本研究嘗試借助十九世紀德國哲學家狄爾泰(Wilhelm Dilthey, 1833-1911)的「傳記」(Biographie)概念，包括他對傳記作為精神科學基礎研究方法的思路以及傳記的方法論「歷史詮釋學」，討論「傳記」作為一種教育研究進路所牽涉到的理解與陶成(Bildung)的關係對當前台灣教育研究的可能意涵。 關鍵字：狄爾泰、傳記、傳記研究、教育研究。

本研究是以一位放棄公幼教職，轉任私立佛教托兒所任教之幼師為對象，以生命傳記研究取向來探究這位幼師如何在職涯變遷歷程中，看待自我教師角色與所處的社會脈絡價值、其反主流趨勢向下流動的職涯轉換與宗教經驗間相互牽引之互動關係。具體而言，研究問題包括生命主體是在何種處境經驗下，選擇辭去公幼教職，前往私立佛教托兒所任教？在職涯轉向歷程中，宗教觀如何影響幼師的職涯觀？宗教經驗在其實踐幼師專業的生命中，扮演怎樣的角色？ 在以探究生命歷程的傳記研究為建構本研究的理論基礎下，選擇F. Schütze發展的「敘述訪談法」來採集個案口述傳記資料，包括「職業史」與「宗教史」。資料經逐字轉錄為文本後，以教育學傳記研究學者R. Kokemohr的「參照推論分析論」作為分析解讀文本的工具，並依據分析結果進行文本內涵意義的形塑。 透過文本的分析與詮釋，逐形塑出文本主體「追求內心真正成長的快樂」之核心意向訴說。其呈顯的是幼師如何在實踐理想自我圖像的歷程中，經自我宗教觀與職涯觀相互牽引辯證，不斷超越自我限制而邁向專業成長的意義。即宗教教育推廣活動給出了「利他志業」之職業價值，生命主體透過德育行動致力於實踐此志業的「願行」承諾，而得以從「物質」條件追求之價值觀，轉化為以「終極關懷」作為自我安身立命的依歸，為其停滯的專業生命帶來了創化的關鍵。而本研究所闡述之幼師角色認同四部曲：「順勢而為」、「複製社會意識圖像」、「超越自我」與「己立立人」，說明的是幼師自我與外在社會世界互動歷程中，生命主體如何把握自身境遇的限制與可能性，開創其職涯契機及實現職涯願景的運轉脈絡。

2002年慈心華德福實驗小學以公辦民營小學在宜蘭縣創立，集結了創校者、教師、家長與宜蘭縣政府教育局各方力量的投入，才得以成就華德福教育方案由托兒所向上延伸至小學。在整個創校及爭取公辦民營的奮鬥史中，當時1999年草創初期有五位家長，願意在寄讀學籍之條件下，讓自己的子女接受小學階段的華德福教育實驗。家長們從探詢與公立學校合作的可能性，向縣府進行遊說爭取公部門的教育資源，到籌措基金成立人智學基金會辦學的種種行動中，充分體現了民主社會中家長教育選擇權的行使。本研究從參與辦學行動的五位家長中，選擇其中核心參與者，從生命史觀探究其家長教育選擇權意識之形塑歷程，即家長在何種生命經驗之促發下做出將孩子送至另類學校就讀的選擇。       本研究採德國社會學者F. Schütze發展之「敘述訪談法」採集個案口述傳記資料，並以其所提出之理論建構分析方案，進行敘述內涵意義的理解與詮釋，透過敘述文本之再建構，闡述出文本主體「邁向開展生命的實踐道路」之家長教育選擇權意識形成圖像。個體家長教育選擇權意識之形成動態歷程：符應學校教育之學習規範－抗拒囤積式學校教育結構－批判馴化式學校教育－尋求解放教育與覺醒，刻劃成長於威權戒嚴時期社會體制下，學校教育體制仍呈現高度政治化和技術化基本性格之社會個體，如何超越社會體制壓迫結構及與社會他者連結的生命融入過程，即生命主體在行使家長教育選擇權，為其下一代選擇能提供並滋養生命健康成長的教育方案之歷程中，尋獲與世界及社會他者共存共融之智慧；社會系統中所存在移植至歐洲文明的華德福教育，所形構之身心靈全人發展人類圖像，及「成人之美」之教育圖像，引領著關注社會教育體制如何改善的批判生命主體之覺醒，體察乃回歸教育本質的探究，開展內在對每個生命及人類圖像的理解與敬畏，方能朝向開展生命的理想教育實踐道路上行進。       本研究個案揭示了社會教育體制的轉化，有賴社會個體成員對教育之政治性本質及其所存在的意識形態運作之覺醒，且教育工作如未能回歸至教育專業倫理價值理性典範的探究，而僅求之於技術理性典範的追求，將難以生發形成具轉化性意義的教育改造工程。實踐另類教育之社會場域，之於意欲教育改革之社會個體而言，乃是一生命學習及增權賦能的社會學習平台，其扮演著建構轉化社會教育體制有機網絡之前線基地的角色。

