Thesis (MNutr (Interdisciplinary Health Sciences. Human Nutrition))--Stellenbosch University, 2008. / Background and objectives: An understanding of the effect of HAART on different aspects of health, including nutritional status, of HIV-infected individuals in South Africa is needed to ensure that appropriate population-specific guidelines and policies can be developed. This study aimed to investigate the impact of HAART on nutritional status, focusing on changes in anthropometric measures, and to explore the relationship between these measures and immunological and virological response to HAART. Methods: A prospective study of 30 adult females was carried out at a clinic in Cato Manor, KwaZulu-Natal. Anthropometric measurements, including weight, mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC), waist circumference, hip circumference, body mass index (BMI) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), were performed at baseline and 12 and 24 weeks after commencing HAART. Laboratory values, including CD4 lymphocyte count, viral load, albumin and haemoglobin as well as bioelectrical impedance analysis data, including lean body mass (LBM), fat mass (FM) and body fat percentage (BF%), were collected at baseline and after 24 weeks on HAART. Results: Overall, there was a statistically significant increase in all anthropometric measures, except WHR and LBM. The mean weight change was 3.4±5.8kg (p=0.006). Fifty percent of the subjects had a BMI above normal at baseline and mean BMI increased from 25.6±5.7kg/m2 to 27.3±5.6kg/m2 (p=0.007). Seventy percent of subjects gained weight, 18.5% had a stable weight and 11.1% lost weight. The weight gain in most subjects was attributable to a gain in FM while in subjects who lost weight, the loss consisted mainly of LBM. Some patients with stable body weight experienced changes in the relative proportions of fat and lean mass. Six patients showed evidence of disproportionate gains and losses in body circumference measurements which may be indicative of fat redistribution. Subjects with lower CD4 lymphocyte counts experienced greater increases in weight, BMI, FM and BF%. The strongest correlation was observed with FM (rs=-0.53; p=0.00). Greater increases in weight, BMI, MUAC, waist circumference, hip circumference, FM and BF% were seen in those with lower baseline haemoglobin. Baseline viral load and albumin did not correlate significantly with changes in any anthropometric variables. Change in CD4 count was only significantly associated with baseline MUAC (rs=0.40; p=0.04). Change in viral load was significantly correlated with baseline weight, LBM, FM, BF% and MUAC with the strongest correlation being with weight (rs=0.44; p=0.01). No significant association was found between anthropometric changes and changes in CD4 count and viral load between baseline and the 24-week visit. Conclusion: Overall, subjects experienced a significant increase in most anthropometric measures. There appears to be a relationship between some anthropometric and laboratory measures but this needs clarification. The findings of this study demonstrate the value of including circumference measurements and body composition techniques as part of nutritional status assessment and demonstrate the need for studies to determine the prevalence and significance of overweight and obesity in the HIV-infected population. Research is needed to determine the best methods of bringing about the most favourable anthropometric changes to enhance the health of patients on HAART.

Thesis (MNutr)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Objective: To examine the factors that may influence the vitamin A and anthropometric status of 24-59-month-old children from an impoverished community with a very high prevalence of stunting, but virtually no vitamin A deficiency. Design: Cross sectional, descriptive study with analytical components. Setting: Calvinia West, Northern Cape Province, South Africa Subjects: Biological mothers (n=150) and their children aged 24-59 months (n=150) living in Calvinia West from 6 months of age or younger. Methods: A general interviewer-administered questionnaire comprising of socio-demographic information, a 24-hour recall and an adjusted food frequency questionnaire, focussing on liver intake, were used in the data collection process. Anthropometric measurements (weight and height) were also performed. Results: Results showed that liver consumption alone contributed to more than 100% of the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) for vitamin A of the pre-school children in this community. Liver was eaten by 84.7% (n=127) of the children and 68% (n=102) of them ate liver at least once per month. The average portion size of the children who consumed liver was 66g at a time. The national food fortification programme contributed to a further 80 μg Retinol Equivalents (RE) and the national supplementation programme 122μg RE of vitamin A per day. There was a significant (p=0.028) inverse association between the amount of liver intake and household income. Liver intake was also significantly (p=0.016) higher in the children whose mothers were unskilled as opposed to those with skilled mothers. