the subcutaneous adipose tissue and the volume and mass of the body, but in terms of motor skills were no developments in the mechanism for structuring movements. Children the K2 group there was an increase in subcutaneous adipose tissue volume and body mass as well as the decline of some motor skills. In all three groups were isolated two hypothetical morphological factors that is better interpreted as a Factor of soft tissue, and two motor that can be interpreted as General motor factor. Qualitative changes in the structure of the two extracted factors were observed only in the K1 group in the motor area, which is the result of a differentiated program of physical exercise. The results have shown that regular physical education curriculum in preschool institutions is insufficient for the preparatory preschool group, as well as to further programmed physical exercise leads to better results especially if it is directed at the development of biotic motor skills.</p>

Abstract Nutritional status affects every aspect of a child?s health. Thorough nutritional assessment is hampered by the lack of a single comprehensive tool, which can cover all aspects of nutritional assessment. In three distinct studies, this thesis investigated the nutritional status of hospitalised children, children with coeliac disease and children with inflammatory bowel disease. Study 1 The objectives of this study were to assess prevalence of malnutrition and nutritional risk, and define demographic and anthropometric factors associated with nutritional risk among hospitalized children. In this cross sectional study, 157 hospitalised children were assessed for nutritional status using nutritional risk score (NRS) and anthropometric measurements. We found that 4.5%, 8.9%, 15.1% and 10.4% children were wasted, stunted, overweight and obese respectively. However, with the NRS, 47.8% of the children were at high nutritional risk. These children at high risk had lower weight for age (p=0.02), lower BMI percentiles for age (p=0.001) and longer hospitalization (p=0.001) than children at no risk. Study 2 The objectives of this study were to determine nutritional parameters in children with coeliac disease. Twenty-five children with coeliac disease and an equal number of age and gender matched controls were enrolled and anthropometric measurements, BIA and leptin levels were analysed in all. No significant differences were found between the children with coeliac disease and controls in these parameters. BMI percentile correlated with leptin levels in children with coeliac disease. Study 3 The objectives of this study were to determine anthropometric parameters and leptin levels in children with IBD and ascertain if BMI correlates with leptin levels in these children. Thirty children with IBD and 60 age and gender matched controls were enrolled. Anthropometric measurements and leptin levels were analysed and compared with controls. IBD children had significantly low weight for age (p=0.002), BMI percentiles (p=0.001) and leptin levels (p=0.009) compared to controls. There was a correlation between BMI and leptin levels in IBD children. In conclusion, this thesis has shown that one quarter of hospitalized children were overweight or obese, and further, that half of the hospitalised children were at high risk of nutritional deterioration and these children had longer hospital stay than children at no risk. Children with coeliac disease had similar anthropometric measurements, body compartments and leptin levels to controls. However, children with IBD had lower anthropometric measurements and leptin levels, indicating under-nutrition. Nutritional assessment should be a mandatory part of clinical management with nutritional status assessed by various tools including NRS, anthropometry, BIA and leptin levels.

The aim of this thesis is to examine the scale of human migration in three prehistoric settlements in the Upper Mun River Valley (UMRV) Northeast Thailand, from c. 1700BC - AD500. Archaeological data implies migration may have had a central role in the development of agriculture and later metal technology in the region, which is suggested to show increased social complexity over this important stage in the development of states in mainland Southeast Asia. The scale of these migrations, however, are not known and based on archaeological evidence it is unclear whether there were large numbers of individuals migrating into the region in order to bring about the changes seen in the archaeological record. Two potentially complementary-methods are used to identify the extent of migration in the UMRV in this thesis. The first method, the study of dental morphological traits, is used as an indication of genotype of 78 prehistoric individuals. The second method is isotope analysis of the dental enamel of 74 individuals, used as indicators of childhood residence and diet. Strontium (Sr), Carbon (C) and Oxygen (O) isotopes are analysed. The first method reflects an individual�s genetic heritage through inherited traits, while the second method is an indication of an individual�s migration during their lifetime. Together, these methods may provide a powerful means to assess the scale of migration over an extended period of time in this region. As it has been posited that the introduction of agriculture is related to migration of people into the region, the current study hypothesises that while immigrants would be identified from outside the UMRV during all phases of occupation at the sites, this would be particularly so during the earlier phases. It is also hypothesised through analysis of the morphological traits that genetic relationships at each site could be suggested. Finally, it is also hypothesised that individuals with evidence for infectious diseases, which are otherwise rare in the region, would be immigrants. The frequencies of the dental morphological traits at each site are calculated, and a local pattern for each site developed. The results from the morphological traits suggest low levels of migration into the UMRV, and overall group homogeneity. Despite this homogeneity, it is suggested that several individuals may have been from a different genetic pool to others at the sites, reflected in a different combination of dental traits. There is also some evidence for genetic relationships between individuals, and over time, possibly indicating familial relationships at the sites. Stability in the Sr isotopes over time suggest a local signature for the UMRV. Sr isotopes did not support a hypothesis of large-scale immigration into the UMRV, as there were few isotopic outliers identified. Those individuals with clear outlier Sr results, and therefore probable immigrants, were predominately female. All phases of occupation of the UMRV attracted some long-range inward movement of people, although the data suggests long-range migration diminished over time. [delta]��C values show no significant change over time, possibly supporting the Sr data of limited migration into the region. While the interpretation of this isotope is primarily from a perspective of migration it is recognised that this may be limited to understanding variation in diet in the individuals. [delta]�⁸O values show significant change over time (p = 0.00, ANOVA), perhaps consistent with previous research which suggested increased aridity in the UMRV. An alternative explanation of the [delta]�⁸O data is that migration increased with time, with people who were differentiated by their O isotopes but not their Sr, however the increased aridity hypothesis is favoured here. The hypothesis that individuals with evidence for infectious disease would be long-range immigrants into the region is rejected. None of the individuals who had physical evidence for infectious disease had chemical data to support their being immigrants. The putative migrants to the UMRV are presented as case studies, assessing the complementarity of the methods used. It is argued that given the changes in the environment over time in the UMRV the area may have become less attractive to immigrants and as a result the communities may have become more insular. The data yielded from the two methods have demonstrated the value of using inherited dental traits together with isotopic data of individual migration for investigating human mobility in the past. Using these methods, this study shows that there were low levels of migration into the UMRV and that long-range migration was more frequent in the earliest phases of occupation in the region.

