The thesis tackles the issue of Rudolf Steiner's anthroposophic thought system in the context of Christianity and Christian theology. It is divided into four chapters and contains a dedicated methodological concept. The first chapter focuses on the beginning of Steiner's life journey, paying special attention to his spiritual influences affecting him prior to his public appearance. The following subchapter tackles the genre structure of Steiner's collective works (as in Gesamtausgabe) and creates an original proposal of its periodization as well as a description of its presence on the Czech li- terary market. Chapter two looks at those elements of Steiner's thinking that are theologically important and relate especially to the Trinitology. The final chapter selects those ideas from Steiner's ideological system that are in conflict with classic theological way of thinking and aims to provide them with a wider context.

The 'postmodern challenge' is increasingly felt in the 'end of modernity' to which Gianni Vattimo refers. The West and the world has hitherto been dominated by what Andrew Gamble characterises as the Modern or Western Ideology. But the validity of that worldview and its associated ways of thinking, going back to the 'Enlightenment' and beyond, has come to be radically questioned. It is within this context that the work and thought of CS Lewis is examined. Although Lewis is generally recognised, and regarded himself, as conservative and even reactionary, there is a paradoxical quality to his conservatism, the elements of which coexist with features which might be regarded as liberal and as radically socialist respectively. Similarly, his commitment to the religious and cultural tradition of Western Europe co-exists with a vehement anticolonialism. A paradoxical association of postmodermism with 'premodernity' has been widely noted in Buddhism and, by Derrida, in Eastern Christian theology. This thesis seeks to demonstrate that a paradoxical postmodernism is evident in the thought of Lewis. One source suggested for this is his interest in Eastern Christianity. Another is identified as the influence on Lewis of the opposition of Romanticism to 'Enlightenment' modernity. But Lewis's own engagement with modernity is also shown to be significant. Two broad trends in postmodernism are discussed. The affinities of Lewis's thought with the nihilistic tradition of postmodernism, going back to Nietzsche, is traced with regard to issues such as rationalism, science, the autonomy of the subject, and authorship. But the ambivalent relationship of Lewis to spiritually-oriented, affirmative postmodernism, and particularly Rudolf Steiner's Anthroposophy, is also analysed. The crucial role of Scholasticism in the development of Western thought is investigated in a comparison of Steiner's views with the Christian position of Lewis. It is concluded that there are grounds to regard Lewis as. 'prophet of postmodernism', and he is compared with Nietzsche and Pope John-Paul II in this regard. / Christian Spirituality, Church History and Missiology / D. Th. (Church History)

The 'postmodern challenge' is increasingly felt in the 'end of modernity' to which Gianni Vattimo refers. The West and the world has hitherto been dominated by what Andrew Gamble characterises as the Modern or Western Ideology. But the validity of that worldview and its associated ways of thinking, going back to the 'Enlightenment' and beyond, has come to be radically questioned. It is within this context that the work and thought of CS Lewis is examined. Although Lewis is generally recognised, and regarded himself, as conservative and even reactionary, there is a paradoxical quality to his conservatism, the elements of which coexist with features which might be regarded as liberal and as radically socialist respectively. Similarly, his commitment to the religious and cultural tradition of Western Europe co-exists with a vehement anticolonialism. A paradoxical association of postmodermism with 'premodernity' has been widely noted in Buddhism and, by Derrida, in Eastern Christian theology. This thesis seeks to demonstrate that a paradoxical postmodernism is evident in the thought of Lewis. One source suggested for this is his interest in Eastern Christianity. Another is identified as the influence on Lewis of the opposition of Romanticism to 'Enlightenment' modernity. But Lewis's own engagement with modernity is also shown to be significant. Two broad trends in postmodernism are discussed. The affinities of Lewis's thought with the nihilistic tradition of postmodernism, going back to Nietzsche, is traced with regard to issues such as rationalism, science, the autonomy of the subject, and authorship. But the ambivalent relationship of Lewis to spiritually-oriented, affirmative postmodernism, and particularly Rudolf Steiner's Anthroposophy, is also analysed. The crucial role of Scholasticism in the development of Western thought is investigated in a comparison of Steiner's views with the Christian position of Lewis. It is concluded that there are grounds to regard Lewis as. 'prophet of postmodernism', and he is compared with Nietzsche and Pope John-Paul II in this regard. / Christian Spirituality, Church History and Missiology / D. Th. (Church History)