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) growth standards 36.9% (n=55) of the children were stunted (low height for age), 25.5% (n=38) were underweight for age and 12.1% (n=18) were wasted (low weight for height). The mean birth weight of the children (n=141) was 2826g (SD=592). Of these children, 27.7% (n=39) had a low birth weight (<2500g). There was a significant positive correlation (r=0.250; p=0.003) between the birth weight of the child and the child's current height for age. The height of the mother, as well as several indicators of socio-economic status, also correlated significantly with the height for age of the child. Conclusion: In this impoverished community the anthropometric status of the children was poor, but vitamin A deficiency was largely addressed through the regular intake of liver. Poor anthropometric status is therefore not always an indicator of micronutrient deficiencies and blanket supplementation approaches are not necessarily the solution in a country with diverse cultures and eating habits. Apart from the immediate risks and consequences of underweight, stunting and wasting in a community, stunting may also lead to overweight and obesity in the long term. This may result in diseases of lifestyle in later life, adding a further burden to an already weakened community. Appropriate evidence-based interventions aimed at the first thousand days of life should be a priority in this community. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Doel: Om die faktore wat kan bydrae tot die vitamien A en die antropometriese status van kinders 24-59-maande in 'n arm gemeenskap met 'n baie hoë voorkoms van dwerggroei, maar byna geen vitamien A gebrek, te ondersoek. Ontwerp: Beskrywende, deursnit studie met analitiese komponente Omgewing: Calvinia Wes, Nood Kaap provinsie, Suid-Afrika Deelnemers: Biologiese moeders (n=150) en hul kinders in die ouderdomsgroep, 24-59-maande (n=150) woonagtig in Calvinia Wes sedert 6 maande van ouderdom of jonger. Metodes: 'n Vraelys bestaande uit sosio-demografiese inligting, 'n 24-uur herroep en 'n aangepaste voedsel frekwensie vraelys gefokus op die inname van lewer, was gebruik om data in te samel en voltooi deur die onderhoudvoerder. Antropometriese metings (gewig en lengte) was ook geneem. Resultate: Resultate het getoon dat lewer inname bygedra het tot meer as 100% van die geskatte gemiddelde behoefte van vitamien A vir die voorskoolse kind in hierdie gemeenskap. Lewer was deur 84.7% (n=127) van die kinders ingeneem en 68% (n=102) het dit ten minste een keer per maand geëet. Die gemiddelde porsie grootte van die kinders wat lewer ingeneem het, was 66g op 'n keer. Die nasionale voedsel fortifisering program het 'n verdere 80 μg Retinol Ekwivalente (RE) en die nasionale supplementasie program 122μg RE vitamin A per dag bygedra. Daar was 'n betekenisvolle (p=0.028) omgekeerde korrelasie tussen die die hoeveelheid lewer wat deur die kinders ingeneem is en die huishoudelike inkomste. Lewer inname was ook betekenisvol (p=0.016) meer in kinders wie se moeders ongeskool was teenoor die met geskoolde moeders. Volgens die Wêreld Gesondheid Organisasie se groeistandaarde het 36.9% (n=55) van die kinders dwerggroei getoon (te kort vir hul ouderdom), 25.5% (n=38) was ondergewig vir hul ouderdom en 12.1% (n=18) uitgeteer (ondergewig vir hul lengte). Die gemiddelde geboortegewig van die kinders (n=141) was 2826g (SA=592). Van hierdie kinders het 27.7% (n=39) 'n lae geboortegewig (<2500g) gehad. Daar was 'n betekenisvolle positiewe korrelasie (r=0.250; p=0.003) tussen die geboortegewig van die kind en die huidige lengte vir ouderdom. Die lengte van die moeder, sowel as ander sosio-ekonomiese status aanwysers het ook betekenisvol gekorreleer met die lengte vir ouderdom van die kind. Samevatting: In hierdie arm gemeenskap was die antropometriese status van die kinders swak, maar vitamien A gebrek was grootliks aangespreek deur die gereelde inname van lewer. 'n Swak antropometriese status is dus nie altyd 'n aanduiding van mikronutriënt tekorte nie en 'n oorkoepelende aanslag van supplementasie is nie noodwendig 'n oplossing in 'n land met diverse kultuur en eetgewoontes nie. Behalwe vir die onmiddelike gevare van ondergewig, dwerggroei en uittering in 'n gemeenskap, het kinders met dwerggroei 'n groter risiko om oorgewig en vetsugtig te word in die langtermyn. Dit kan lewensstyl siektes veroorsaak in latere lewe en 'n verdere las op 'n reeds verswakte gemeenskap plaas. Toepaslike intervensies, gemik op die eerste duisend dae van lewe, behoort 'n prioriteit te wees in hierdie gemeenskap.