神話教學是華德福教育獨有的教學活動，其主張適時地接觸神話有助於兒童的發展。本研究即在人智學的理論基礎上，探討該教學活動，冀揭露其蘊義。具體地說，本研究探討以下問題： 1.人智學觀點下的神話為何？（what） 2.神話何以（why）有助兒童之發展？ 3.神話如何（how）促進兒童之發展？ 本研究採德國學者Danner的「教育詮釋學」為研究方法，首先闡明神話學中各重要學派的神話觀，與人智學人類圖像的「四體」，進而分析Rudolf Steiner的神話觀點及其教育意涵，以回應前列問題。準此，本研究提出四項結論： 1.Steiner的人智學視神話為作為小宇宙的人類與大宇宙之連結。 2.人類身心靈發展的精神意義可從神話中追溯。 3.接觸神話對人類身心靈的發展有直接的促進作用 4.神話使人再度連結於世界、重拾生命的精神意義，此為華德福教育所欲達致者。 最後，由對本研究的省思出發，提出後續研究的建議。 / Myth education is a perculiar educational activity by Waldorf Pedagogy. It suggests that accessing myths at the right time is helpful to the development of children. Base on the theory of Anthroposophy, this study explores this educational activity to expose its significance. To be specific, the study explores following questions: 1.What is the myth from the viewpoint of Anthroposophy? 2.Why is the myth helpful to the development of children? 3.How does the myth facilitate the development of children? Taking the German Scholar Danner’s “Pedagogic Hermeneutic” as reschearch method, this study illuminates the viewpoints of myth of various important schools of mythology and the “four bodies” in the human picture of Anthroposophy at first. Futhermore, this study analizes Rudolf Steiner’s viewpoint of myth and its educational meaning to answer the questions listed above. Accordingly, four conclusions are put forward: 1.The myth is taken as the connection between human beings as a small cosmos and the big cosmos according to Steiner’s Anthroposophy. 2.The spiritual meaning of the development of the body, the spirit, and the soul of human being could be traced in the myth. 3.The myth could affect the development of the body, the spirit, and the soul of human directly . 4.The myth makes man reconnected to the world and regain the spiritual meaning of life. It is what Waldorf Pedagogy attempts to achieve. Finally, according to the reflection on this study, the researcher makes some suggestions for follow-up researches.

本研究之目的在於比較接受蒙特梭利教育與華德福教育對幼兒氣質與社會能力表現上之差異。研究對象以立意取樣方式，選取實施蒙特梭利教育與華德福教育之幼兒園，並從中選取滿五足歲之幼兒各30名進行評量。在本研究中，幼兒氣質指的是活動量、適應度、趨近性、情緒強度、注意力分散度及堅持度；社會能力指的是人際互動、團體規範及獨立自主。研究工具在幼兒氣質方面，採用林佩蓉、湯梅英、王珮玲(1992)所修訂的「幼兒氣質量表」；在社會能力方面，則採用趙麗華(2009)所編訂的「學前幼兒社會行為量表」。 針對本研究受試樣本在幼兒氣質、社會能力的評量資料，研究者採用SPSS(21版)統計軟體進行描述性統計、內部一致性、獨立樣本T檢定、單因子變異數分析、Scheffe’事後比較作分析與統計，再針對研究結果進行分析、討論與評析。本研究之研究結果摘要如下： 一、 不同性別之幼兒在幼兒氣質中，活動量、情緒強度與注意力分散度表現不一，其中男生之表現皆高於女生。 二、 不同家庭社會地位之幼兒在幼兒氣質中活動量表現不一，其中低家庭社會地位之幼兒高於高、中家庭社會地位之幼兒。 三、不同性別、家庭社會地位之幼兒在社會能力表現上皆無差異。 四、 接受不同幼教課程模式(蒙特梭利教育、華德福教育)之幼兒在幼兒氣質中趨近性表現不一，其中接受蒙特梭利教育之幼兒較接受華德福教育之幼兒高。 五、 接受不同幼教課程模式(蒙特梭利教育、華德福教育)之幼兒在社會能力中人際互動表現不一，其中接受華德福教育之幼兒較接受蒙特梭利教育之幼兒高。 由本研究可知，性別、家庭社會地位、課程與幼兒氣質、社會能力有部分相關，建議未來的研究可以本研究為出發點，繼續探究相關因素、課程與幼兒氣質、社會能力之關聯。