There are two principal models that purport to interpret the evidence for the origins of the Neolithic period in Thailand. Both stress the importance of rice cultivation and the domestication of a range of animals. One incorporates archaeological and linguistic evidence in identifying the origins as the result of the diffusion of farming communities into Southeast Asia and India from a source in the Yangtze River valley. The alternative stresses a local evolutionary pathway whereby indigenous hunter-gatherers began to cultivate rice within Thailand. This dissertation is centred on the results of the excavation of Ban Non Wat, in the Upper Mun Valley of Northeast Thailand. This has provided one of the largest, best dated and provenanced samples of occupation and mortuary remains of a Neolithic community so far available in Southeast Asia. Its principal objective is to define the motifs incised, impressed and painted onto the surface of ceramic mortuary vessels, in order to permit a comparison with other assemblages first in Thailand, then in Southeast Asia north into China. It is held that if there are close parallels over a wide geographic area, in these motifs, then it would support a model of diffusion. If there are not, then the alternative of local origins would need to be examined closely. It is argued that the similarity in motifs, particularly a stylised human figure, between Thai and Vietnamese sites lends support to a common origin for these groups. The motifs are not so obvious when examining the southern Chinese data, although the mode of decoration by painting, incising and impressing recur there. This, in conjunction with mortuary rituals, weaving technology, the domestic dog, and the linguistic evidence, sustains a model for demic diffusion. However, the presence of ceramic vessels also decorated with impressed/incised techniques in maritime hunter-gatherer contexts stresses that the actual Neolithic settlement may have been more complex.

Forensic anthropologists and archaeologists have been increasingly engaged, at police request, in investigations to locate and recover buried human remains ( Rodriguez and Bass, 1985 ; France et al., 1992 ; Owsley, 1995 ; Hunter et al., 1996 ). Current search methods are derived from archaeology, geology, botany, geography and taphonomy. However, there is limited testing of search techniques, particularly over graves containing human bodies, and few studies that have examined the appearance of gravesites over several years. In the absence of such studies in Australia, eight shallow burials ( six animal graves, two human graves ) and one calibration pit were established in South Australia to provide information about the physical properties of graves and the effectiveness of burial site location techniques. The findings provide descriptive information about the surface appearance of graves over six years, the chemical elements remaining in the upper levels of grave soil and the practical implications of using geophysical instruments to search for buried human remains in typical forensic cases in South Australian landscapes. Key surface indicators identified included ongoing faunal scavenging, soil surface differences, absence of moss, absence of vegetation in dry periods, the slow return of ground debris, and the formation of depressions. These were not all associated with the presence of a body but could be related to disturbance of the ground surface. There was a relationship between surface indicators and seasonal conditions and the position of the gravesites in relation to surrounding landscape features, in particular, trees. Higher levels of certain soil elements at the upper surface layer at the gravesites were identifiable after several years of burial ; in particular, calcium and magnesium were identifiable at the human body and kangaroo gravesites. Ground penetrating radar, electrical resistivity and electromagnetic induction were used to survey the gravesites. Ground penetrating radar provided the most significant results in terms of anomalies compared to the surrounds. However, use of these instruments highlighted the potential of overlooking gravesites due to lack of definitive survey data, the impact of seasonal conditions and the problems associated with using the instruments in some burial areas. Comparison of these findings is made with other international studies. Electrical resistivity surveying was successfully used to locate a 150 year old burial. A national survey on body location techniques used by police investigators in a seven year period was conducted, demonstrating a limited reported success in and use of search techniques other than ground search, implying a need to develop more reliable techniques for clandestine grave location. The results provide previously unavailable information about the surface appearance of gravesites, detectable elements in grave soil and the use of geophysical survey instruments for this purpose in South Australia. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, School of Medical Sciences, Discipline of Anatomical Sciences, 2006.