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-05-18Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:11:03Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 alves_rv_me_arafcf.pdf: 416426 bytes, checksum: 32bf2f1cca119f33163b397f1ed1313b (MD5) / Unimep / Diversas medidas no combate à fome vêm sendo discutidas nos últimos anos na busca de se garantir, a todos, condições de segurança alimentar e nutricional e assim, formular políticas públicas para este que é um dos maiores problemas do país. A nutrição adequada está diretamente relacionada às dimensões físicas e à composição corporal, principalmente no processo de crescimento e desenvolvimento da criança. Nesse sentido, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo estudar a relação do consumo alimentar familiar com os indicadores antropométricos do estado nutricional e o perfil socioeconômico de escolares do ensino fundamental de escolas públicas do município de Piracicaba-SP. O estudo foi realizado com 283 famílias de escolares distribuídas proporcionalmente entre as cinco regiões administrativas da cidade, por meio de medidas quali-quantitativas da aquisição de alimentos em inquérito que contempla o registro da freqüência de consumo de alimentos no domicílio e também dados socioeconômicos para uma melhor compreensão desse consumo. Na avaliação do estado nutricional dos escolares, distribuídos segundo a renda, 5,1% deles apresentaram baixa estatura para a idade, com prevalência significativa de crianças mais baixas no primeiro tercil de renda (10,8%) e, em todos os tercis, apresentaram valores acima do esperado na distribuição percentilar do índice de massa corpórea para idade, tanto no indicativo de baixo peso como no de excesso de peso. Entre as famílias dos escolares foi encontrada uma mediana de 4,0 pessoas por domicílio, com uma mediana de rendimento familiar de 0,8 salários mínimos per capita, com diferença significativa entre os tercis sendo que 38% da renda eram destinados à alimentação aumentando conforme diminui a renda. O consumo de energia e proteínas pelas famílias dos escolares atende aos valores recomendados e aumenta conforme... / Many measures to fight hunger have been discussed in recent years to assure conditions of food and nutrition security to everyone and thereby devise public policies for what is one of the greatest problems of the country. Proper nutrition is directly related to body size and composition, especially in the process of growth and development of the child. Thus, this study aimed to study the relationship between household food consumption and the anthropometric indicators of nutritional status and socioeconomic profile of elementary schoolchildren attending public schools in the city of Piracicaba, SP. The study included 283 families of elementary schoolchildren proportionally distributed within the five administrative regions of the city. A questionnaire that investigates meal frequency per household and socioeconomic data to better understand food consumption was used to determine food quality and amount. Nutritional assessment of the schoolchildren distributed according to income showed that 5.1% of them were stunted, with a significant prevalence of stunted children in the first income tercile (10.8%). All income terciles presented distribution percentages of BMI-for-age beyond the expected values, that is, both underweight and overweight children were more common than expected. The median family size of the schoolchildren was 4.0 individuals per household and the median family income was 0.8 minimum wages per capita. There was a significant difference between the terciles. A minimum of 38% of the family income went to food and this percentage increased as family income decreased. Energy and protein intakes met the recommended values and increased with income. Calcium and vitamin A intakes were low, decreased with income and differed significantly between the terciles. Among the assessed nutrients, there was a weak positive correlation between calcium and vitamin A intakes...(Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-06-10Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:50:52Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 prado_cd_me_arafcf.pdf: 343315 bytes, checksum: 55167744aca71f0e9ff073df79cd2825 (MD5) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar vários métodos de avaliação nutricional aplicados a pacientes oncológicos. No primeiro capítulo, discutiu-se a literatura existente sobre o tema, a fim de servir de subsídio para alertar os profissionais de saúde sobre a importância e as implicações do estado nutricional do paciente para seu prognóstico e qualidade de vida. No segundo capítulo, realizou-se a adaptação cultural da Avaliação Subjetiva Global – Produzida pelo Paciente (ASG-PPP) e estimou-se sua reprodutibilidade. No terceiro capítulo, calculou-se as medidas estimadas de peso e altura de 62 pacientes, avaliou-se sua correlação e concordância com as medidas reais e identificou-se o risco de desnutrição de pacientes oncológicos, o qual foi aferido a partir de diferentes métodos. No quarto capítulo, investigou-se as características clínicas, sócio-demográficas e o estado nutricional de 134 pacientes oncológicos atendidos no Hospital Amaral Carvalho- Jaú, SP, no período de abril a novembro de 2008 / The aim of this study was to describe the several methods of nutritional assessment applied in patients with cancer. In the first chapter, the current literature on this topic is described in order to make health professionals aware of the importance and implications of the nutritional status for the prognosis and quality of life of patients with cancer. In the second chapter, the transcultural adaptation of the “Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment (PG-SGA) was performed and its reliability was estimated. In the third chapter, the estimated measures of weight and height (n=62) were calculated, the correlation and concordance with real measurements were assessed, and the risk of malnutrition of patients with cancer was identified by means of different methods of evaluation. In the fourth chapter, the clinical and demographic characteristics, and the nutritional status of 134 oncologic patients at Amaral Carvalho Hospital-Jaú, SP, are investigated between April and November 2008