2002年慈心華德福實驗小學以公辦民營小學在宜蘭縣創立，集結了創校者、教師、家長與宜蘭縣政府教育局各方力量的投入，才得以成就華德福教育方案由托兒所向上延伸至小學。在整個創校及爭取公辦民營的奮鬥史中，當時1999年草創初期有五位家長，願意在寄讀學籍之條件下，讓自己的子女接受小學階段的華德福教育實驗。家長們從探詢與公立學校合作的可能性，向縣府進行遊說爭取公部門的教育資源，到籌措基金成立人智學基金會辦學的種種行動中，充分體現了民主社會中家長教育選擇權的行使。本研究從參與辦學行動的五位家長中，選擇其中核心參與者，從生命史觀探究其家長教育選擇權意識之形塑歷程，即家長在何種生命經驗之促發下做出將孩子送至另類學校就讀的選擇。       本研究採德國社會學者F. Schütze發展之「敘述訪談法」採集個案口述傳記資料，並以其所提出之理論建構分析方案，進行敘述內涵意義的理解與詮釋，透過敘述文本之再建構，闡述出文本主體「邁向開展生命的實踐道路」之家長教育選擇權意識形成圖像。個體家長教育選擇權意識之形成動態歷程：符應學校教育之學習規範－抗拒囤積式學校教育結構－批判馴化式學校教育－尋求解放教育與覺醒，刻劃成長於威權戒嚴時期社會體制下，學校教育體制仍呈現高度政治化和技術化基本性格之社會個體，如何超越社會體制壓迫結構及與社會他者連結的生命融入過程，即生命主體在行使家長教育選擇權，為其下一代選擇能提供並滋養生命健康成長的教育方案之歷程中，尋獲與世界及社會他者共存共融之智慧；社會系統中所存在移植至歐洲文明的華德福教育，所形構之身心靈全人發展人類圖像，及「成人之美」之教育圖像，引領著關注社會教育體制如何改善的批判生命主體之覺醒，體察乃回歸教育本質的探究，開展內在對每個生命及人類圖像的理解與敬畏，方能朝向開展生命的理想教育實踐道路上行進。       本研究個案揭示了社會教育體制的轉化，有賴社會個體成員對教育之政治性本質及其所存在的意識形態運作之覺醒，且教育工作如未能回歸至教育專業倫理價值理性典範的探究，而僅求之於技術理性典範的追求，將難以生發形成具轉化性意義的教育改造工程。實踐另類教育之社會場域，之於意欲教育改革之社會個體而言，乃是一生命學習及增權賦能的社會學習平台，其扮演著建構轉化社會教育體制有機網絡之前線基地的角色。

基於單一文化之困境與美學意識之衰微，台灣另類教育在二元對立的邏輯運作下，常遭受負面的誤解或打壓，普羅大眾對於另類學校學生最常見的質疑便是：「以後要怎麼跟人家競爭？」、「如何考基測？」、「出去有辦法適應嗎？」，為探究另類學校學生的生活世界及其進入體制內學校的跨體制經驗，本篇論文嘗試以敘說探究開採夏天—一位華德福學校學生的生命故事，從而了解其學習世界的變遷及內在的適應歷程。研究發現，華德福學校具備自由、對話、創造之特徵，以即興的學校圖像作為陶養創造性人格之可能條件，促使夏天在面對基測和進入體制的衝突中展現出自我組織的生命樣態，而即興美學中的自由遊戲精神與複雜思維，不僅啟示了教育引發創造的本質，同時也為另類教育學提供更多元的定位基礎。 / Because of the conformity of culture and the lack of aesthetics, alternative education in Taiwan is usually misunderstood or suppressed in the logic of binary dualism. The most common questions to alternative schools’ students are “How do they compete with others in the future?”, “How do they prepare for the basic competence test?”, and “Are they able to adapt to the life outside?” To investigate the life world of an alternative school’s student, Summer, and her experience of transferring to normal school, narrative inquiry is adopted in this research to understand the changes of the learning environments and her state of mind. According to the conclusion, the Waldorf school contains the characters of freedom, dialogue, and creation. And its picture of improvisation provides Summer with possible conditions for developing creative personality. As a result, she shows the attitude of self-organization when facing conflicts in the cross-boarder process. In addition, improvisation’s spirit of free play and complex not only reveal the essence of education as creation, but also provide alternative education with more diverse orientation.