神話教學是華德福教育獨有的教學活動，其主張適時地接觸神話有助於兒童的發展。本研究即在人智學的理論基礎上，探討該教學活動，冀揭露其蘊義。具體地說，本研究探討以下問題： 1.人智學觀點下的神話為何？（what） 2.神話何以（why）有助兒童之發展？ 3.神話如何（how）促進兒童之發展？ 本研究採德國學者Danner的「教育詮釋學」為研究方法，首先闡明神話學中各重要學派的神話觀，與人智學人類圖像的「四體」，進而分析Rudolf Steiner的神話觀點及其教育意涵，以回應前列問題。準此，本研究提出四項結論： 1.Steiner的人智學視神話為作為小宇宙的人類與大宇宙之連結。 2.人類身心靈發展的精神意義可從神話中追溯。 3.接觸神話對人類身心靈的發展有直接的促進作用 4.神話使人再度連結於世界、重拾生命的精神意義，此為華德福教育所欲達致者。 最後，由對本研究的省思出發，提出後續研究的建議。 / Myth education is a perculiar educational activity by Waldorf Pedagogy. It suggests that accessing myths at the right time is helpful to the development of children. Base on the theory of Anthroposophy, this study explores this educational activity to expose its significance. To be specific, the study explores following questions: 1.What is the myth from the viewpoint of Anthroposophy? 2.Why is the myth helpful to the development of children? 3.How does the myth facilitate the development of children? Taking the German Scholar Danner’s “Pedagogic Hermeneutic” as reschearch method, this study illuminates the viewpoints of myth of various important schools of mythology and the “four bodies” in the human picture of Anthroposophy at first. Futhermore, this study analizes Rudolf Steiner’s viewpoint of myth and its educational meaning to answer the questions listed above. Accordingly, four conclusions are put forward: 1.The myth is taken as the connection between human beings as a small cosmos and the big cosmos according to Steiner’s Anthroposophy. 2.The spiritual meaning of the development of the body, the spirit, and the soul of human being could be traced in the myth. 3.The myth could affect the development of the body, the spirit, and the soul of human directly . 4.The myth makes man reconnected to the world and regain the spiritual meaning of life. It is what Waldorf Pedagogy attempts to achieve. Finally, according to the reflection on this study, the researcher makes some suggestions for follow-up researches.

The topic of this thesis is the pedagogy of Rudolf Steiner in the Czech educational system. The theoretical part is divided into three sections. The first chapter is dedicated to the founder of waldorf education Rudolf Steiner, it deals with his life, work and his legacy to the Czech pedagogical environment. The second chapter describes the free school of Rudolf Steiner, its origin, specifications and evolution of Steiner's education. The last chapter of the theoretical part is focused on Steiner's pedagogy in the Czech education system and studies application of the Steiner's pedagogy at each of the levels of the Czech school system. The empirical part deals with describtions of several Czech primary Steiner's schools and compares them from the point of view of chosen areas of origin, evolution and implementation of Rudolf Steiner's ideas. In the last chapter of the thesis the before mentioned areas of Czech Steiner's schools are compared in short with Steiner's schools in the Eindhoven in Netherlands. Keywords Rudolf Steiner, waldorf education, anthroposophy, Czech waldorf schools, Steiner's special education, eurythm

Introdução: As teorias do filósofo Rudolf Steiner, no início do século XX, aplicadas em várias áreas das ciências humanas, biológicas e exatas, trouxeram ao mundo ocidental uma nova cosmovisão do Ser Humano, a Antroposofia, que não trata apenas de antropologia, mas de uma ciência do Cosmo, tendo por centro e ponto de apoio, o homem. O cuidar antroposófico está embasado em teorias de enfermagem, como de Martha Rogers, que abordam o aspecto holístico do ser humano. O interesse de enfermeiros pela Antroposofia começou, no Brasil, na década de 1970, buscando fazer dela o fundamento para as formas complementares de terapia em enfermagem. A crescente influência da enfermagem antroposófica no desenvolvimento das ações integrais à saúde motivou este estudo. Objetivos: caracterizar enfermeiros que realizam atividades na enfermagem antroposófica; conhecer e compreender o significado e a vivência profissional de enfermeiros antroposóficos no Brasil; analisar atos normativos éticos e legais para a sua prática; desvelar o que os enfermeiros vislumbram para o futuro da enfermagem antroposófica; e, identificar dificuldades para o seu exercício. Metodologia: Estudo de natureza descritiva, exploratória, qualitativa e prospectiva com base nos conteúdos de entrevistas de nove enfermeiras. Referencial teórico: a fenomenologia social, de Alfred Schütz, fundamentou as categorias sobre os motivos porque e motivos para que. Resultados e discussão: Entre os motivos porque, quatro categorias condensam o interesse de enfermeiros pela antroposofia: 1) busca de novas perspectivas profissionais: algo diferente que oferecesse mais satisfação profissional; assistência de enfermagem espiritual; insatisfação com o paradigma alopático. 