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Mouth breathing is frequently associated to growth alterations and to the oral facial structures development, as well as head position alterations. However, it is manifested a lack of studies able to relate the disorders in the craniofacial morphology to the mouth breathing etiology. In this sense, this study aimed to verify the possible craniofacial morphology differences between nasal breathing and mouth breathing children of obstructive and vicious etiology, through the application of oral facial anthropometric and head posture evaluation. The sample consisted of 62 leukoderms children at ages between 7 years and 11 years and 11 months old. It was carried out a speech-language selection and otolaryngologist evaluation, followed by a nasal fibroscopy, leading to the participants classification into three groups: nasal breathers, mouth obstructive breathers and mouth vicious breathers. An oral facial anthropometric evaluation took place in order to determine the oral facial measurements and proportions and the participants facial type; and the computerized photogrammetric evaluation, followed by a physical examination in order to verify the head position related to the horizontal. The data were descriptively and statistically analyzed at the significance level of 5%. The comparisons among the groups were done through the ANOVA variance analysis and the Kruskal-Wallis test; the association between the variants was verified through the chi-square independence test and the residual analysis of the chi-square; and the correlation analyses was done by the Spearman s rank coefficient. The anthropometric measurements and the oral facial proportions, as well as the head position, were similar in the three groups. There was an association between the facial type and the breathing mode/mouth breathing etiology. The significant associations were braquifacial in the nasal breathers group and also in the obstructive mouth breathers. A correlation between facial type and head position was not verified. In this sense, it can be concluded, by the present study, that nasal and obstructive mouth breathers of obstructive and vicious etiology do not present differences concerning the studied craniofacial morphology aspects, except for to the facial type. / A respiração oral é freqüentemente associada a alterações no crescimento e desenvolvimento das estruturas orofaciais, bem como a alterações na postura da cabeça. No entanto, evidencia-se uma carência de estudos que relacionem as desordens na morfologia craniofacial à etiologia da respiração oral. Sendo assim, este estudo teve como objetivo verificar possíveis diferenças morfológicas craniofaciais entre crianças respiradoras nasais e respiradoras orais de etiologia obstrutiva e viciosa, por meio de avaliação antropométrica orofacial e avaliação da postura da cabeça. A amostra foi composta por 62 crianças leucodermas, com idades entre 7 anos e 11 anos e 11 meses. Foram realizadas triagem fonoaudiológica, avaliação otorrinolaringológica e exame de nasofibrofaringoscopia, que possibilitaram a classificação dos participantes em três grupos: respiradores nasais, respiradores orais obstrutivos e respiradores orais viciosos. Realizou-se avaliação antropométrica orofacial para determinar as medidas e proporções orofaciais e o tipo facial dos participantes e avaliação fotogramétrica computadorizada, seguida de exame físico postural, para verificar a postura da cabeça em relação ao plano horizontal. Os dados foram analisados descritivamente e estatisticamente ao nível de significância de 5%. As comparações entre grupos foram realizadas por meio da análise de variância de ANOVA e do teste de Kruskal- Wallis; a associação entre variáveis foi verificada através do teste de independência do qui-quadrado e da análise de resíduos do qui-quadrado; a análise de correlação foi realizada com o coeficiente de correlação de Spearman. Verificou-se que as medidas antropométricas e proporções orofaciais, assim como a postura da cabeça apresentaram-se semelhantes nos três grupos. Houve associação entre o tipo facial e o modo respiratório/ etiologia da respiração oral. As associações significantes foram do tipo braquifacial com o grupo de respiradores nasais e de respiradores orais obstrutivos. Não foi verificada correlação entre tipo facial e postura da cabeça. Deste modo, concluiu-se que, no presente estudo, os respiradores nasais e orais de etiologia obstrutiva e viciosa não apresentaram diferenças nos aspectos da morfologia craniofacial investigados, exceto o tipo facial.