本文從對環境危機的關懷切入，討論人類中心論如何造成人類對大自然的恣意剝削與破壞，包括基督教義、理性主義、機械世界觀等等，使人類將自然界當作實現個人利益的工具。隨之而起的是「生態中心的轉向」，人類逐漸把自己看做是更大尺度主體的一份子，大自然本身應該是一個具備自我組織與生發能力的有機體，其中每一個組成份子都有其價值與意義。 生態中心論包括大地倫理學、深層生態學及蓋婭理論，其對於大自然與人類的觀點，以及環境倫理的看法，與中國的道家哲學十分相近。於是本文接著從道家思想中，闡明其與生態中心論共通之處。最終得出三個要點，堪做為環境教育的啟示： 1.人應領悟到自身與大自然之間密不可分的關係，並且尋回其間的連結。 2.人應有充分的機會體驗這種連結，並致力回復大自然運作的規律。 3.人應努力實踐自身與大自然的共生；達到逍遙無為的和諧自由之境。 從這三點出發，筆者認為一切的環境教育與環保作為，在知其然之外，更重要的是知其所以然。人既然與自然性本一體，就應該從這一點出發建構環境教育的核心基礎。於是提出召喚、共鳴與覺醒的三個步驟。 召喚原則對應的是人是否具備真誠面對自身生命狀態的品質；而在教育原理中，必須重視啟發性的原則，透過故事、感動的經驗、美好的圖像、與大自然親密的互動等等，喚起個體內在與大自然的本來連結。 第二步驟，是讓個體盡可能地經驗大自然與人類之間密不可分的關係，以及大自然如何以極度的包容性與豐富性，含納萬物。其中對應到的人性品質是「愛」，一種一體感與連結感的體驗。體驗性是其中必要的教育原則。 最後，在了悟天人合一、物我和諧的真相之後，個體便可以達到充分認識自己與自然、以及界限所在的「覺醒」狀態，其中隱含的人性品質為「自由」。儘管自由是不易達到的，但個體在覺醒的狀況下實踐自身最大的利益，亦是充滿意義的奮鬥過程；也因此，到了這一步，環境教育可以真正讓一個置身大自然中的人類，清楚而堅定地為保護環境獻身。 整體而言，本文嘗試建構一個環境教育的進路，使自然中的小生命，回歸到生命與自然的真實面貌，並從此一更深廣的本質出發，以達到最終生命意義的實現。而第五章討論之華德福教育中的環境教育觀，亦為本文之結論提供旁證。 / To look for a proper approach of environmental education, through concerning recent worldly crisis, the study take three aspects of seeing the relation between human beings and the nature, as the source of homo-centrism. They are Christian, Rationalism and mechanical paradigm of science. Composite to the points of human-centrism, eco-centrism, including “land ethics”, “deep ecology” and “Gaia theory”, arose as a reflection to see the nature as more holistic and lively system. The ancient Chinese philosophy, Daoism, corresponds eco-centrism on a higher and more self-realizing level. These two theories, eco-centrism and Daoism, both dedicate an approach of environmental education to the common nature of human and the nature itself. Only through define selfness as part of nature, human beings will take responsibility for environment. The task of education is to recall the same essence of the nature and human beings, and experience it plenty, then to reach a clear conscious of being in nature. The approach of teaching and curriculum of Waldorf Steiner school is taken as an example to reflect three concepts held by the author. These three concepts raised, initiating, experiencing and practicing, are the conclusion of this study.

臺灣華德福教育乃四一○教育改革浪潮之一環，宜蘭慈心華德福首先發展為K-12之完全學校，具指標意義。本研究為具自傳性、反思取徑之課程行動研究，帶有民族誌色彩。研究目的在以華語文課程為範疇，敘說慈心華德福中小學課程實踐暨轉化歷程，呈現華德福學校語文課程與教學，構思課程系統圖像，探究教師圖像與學校圖像。 　　本研究採參與觀察法、訪談法、文獻分析與自我研究法，由學校工作小組既有資料與研究我的反思書寫，採擷同仁觀點，形成「公開知識」、「我觀點」與「他者觀點」之理解視角。藉由實踐者即研究者的立場，研究者透過「敘說」交織兩條軸線，其一，基於行動研究之經驗基礎，本研究為「教學我」之教學敘說反思與華德福教育之「課程理解」與「課程轉化」；其二，本研究為個案研究，場域為「研究我」服務之慈心華德福學校，聚焦「人智學」（Anthroposophy）啟迪下之華語文課程發展與實踐，及其中浮現之課程系統圖像。 　　研究發現﹕華德福語文課程於小學主要表現為口述故事、肢體與韻律活動、藝術活動等，以之進行教與學；中學著重語文的功能、現實性與規則，亦注重傳記、歷史故事與青少年發展之關係；高中階段與各門知識形成綜合文化學習與自我探究。就主課程而言，人智學啟迪之華語文課程系統圖像：「夢境」（一至五年級：童話、神話）、「真實」（六至八年級：文法：形式之現實；歷史：內容之現實）、「詩與思」（九至十二年級：詩的歷史理解、詩與哲學）。就學習者，透過主體與世界之互動，可開採出「旅程」隱喻：在世界中尋求自我；由自我走向世界。十二年一貫統整課程實為學習者的「永恆樂園」，各個主課程都是一面世界之窗，個體之小宇宙與意識進化史之大宇宙呼應，可理解為「天人合一」，整體課程由小學至高中呈U型對映浮現學習者「聖盃」圖像；研究者推導華德福之語文觀，「人」不同於其他物種，「個人自成一類」，導出人必發展屬己的獨一無二之語言。教師由個人學習旅程之「英雄」，變衍為課堂中捨身之「基督」或「佛陀」；語文教師探索外在與內面世界，為透過創作分享眾生的「吟遊詩人」。慈心學校課程演化之經驗可以「西遊記」為隱喻。慈心學校發展由美感團體朝向求真團體。 研究結果有助於理解人智學如何形塑華德福課程與教學踐行。研究顯示，統整課程之理解為教學統整重要基礎，教育實踐的究竟思考引領教師成長並為課程理解基礎。社群互動與共好的文化氛圍為課程發展基礎。華德福華語文課程在地轉化應持續關注教育本質、自我認同與對華語文之理解的內在辯證。 / Waldorf education in Taiwan is one of the influence and result of the 410 Education Reform (四一０教改). Ci-Xin Waldorf School in Yilan is the first to develop into a K-12 complete school system, which is a significant achievement. This study is an ethnography-like action research combining also autobiographical and reflective approach. The purpose of this study is to narrate the process and practice of curriculum delivery and transformation in Ci-Xin, to demonstrate the reality of language lessons and teaching in Waldorf School, to construct a systematic structure of language curriculum, and finally to study the ideal picture of being a teacher and of a school. 　　