2) encontro com a antroposofia através da Filosofia, Medicina, Pedagogia e Enfermagem; 3) Metamorfoses decorrentes dos novos conhecimentos adquiridos: mudanças pessoais e profissionais na perspectiva do cuidar antroposófico; diferenças vivenciadas nos tratamentos alopático e antroposófico; vivências e relatos de experiências; 4) dilemas éticos e legais. As quatro categorias relacionadas aos motivos para que foram: 1) perspectivas para a enfermagem antroposófica no Brasil; 2) necessidade de incluir antroposofia na formação do enfermeiro generalista; 3) necessidade de cursos de especialização e pesquisa; 4) anseio de superação de dificuldades na prática antroposófica pelas enfermeiras. Considerações finais: este estudo demonstrou que a enfermagem antroposófica amplia o cuidar, aguça o olhar e ajuda o profissional a se tornar mais consciente na percepção do outro, a cuidar respeitando a individualidade do paciente, a direcionar a ação a todo e qualquer ser humano. Observa-se que pacientes graves, crônicos e oncológicos se beneficiam mais, talvez porque o olhar do enfermeiro antroposófico é mais holístico e individualizado. A Enfermagem Antroposófica atua também em situações do nascimento e da morte. Após o fechamento da Clínica Tobias, na década de 1990, profissionais ficaram sem referência, mas enfermeiros continuaram cultivando e praticando seus conhecimentos individualmente, embora almejassem criar uma organização formal, como associação, para discutirem problemas comuns e unirem forças; ter a Sistematização da Assistência de Enfermagem Antroposófica implantada em seus locais de trabalho; possibilitar que conceitos básicos de enfermagem antroposófica fossem inseridos nos programas dos cursos de graduação, e criados cursos de especialização / Background: The philosopher Rudolf Steiner theories, in the beginning of the XX Century, applied to various areas of the human, biological and exact sciences, have brought to the occidental world a new Cosmo vision of the human being, the Anthroposophy which is not only just anthropology, but a Cosmo science, having man as the center and supporting point. The Anthroposophical care is based on nursing theories, such as by Martha Rogers which has approached the holistic aspect of the human being. Nurses interest on Anthroposophy has started in Brazil, in the 1970s trying to make it the foundation for complementary therapies in nursing. The growing influence of Anthroposophical nursing for development of integral actions for health has motivated this study. Objectives: to characterize nurses who carry out anthropological nursing activities; to know and understand the meaning and professional experiences of anthropological nurses in Brazil; to analyze legal and ethical enactments for practicing it; to disclose what nurses see in relation to the future of the anthropological nursing; and to identify difficulties for its practice. Methodology: it is a descriptive, exploratory, qualitative and prospective study, based on contents of interviews given by nine nurses. Theoretical reference: the Alfred Schütz social phenomenology has founded the construction of the main categories on reasons why and reasons for what for. Results and discussion: Among reasons why, four categories have identified the nurses interest on anthroposophy: 1) search for new professional perspectives: something different that would offer better professional satisfaction, search for a nursing spiritual care; dissatisfaction with allopathic paradigm: 2) meeting Anthroposophy through philosophy, medicine, pedagogy and nursing. 3) Metamorphosis as a result of new knowledge: personal and professional changes within Anthroposophical care perspective; difficulties faced during treatments allopathic and Anthroposophical ones; reporting experiences lived by Anthroposophical nurses; 4) ethical and legal dilemmas. The four categories found within reasons for what for were: 1) perspectives for Anthroposophical nursing in Brazil; 2) need for inclusion of anthroposophy in nursing education programs at undergraduate level; 3) need of a specialization and research; 4) wish to overcome difficulties in the Anthroposophical practice by nurses. Final considerations: this study has showed that Anthroposophical nursing amplifies caring, sharpen the look and help professional to become more assertive to perceiving others, to care with more respect the patients individuality; and to guide actions toward any human being. It is observed that chronic, oncology or grave patients are better benefited, perhaps because the Anthroposophical nurses look is more holistic and individualized. Anthroposophical nursing is also active on birth and death situations. After closing down of the Tobias Clinic in the 1990s many professionals turned off reference, but nurses individually continued to cultivating and practicing their knowledge, even wishing to create a formal organization as an association to discuss common problems and unite forces; having Anthroposophical nursing care systematization implemented at their working places; making possible that basic concepts of Anthroposophical nursing be inserted at the undergraduate programs and specialty courses be created