Resumo: Obesidade é um distúrbio metabólico caracterizado por um aumento da massa adiposa do organismo, que se reflete em um aumento do peso corpóreo. Para avaliar a obesidade e acompanhar crianças e adolescentes obesos, é necessário um método rápido e confortável para estimar a composição corporal de forma correta e segura. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a relação entre as medidas da composição corporal de adolescentes obesos atendidos no Centro Médico Social Comunitário Vila Lobato do HCFMRP/USP pela antropometria , bioimpedância elétrica e diluição de óxido de deutério, propondo uma equação. Foram avaliadas 40 adolescentes com obesidade, com idade entre 10 a 19 anos. Os resultados demonstraram que em relação ao estadiamento puberal, 57,5% dos adolescentes do sexo feminino e 40,0% dos pacientes do sexo masculino se encontraram no estágio três de Tanner, caracterizado pelo início do desenvolvimento puberal e nenhum esteve no estágio cinco, indicando que a maioria não concluiu o estirão de crescimento. De acordo com dados antropométricos e da composição corporal pelo método de biompedância elétrica e diluição de óxido de deutério, ambos os sexos não tiveram diferenças significativas. Resultados obtidos pela BIA, quando comparados com os dados do método da diluição de óxido de deutério, apresentaram uma correlação fraca em relação ás variáveis, massa corporal magra e água corporal total e forte correlação para a massa corporal gorda, embora, verificamos que essa concordância não estava próxima de 1. Sendo assim, sentimos necessidade de ajuste de fórmulas específicas utilizando o deutério como padrão ouro, para avaliar crianças e adolescentes, principalmente quando se trata de obesidade. Foram elaboradas fórmulas que poderão auxiliar os profissionais de saúde na avaliação da composição corporal de adolescentes obesos... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Obesity is a metabolic disorder characterized by an increase in fat mass of the body, which is reflected in an increase in body weight. To monitor and evaluate obesity and follow obese children and adolescents, you need a fast and comfortable method to estimate body composition accurately and safely. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between measures of body composition in obese adolescents treated at Community and Social Center of Vila Lobato HCFMRP / USP by anthropometry, bioelectrical impedance and deuterium oxide dilution, proposing an equation. We evaluated 40 obese adolescents aged 10 to 19 years. The results showed that in relation to pubertal stage, 57.5% of female adolescents and 40.0% of male patients met the three Tanner stage, characterized by the onset of pubertal development and none was in stage five, indicating that most have not completed the growth spurt. According to anthropometric data and body composition by the method of bioelectrical impedance and dilution of deuterium oxide, both gender did not differ significantly. Results obtained by the BIA, when compared with data from the method of dilution of deuterium oxide, showed a weak correlation in these variables, lean body mass and total body water and a strong correlation to body fat mass, although we found that this agreement was not close to 1. Therefore, we need to adjust the specific formulas using deuterium as the gold standard for assessing children and adolescents, especially when it comes to obesity. They prepared formulas that can assist health professionals in the assessment of body composition in obese adolescents, not limited to body mass index, a criterion that does not measure body fat and lean mass. But it is not appropriate to extrapolate these equations outside the scope of the data. In other words, while the linear regression models were adjusted well, it is necessary to validate... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Orientador: Jacqueline Pontes Monteiro / Coorientador: Anderson Marliere Navarro / Banca: José simon Camelo Junior / Banca: João Bosco Faria / Banca: Luiz Antonio Del Campo / Banca: Marta Neves Campanelli Marçal Vieira / Doutor

A antropometria é o estudo das medidas do corpo. A medição pode ser realizada no próprio corpo, na chamada técnica direta, ou na representação do indivíduo, na técnica indireta. Os resultados podem ser aplicados nas áreas da medicina, odontologia, fisioterapia, fonoaudiologia, entre outros. A antropometria aplicada à face traz dados referentes ao crescimento, ao envelhecimento e é capaz de traçar características de tecidos moles. É consenso na literatura que não há um padrão facial único que possa servir para todas as populações, sendo que cada uma possui características que as tornam únicas e que devem ser levadas em consideração no planejamento de cirurgias estéticas, ortognáticas e reconstrutivas. Até o momento, não há estudos que tragam o detalhamento antropométrico da face da população brasileira. Assim, o objetivo geral desse trabalho é trazer o levantamento antropométrico facial da população de adultos jovens brancos brasileiros por meio da análise de fotografias em norma frontal, método conhecido como fotoantropometria. As fotografias têm origem de um banco civil de imagens da Polícia Federal brasileira, sendo 689 de indivíduos do sexo feminino (F) e 660 do sexo masculino (M). Foram selecionadas as imagens que possibilitavam a visualização dos pontos fotoantropométricos de interesse e que apresentavam a centralização da cabeça em relação ao plano sagital, ao plano horizontal e ao eixo sagital. Os indivíduos representados nas fotografias foram classificados quanto à ancestralidade levando-se em consideração aspectos como cor da pele, textura do cabelo e morfologia nasal e labial. Os pontos fotoantropométricos foram marcados manualmente nas imagens fotográficas por meio do software SAFF 2D®. As coordenadas em pixels foram transformadas em distâncias lineares e deram origem aos índices, os quais foram analisados sob diversos aspectos. Além das análises realizadas para a população total, os indivíduos foram separados em grupos, considerando-se o sexo e o local de nascimento correspondente às regiões do país, sendo: Sul, Sudeste, Centro-oeste, Nordeste e Norte. A morfologia da face da população de adultos jovens brancos do Brasil foi exaustivamente