The methods that are applied in this study include participative observation, interview, documentation analysis, and reflection on personal experiences. With data from working groups in Ci-Xin School, my own reflective writings, and the opinions contributed by my colleagues, there are three points of views formed, which are "public knowledge", "my viewpoints" and "others' viewpoints". As the researcher is also a practitioner, two themes are formed through "narration". Firstly, based on action research, the study consists of the researcher’s narrative reflection of his own teaching and of the understanding and internalization of Waldorf curriculum. Secondly, as the thesis is essentially a case study of CiXin Waldorf School where the researcher works at, it concentrates on the Chinese language curriculum development and practice under Anthroposophy ideas and the emerging picture of curriculum system. 　　The conclusions are as following. Under Waldorf pedagogical ideas, language teaching and learning in primary school focus on oral stories, movements, rhythmic activities, and artistic exercises. In middle school, the emphasis is on the functionality, actuality, and rules of language. The relationship between biographies, historical stories and adolescence development is another importance. In high school, Chinese language courses together with other subjects and knowledges are integrated and synthesized into wide-ranged cultural learning and self-exploration experience. In terms of main lesson in Chinese language area, "Dream" is the main them for grades 1 to 5 to allow the children to immerse themselves in abundant fairy tales and myths. "Reality" is the focus for grades 6 to 8. Pupils at this stage learn a lot of grammar which represents the forms of the reality, and history which is the content of the reality. For grades 9 to 12, “Poetry and Thought” is the major learning in which the young people have a glance at the history of poems and of poetry and philosophy. As to learners’ experience, through the interaction between the subject and the world, they may grasp the metaphor of "journey", that is, to seek their own egos in the world and to explore the world through stepping out of themselves. The 12-year curriculum is the ''eternal paradise'' for learners. Each main lesson is ''a window to the world''. The inner world (microcosms) of each individuals and the universe of consciousness evolution are interweaving, which can be understood as "the unity of man and nature". The whole curriculum from primary to high school forms a picture of U-shape which reflects the "holy grail" experience of the learners. The concept of language teaching in Waldorf education as deduced from the research is that "Humans" are different from other species; "Each individual is a separate category" and therefore will develop his or her own unique language. A teacher originally is the "hero" in his or her own journey of learning and then transforms him/herself into "Christ" or "Buddha" who gives out him/herself in the class. A language teacher explores the outer and inner worlds and becomes a "bard" through sharing his or her creation on the way. The story of “Monkey King” can be a metaphor to demonstrate the evolution of language curriculum in Ci-Xin Waldorf school. This school is developed from an aesthetic community towards a community of truth seeking. 　　The result of this research helps to clarify how Anthroposophy shapes the curriculum and teaching practice in Waldorf education. It shows that the overall understanding of Waldorf curriculum forms the grounded foundation of teaching integration. And the philosophical thinking towards the nature of education guides the teachers’ self-development and understanding of the curriculum. Healthy community interaction and cultural atmosphere towards ''common good'' are the pillars of curriculum development. To support the contextualization of Chinese language courses in Waldorf education, we shall relentlessly pay attention to the intrinsic dialectic in the thinking about the nature of education, the formation of self-identity, and the understanding of chinese language.