Esta dissertação analisa aspectos do processo de criação teatral a partir da Arte da Fala - idealizada por Rudolf Steiner (1861-1925) e sua esposa Marie Steiner -, conforme o programa curricular da Escola Waldorf Micael de São Paulo, de modo a demarcar o campo de questões que configuram, para o professor e o aluno, as relações possíveis entre pedagogia, trabalho prático da voz/fala e processos de criação. Mostra um caminho prático para uma fala artística, por meio da qual se manifestam as forças formadoras da palavra encontrando, na própria linguagem, a essência deste trabalho. A partir dessa prerrogativa, levanta questões no campo pedagógico teatral que abarcam a diversidade e o número de alunos de um grupo escolar e que visam o desenvolvimento da fala, uma vez que na pedagogia Waldorf o trabalho artístico é o condutor de todo o percurso escolar. Segundo Steiner, este percurso pedagógico traz uma sensibilização para o aluno e se reflete nas relações do dizer em cada setênio de sua vida escolar, abrindo um campo de pesquisa da fala que abrange também as outras áreas artísticas desenvolvidas na escola. / This dissertation analyses aspects of the process of theatrical creation from the standpoint of Art of Speech - designed by Rudolf Steiner (1861-1925) and his wife Marie Steiner - according to the curriculum of the Waldorf Micael School of São Paulo, in order to demarcate the field of questions that configure, for the teacher and the student, the possible relationships between pedagogy, practical work of voice/speech and creation process. It shows a practical way to an artistic speech, through which the forming forces of the word are revealed, finding in the language itself the essence of this work. Based on this prerogative, it raises questions in the field of Pedagogical theatre that encompass the diversity and the number of students of a school group and that aim at the development of speech, since in Waldorf pedagogy the artistic work is the driver of the entire school journey. According to Steiner, this pedagogical trajectory brings sensitization to the student and it is reflected on the relationships of saying in each septennium of his/her school life, opening a field of speech research that also covers others artistic areas developed in the school.

Esta dissertação analisa aspectos do processo de criação teatral a partir da Arte da Fala - idealizada por Rudolf Steiner (1861-1925) e sua esposa Marie Steiner -, conforme o programa curricular da Escola Waldorf Micael de São Paulo, de modo a demarcar o campo de questões que configuram, para o professor e o aluno, as relações possíveis entre pedagogia, trabalho prático da voz/fala e processos de criação. Mostra um caminho prático para uma fala artística, por meio da qual se manifestam as forças formadoras da palavra encontrando, na própria linguagem, a essência deste trabalho. A partir dessa prerrogativa, levanta questões no campo pedagógico teatral que abarcam a diversidade e o número de alunos de um grupo escolar e que visam o desenvolvimento da fala, uma vez que na pedagogia Waldorf o trabalho artístico é o condutor de todo o percurso escolar. Segundo Steiner, este percurso pedagógico traz uma sensibilização para o aluno e se reflete nas relações do dizer em cada setênio de sua vida escolar, abrindo um campo de pesquisa da fala que abrange também as outras áreas artísticas desenvolvidas na escola. / This dissertation analyses aspects of the process of theatrical creation from the standpoint of Art of Speech - designed by Rudolf Steiner (1861-1925) and his wife Marie Steiner - according to the curriculum of the Waldorf Micael School of São Paulo, in order to demarcate the field of questions that configure, for the teacher and the student, the possible relationships between pedagogy, practical work of voice/speech and creation process. It shows a practical way to an artistic speech, through which the forming forces of the word are revealed, finding in the language itself the essence of this work. Based on this prerogative, it raises questions in the field of Pedagogical theatre that encompass the diversity and the number of students of a school group and that aim at the development of speech, since in Waldorf pedagogy the artistic work is the driver of the entire school journey. According to Steiner, this pedagogical trajectory brings sensitization to the student and it is reflected on the relationships of saying in each septennium of his/her school life, opening a field of speech research that also covers others artistic areas developed in the school.