analisada sob vários aspectos e foi possível concluir que há diferença na morfologia facial entre os sexos e regiões de nascimento. O estudo ainda mostra qual a acurácia dos índices para a estimativa de sexo e predição da região de nascimento. Estudos futuros devem ser realizados para as demais ancestralidades que compõem a população do Brasil. / Anthropometry is the scientific study of the measurements of the human body. These measurements can be performed directly on the body or indirectly on the images of individuals. Their findings can be used in areas such as medicine, dentistry, physical therapy, and speech therapy, among others. Facial anthropometry provides information on growth and aging and can be used to outline characteristics of soft tissues. A consensus agreement has been reached in the literature that there is not a single facial pattern that fits all populations, as each population has unique features that should be taken into account in the planning of esthetic, orthognathic, and reconstructive surgeries. To date, no studies in Brazil have conducted an extensive investigation into the facial pattern of the Brazilian population. Therefore, the overall aim of this study is to carry out a photoanthropometric analysis of the population of young adult white Brazilians by analyzing frontal photographic images. The photographs were obtained from the Brazilian Federal Police image database and include 689 female (F) and 660 male (M) individuals. The images that allowed observing the anthropometric parameters of interest and on which the head had been placed centrally to the sagittal plane, to the horizontal plane, and to the sagittal axis were selected. The individuals depicted on the photographs were classified as to ancestry based on aspects such as skin color, hair texture, and nose and lip morphology. Anthropometric landmarks were made manually on the photographic images using the SAFF 2D® software program. The pixel coordinates were converted to linear distances, giving rise to indices, which were assessed with respect to various aspects. In addition to the analyses of the total population, individuals were categorized into groups according to sex and region of birth (south, southeast, midwest, northeast, or north). The facial morphology of the population of young adult white Brazilians was analyzed comprehensively as to different aspects, leading to the conclusion that facial morphology varies between the sexes and across regions of birth. The study also shows the accuracy of the indices for sex assessment and for prediction of the region of birth. Further studies are needed to evaluate other ancestries that make up the Brazilian population.

Traditional three-dimensional (3D) photonic scanning (3DPS) can be used to obtain body volume data and to enable visualization of 3D body shape in one rapid scan, which is helpful for determining people’s obesity level, health risk and sport performance as well as motivating individuals to reduce weight efficiently. Nevertheless, traditional 3DPS is restricted to expensive and fixed hardware and specific software that requires specialist interpretation in laboratory settings, which reduces possible applications. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to develop a fast, inexpensive, portable and automatic 3DPS system to measure body volume data and to display body shape in 3D. To ensure that the system could be used for monitoring changes over time, the accuracy and reliability of the estimated body volumes were also established. Four studies and one technical description were conducted to achieve the purpose of this research. In the first three studies, a new technique, DScan, was developed that could generate individual 3D human models and calculate body volume. In Study 1, the reliability of the body dimension features obtained by four extraction methods was compared to find an appropriate method to improve the quality of extracted body dimension features. In Study 2, two different parameter groups were compared to enable subsequent selection of appropriate parameters to generate realistic 3D human models. A procedure and a program were presented which can set the parameters to match the extracted features and generate individual 3D human models effectively. In Study 3, Blender scripts and shell scripts were used to develop a customized program which can obtain body volume data from generated 3D human models. In Study 4, the accuracy and the reliability of the body volume data acquired from DScan were examined by comparing with the traditional 3DPS and the geometric modelling technique, elliptical zone (E-Zone). In the technical description, a Body Shape Monitoring System (BSMS) which can help non-expert users complete the DScan procedure and visualize body shape changes was introduced. The processing speed, cost and portability of the introduced BSMS were also shown in the technical description. The accuracy of the BSMS for whole-body volume indicated by an inter-method relative technical error of measurement was within 5% of that obtained from the traditional 3DPS. The repeated reliability expressed as an intra-method relative technical error of measurement was under 3% for whole-body volume. The accuracy and the reliability of the BSMS for segmental volumes (upper torso, lower torso, upper arm, lower arm, thigh and shank) indicated by inter-method and intra-method relative technical error of measurements were less than 10% and 5% respectively. These were similar to those obtained by the E-Zone. The BSMS reduces the requirement of hardware, software and expert knowledge as well as the processing time compared to other techniques of quantifying whole-body volume and segmental volumes. The GUI of the BSMS enables it to be used without specific training in computer programing or machine operation. The system is highly portable, and its components are inexpensive (under £700). Each analysis can be completed in three minutes without requiring subjective interpretations. The results showed that the system has the potential to be applied in the domains of health and medicine, the fashion industry, ergonomics, and sports science. Further studies should be conducted to develop a complete system which is consequently suitable for home use.

O presente estudo teve como objetivo, estabelecer o modelo da estrutura do desempenho esportivo por meio das adaptações antropométricas e motoras de atletas de equipe de voleibol masculino, adotando o ciclo de preparação da Seleção Brasileira Sub-19 para o Campeonato Mundial, no ano de 2005. A amostra foi intencional e composta por 12 atletas, com média de idade de 17,76+0,71 anos. Para o volume de treinamento, foi adotada a análise documental a partir de manuscritos elaborados pela comissão técnica. As variáveis analisadas nas três avaliações foram organizadas na seguinte ordem: Carga horária de treinamento; Antropométricas (estatura, massa corporal, somatória de sete dobras cutâneas, percentual de gordura); Potência de membros superiores (arremesso de “medicine ball” com três quilogramas); Potência de membros inferiores (saltos contramovimentos, “squat jump”, altura de alcance de salto de ataque e bloqueio, impulsão de saltos de ataque e bloqueio); Agilidade e resistência de velocidade (deslocamentos em 30m e 78m); Resistência muscular localizada (abdominais 30 segundos). Para verificar a influência do tempo de treinamento nas adaptações do desempenho foi utilizado o Modelo Linear Geral de Medidas Repetidas; para analisar e explicar a correlação entre as variáveis foi utilizada a Análise Fatorial das Componentes Principais. Os resultados encontrados permitem estabelecer as seguintes distribuições do volume de treinamento das categorias: treinamento físico: 94,92 horas (31,35%), treinamento técnico: 79,83 horas (36,32%), treinamento tático: 125,72 horas (41,53%) e o treinamento psicológico apenas 2,25 horas (0,74%). Em relação às variáveis e a influência do fator “treinamento”, na mudança das médias, identificamos valores com poder de observação superior a 99,9% para as variáveis estatura (F=93,15, p=0,000) e agilidade (F=26,08, p=0,000); 98,9% alcance de ataque (F=14,60, p=0,000); 97,4% resistência de velocidade (F=12,50, p=0,002); 96,3 % alcance de bloqueio (F=11,54, p=0,003); 91,1% impulsão de bloqueio (F=9,06, p=0,006); 89,7 % massa corporal (F=8,64, p=0,007); 86,3% resistência muscular localizada (F=7,79, p=0,009); 58,8% impulsão de ataque (F=4,12, p=0,050); 54,7% envergadura de bloqueio (F=3,75, p=0,061). O modelo das componentes principais produziu uma explicação da variabilidade total em cada avaliação (92,15% na primeira avaliação, 91,22% na segunda avaliação e 85,95% na última avaliação). O tempo destinado à duração das sessões de treinamento e a quantificação das categorias física e técnica demonstraram maior volume no período preparatório, com a finalidade de adaptar o organismo dos atletas para cargas mais intensas, conforme a aproximação do período competitivo. As adaptações durante a preparação demonstraram diferenças significativas e elevado poder de influência do treinamento nas variáveis antropométricas e motoras. O modelo do desempenho esportivo estabelece, com elevado percentual de variância nos três momentos de avaliação, a primeira componente (estatura e envergaduras de ataque e bloqueio), massa corporal e saltos específicos (alcance de ataque e bloqueio). Ao ser identificada a inter-relação entre as variáveis descritas, torna-se mais evidente a necessidade de se destinar maior atenção para os atletas mais altos, e consequentemente mais fortes. / This study had as objective to determine the structure of sport performance through the anthropometric and biomotor adaptations on the athletes from the male volleyball team during the macrocycle of under-19 Brazillian National Team in preparation to the 2005 world championship. The sample was composed of 12 athletes (17.76±0.71 years old). Training volume analysis was according to the manuscripts recorded by the coaches. The athletes were tested in three different moments and the measured variables were organized as followed: Training volume quantification; anthropometry (height, body mass, sum of seven skinfolds, % body fat); muscle power of the upper extremities ( 3 kg medicine ball throwing ); muscle power or the lower extremities ( squat jump. countermovement jump, attack and block height, attack and block vertical jumping height); shuttle test for agility ( 30 m) and shuttle test for speed resistance (78 m); abdominal strength (situps 30 s). The linear model for repeated measures was used to verify the influence of training time exposure on the adaptations on the performance; the factorial analysis of the mean components was used to analyze and explain the correlations among the variables. The results presented the following distribution for training volume: physical conditioning (94.92 hours – 