A partir de um processo desenvolvido em relação ao estudo, à contemplação e aos trabalhos de pintura, desenho e modelagem com as imagens de Madonas, esta dissertação busca estudar a atuação do trabalho com estas imagens na alma do homem contemporâneo, seu valor terapêutico e sua relação com a saúde. O estudo é qualitativo e interdisciplinar com interfaces na filosofia, religião, arte, história da arte e psicanálise. As imagens das Madonas parecem recolocar e questionar o mistério do nascimento, o mistério da vida humana, o mistério da relação com o outro e o mistério do divino no homem. Esse trabalho de pesquisa foi realizado por meio do vértice fenomenológico, como proposto por Pavel Florensky. A pesquisadora investigou as imagens por meio dessa perspectiva e realizou sobre cada uma delas versões de sentidos. Em seguida, o trabalho prossegue por meio da investigação do uso das imagens em situação clínica / Based on a process of investigation, contemplation and studies of images of Madonnas namely by painting, drawing and sculpture the aim of this paper is to find out the effects of these works on the soul of the contemporary human being, its therapeutic value and its health improving relationship. This study is of qualitative and interdisciplinary nature with interphases in philosophy, religion, art, history of art and psychoanalysis. The images of the Madonnas put a new aspect to the questioning of the mystery of birth, human life, of communication with each other and the mystery of the divine within man. This research work was carried out by using the phenomenological process as proposed by Pavel Florensky. A research worker investigated the images using this means and worked out possibilities of interpretation on each of them. Further the work is followed up by investigation of the use of images in therapy

Introdução: As teorias do filósofo Rudolf Steiner, no início do século XX, aplicadas em várias áreas das ciências humanas, biológicas e exatas, trouxeram ao mundo ocidental uma nova cosmovisão do Ser Humano, a Antroposofia, que não trata apenas de antropologia, mas de uma ciência do Cosmo, tendo por centro e ponto de apoio, o homem. O cuidar antroposófico está embasado em teorias de enfermagem, como de Martha Rogers, que abordam o aspecto holístico do ser humano. O interesse de enfermeiros pela Antroposofia começou, no Brasil, na década de 1970, buscando fazer dela o fundamento para as formas complementares de terapia em enfermagem. A crescente influência da enfermagem antroposófica no desenvolvimento das ações integrais à saúde motivou este estudo. Objetivos: caracterizar enfermeiros que realizam atividades na enfermagem antroposófica; conhecer e compreender o significado e a vivência profissional de enfermeiros antroposóficos no Brasil; analisar atos normativos éticos e legais para a sua prática; desvelar o que os enfermeiros vislumbram para o futuro da enfermagem antroposófica; e, identificar dificuldades para o seu exercício. Metodologia: Estudo de natureza descritiva, exploratória, qualitativa e prospectiva com base nos conteúdos de entrevistas de nove enfermeiras. Referencial teórico: a fenomenologia social, de Alfred Schütz, fundamentou as categorias sobre os motivos porque e motivos para que. Resultados e discussão: Entre os motivos porque, quatro categorias condensam o interesse de enfermeiros pela antroposofia: 1) busca de novas perspectivas profissionais: algo diferente que oferecesse mais satisfação profissional; assistência de enfermagem espiritual; insatisfação com o paradigma alopático. 2) encontro com a antroposofia através da Filosofia, Medicina, Pedagogia e Enfermagem; 3) Metamorfoses decorrentes dos novos conhecimentos adquiridos: mudanças pessoais e profissionais na perspectiva do cuidar antroposófico; diferenças vivenciadas nos tratamentos alopático e antroposófico; vivências e relatos de experiências; 4) dilemas éticos e legais. As quatro categorias relacionadas aos motivos para que foram: 1) perspectivas para a enfermagem antroposófica no Brasil; 2) necessidade de incluir antroposofia na formação do enfermeiro generalista; 3) necessidade de cursos de especialização e pesquisa; 4) anseio de superação de dificuldades na prática antroposófica pelas enfermeiras. Considerações finais: este estudo demonstrou que a enfermagem antroposófica amplia o cuidar, aguça o olhar e ajuda o profissional a