31.35%); technical practices (79.83 hours – 36.32%), tactical training (125.72 hours – 41.53%) and psychological training (2.25 hours – 0.74%). Related to the measured variables and the influence of the training in the mean changes, it was identified values with observational power superior to 99.9% to the variables height (F=93.15, p=0.000) and shuttle test for agility (F=26.08, p=0.000); 98,9% attack height (F=14.60, p=0.000); 97,4% shuttle test for speed resistance (F=12.50, p=0.002); 96,3 % block height (F=11.54, p=0.003); 91,1% block vertical jump (F=9.06, p=0.006); 89,7% body mass (F=8.64, p=0.007); 86,3% abdominal strength (F=7.79, p=0.009); 58.8% attack vertical jump (F=4.12, p=0.050); 54,7% standing block height (F=3.75, p=0.061). The model of the principal components presented results that explained the total variability on each testing moment (92.15% moment 1; 91.22% moment 2; 85.95% moment 3). The time spent on training sessions and the quantification of the categories physical conditioning and technical practices demonstrated a highest volume at the preparatory period which aimed to promote adaptation on the athletes´ organism in order to prepare them to more intense work loads in direction to the competitive period. The adaptations occurred during the preparation revealed significant differences and high power of training volume influence in the anthropometric and biomotors variables. The model of sport performance demonstrated high percentage of variance at the three distinct testing moments, the first component (height and standing height for attack and block), body mass and specific jump tests (attack and block height). When identifying the inter-relation among the described variables, it is important to highlight the need to carefully deal with the tallest and consequently the strongest athletes.

p. 1-83 / Submitted by Santiago Fabio (fabio.ssantiago@hotmail.com) on 2013-04-10T18:52:41Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese Ionar Rezende seg 01.pdf: 429852 bytes, checksum: a300b0a96f159ce241218cb67611c373 (MD5) Graficos do Artigo Ionar Rezende 02.pdf: 31710 bytes, checksum: e4cdb940c99cc978728315bdf29640d5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Meirelles(rodrigomei@ufba.br) on 2013-04-22T19:43:49Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese Ionar Rezende seg 01.pdf: 429852 bytes, checksum: a300b0a96f159ce241218cb67611c373 (MD5) Graficos do Artigo Ionar Rezende 02.pdf: 31710 bytes, checksum: e4cdb940c99cc978728315bdf29640d5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-04-22T19:43:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese Ionar Rezende seg 01.pdf: 429852 bytes, checksum: a300b0a96f159ce241218cb67611c373 (MD5) Graficos do Artigo Ionar Rezende 02.pdf: 31710 bytes, checksum: e4cdb940c99cc978728315bdf29640d5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Objetivo: Comparar a Avaliação Muscular Subjetiva com métodos objetivos de avaliação nutricional em pacientes que serão submetidos à cirurgia. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo de comparação entre métodos de avaliação nutricional, com características transversais, envolvendo dados primários em pacientes no pré-operatório. Realizaram-se medidas antropométricas, laboratoriais e a Avaliação Muscular Subjetiva para diagnóstico nutricional dos pacientes. Utilizou-se o Coeficiente de Tau-b de Kendall, adotando-se como concordância excelente entre os métodos valores maiores ou iguais 80%. Resultados: Para a Avaliação Muscular Subjetiva os valores observados no teste de concordância inter e intra examinador foram 77% e 89%, respectivamente. Os grupamentos musculares que apresentaram maior percentual de alterações tróficas foram o temporal e masseter para ambos os sexos (F=53, 5%; M=82, 0%). Para o sexo feminino, o grau de concordância entre a Avaliação Muscular Subjetiva e os métodos objetivos foi baixo (<51%), exceto para albumina e músculo gastrocnêmio (83 0%). Encontrou-se para o sexo masculino, Coeficiente de Kendall com valores entre 60% e 70%, representando boa concordância (≥60% e ≤ 80%) ao compararmos o índice de massa corporal e a circunferência do braço com os músculos da deambulação, da mastigação e dos interósseos. Conclusões: 1. A Avaliação Muscular Subjetiva apresentou boa reprodutibilidade diagnóstica; 2. Alterações tróficas subjetivas foram prevalentes nos músculo temporal e masseter; 3. Não encontramos concordância excelente entre a Avaliação Muscular Subjetiva e os métodos objetivos de avaliação nutricional para ambos os sexos, exceto entre a albumina a o músculo gastrocnêmio para o sexo feminino. / Salvador