se tornar mais consciente na percepção do outro, a cuidar respeitando a individualidade do paciente, a direcionar a ação a todo e qualquer ser humano. Observa-se que pacientes graves, crônicos e oncológicos se beneficiam mais, talvez porque o olhar do enfermeiro antroposófico é mais holístico e individualizado. A Enfermagem Antroposófica atua também em situações do nascimento e da morte. Após o fechamento da Clínica Tobias, na década de 1990, profissionais ficaram sem referência, mas enfermeiros continuaram cultivando e praticando seus conhecimentos individualmente, embora almejassem criar uma organização formal, como associação, para discutirem problemas comuns e unirem forças; ter a Sistematização da Assistência de Enfermagem Antroposófica implantada em seus locais de trabalho; possibilitar que conceitos básicos de enfermagem antroposófica fossem inseridos nos programas dos cursos de graduação, e criados cursos de especialização / Background: The philosopher Rudolf Steiner theories, in the beginning of the XX Century, applied to various areas of the human, biological and exact sciences, have brought to the occidental world a new Cosmo vision of the human being, the Anthroposophy which is not only just anthropology, but a Cosmo science, having man as the center and supporting point. The Anthroposophical care is based on nursing theories, such as by Martha Rogers which has approached the holistic aspect of the human being. Nurses interest on Anthroposophy has started in Brazil, in the 1970s trying to make it the foundation for complementary therapies in nursing. The growing influence of Anthroposophical nursing for development of integral actions for health has motivated this study. Objectives: to characterize nurses who carry out anthropological nursing activities; to know and understand the meaning and professional experiences of anthropological nurses in Brazil; to analyze legal and ethical enactments for practicing it; to disclose what nurses see in relation to the future of the anthropological nursing; and to identify difficulties for its practice. Methodology: it is a descriptive, exploratory, qualitative and prospective study, based on contents of interviews given by nine nurses. Theoretical reference: the Alfred Schütz social phenomenology has founded the construction of the main categories on reasons why and reasons for what for. Results and discussion: Among reasons why, four categories have identified the nurses interest on anthroposophy: 1) search for new professional perspectives: something different that would offer better professional satisfaction, search for a nursing spiritual care; dissatisfaction with allopathic paradigm: 2) meeting Anthroposophy through philosophy, medicine, pedagogy and nursing. 3) Metamorphosis as a result of new knowledge: personal and professional changes within Anthroposophical care perspective; difficulties faced during treatments allopathic and Anthroposophical ones; reporting experiences lived by Anthroposophical nurses; 4) ethical and legal dilemmas. The four categories found within reasons for what for were: 1) perspectives for Anthroposophical nursing in Brazil; 2) need for inclusion of anthroposophy in nursing education programs at undergraduate level; 3) need of a specialization and research; 4) wish to overcome difficulties in the Anthroposophical practice by nurses. Final considerations: this study has showed that Anthroposophical nursing amplifies caring, sharpen the look and help professional to become more assertive to perceiving others, to care with more respect the patients individuality; and to guide actions toward any human being. It is observed that chronic, oncology or grave patients are better benefited, perhaps because the Anthroposophical nurses look is more holistic and individualized. Anthroposophical nursing is also active on birth and death situations. After closing down of the Tobias Clinic in the 1990s many professionals turned off reference, but nurses individually continued to cultivating and practicing their knowledge, even wishing to create a formal organization as an association to discuss common problems and unite forces; having Anthroposophical nursing care systematization implemented at their working places; making possible that basic concepts of Anthroposophical nursing be inserted at the undergraduate programs and specialty courses be created