教育學傳記研究乃是19世紀初期發跡於德國教育學的新興派典。2001年，在臺灣教育學傳記研究學者的專業旨趣下，於政治大學的教育學院中以一門研究所層級的課程型態現身。研究者在修習該課堂的學習歷程中，開展出不同視域的世界觀，發生內在思想及學習樣態的轉變，原生命存有的傷痛經驗也逐漸舒緩治癒。同時，在修習課堂滿兩年，體察到課堂群體他者亦產生相似的學習轉變歷程，生發過往受教經驗中不曾有過的「美」之體驗。作為中等教育的師資培育生，基於對現今教育現況「苦難」的體悟，進而欲探究教育學傳記研究課堂的美學價值，它對師資培育歷程將存在何種教育意涵與啟示。 本研究以政治大學教育學院於2014年開設的「教育學傳記研究」課堂作為美學文本，採美學探究取向進行實徵性的研究。透過爬梳教育學傳記研究領域在德國的發展，及其蘊涵的學理內涵，以勾勒其美學的價值，並解讀與詮釋課堂中三位學習者學習體驗的口述經驗資料，最後綜合美學論述觀點以及學習者於教育學傳記研究課室中的互動經驗，探討該課程在臺灣高等學府脈絡下呈顯「悟」、「變」、「識」的美學樣貌;同時揭露傳記性經驗陶養的知識觀、以「生命的理解」作為教育行動的基礎、對人性關懷的教育行動三面向的教育意涵。整體而言，教育學傳記研究課堂的存在正朝向還原長久以來在「人力資源」論述中人被異化的教育本質，企圖孕育一種能變革社會的深化動能，在陶養的循環歷程中開顯出「人性關懷」的教育使命。 / Pedagogical Biography Study has become a research paradigm for educational studies in Germany since the 19th century. Its values, principles and significance were put into practice as a graduate-level course in National Chengchi University in Taipei, Taiwan in 2001. The author, who also participated in this academic journey, has developed a different perspective of viewing the world throughout the learning process. The course has contributed to a changed outlook on life for me, including the change of learning attitude and the consolation for the loss of my cousin. Most importantly, with the two-year-long participation in the course, it became self-evident that I share similar transitional experiences with my classmates, which brought about an unprecedented aesthetic experience. As a student in junior high school teacher education, I am well aware that the current situation of education in Taiwan is “suffering.” Therefore, I attempted to inquire the aesthetic value of the “Pedagogical Biography Study” course and explore its pedagogical implications in teacher education. This research is conducted based on an aesthetic inquiry into the “Pedagogical Biography Study” course, which was offered in Fall, 2014. Individual oral narratives as well as the conversation among class members were treated as aesthetic texts. Through the analysis of the documents concerning the development and implications of Pedagogical Biography Study in Germany, this research constructed its aesthetic significance. Besides, I analyzed and interpreted three class members’ narratives of their learning process throughout the semester. At the end, I integrated the aesthetic discourse and the learners’ interactional experience to discuss three kinds of aesthetic conceptions, Awareness, Change and Consciousness. Furthermore, three elements of pedagogical implication were found: 1) the conception of knowledge constructed by biographical experiences, 2) an educational practice agency of understanding the life and 3) taking educational practice with the concern for humanity. In conclusion, this research unraveled the existence of the Pedagogical Biography Study course in the university and discovered the possibility of restoring the essence of education which has long been ignored in the social discourse of “human resources.” It attempted to provoke social transformation and to launch the educational mission of raising the concern for humanity in the Bildung process.

台灣早期的幼教發展，於政府長時期疏於管理下，導致現今幼教界存在諸多糾結複雜的問題，這些客觀外在環境條件所產生的問題，直接衝擊幼教核心之一「教師」角色的生存空間。在高師資流動性特質之幼教場域中，那些資深專業工作者如何能夠在所處的社會情境脈動中，長時期持續朝向自我選擇之幼教職業道路推進，為本研究的核心關注。透過一位資深幼教工作經歷的園長之生命視窗—她的工作經驗世界，理解幼師職業生涯運轉歷程的樣貌；並從主體生命故事敘說之縱向歷史回顧中，理解其中透露的重要社會結構變遷訊息。 本研究採取質性研究方法中的傳記研究取向，以德國社會學者Fritz Schütze所發展之「敘述訪談法」(narrative interview)進行資料採集工作，訪談一位具有二十九年幼教工作經歷的幼兒園園長。訪談結果整理為敘述文本後，並參照Fritz Schütze所提出的理論建構分析方案，對文本進行結構描述以及概念抽象化分析的整體形塑，以回應欲探究的問題。 經過資料分析過程，逐漸釋出本研究主體—杏芬園長「不成長就會被淘汰」的生命信念意涵，文本透露出自我完成性在主體生命開展歷程中，為一種突破環境限制與期望朝向更好的動力，促使主體一再超越現實環境的限制，萌生其積極性意義。「不進則退」生命觀於時間流動中架構出主體的生活經驗世界，形成生命能量內塑與外推之上揚動力，於接受工作挑戰與追求成長歷程中蛻變。於是可以看出，環境或自我本身的未確定性，雖然帶來了限制，卻也充滿無限可能性。最後，研究者就文本解析之內容，提出「公私幼消長生態下幼師的生存處境」議題進行探討；並且參照Csikszentmihalyi創造力系統論觀點，建立一個類似的系統原型，從個人、學門及領域三個面向，闡釋研究主體長期安身立命於幼教職業工作中的可能因素。 / “Either growing or eliminating”— A description analysis of a kindergarten teacher’s life revolving Due to the lack of management by the government in Taiwan in early years, there are many problems that exist in the field of early childhood education. Those impact the survival of the key personnel, the teachers, in this field directly. In the social context of high turn over ratio of the teachers in this field, how senior teachers keep standing fast at the post and moving forward is the center concern of this research. By interviewing a senior teacher’s working experience, the researcher gets to know the different patterns of the career of a kindergarten teacher; further more, to comprehend the transition of the social structure from reviewing the history in which the story happened. This research adopts biographic study under the qualitative methodology, and collects the data with “narrative interview” developing by Fritz Schűtze, a Germany sociologist. After interviewing a kindergarten principal, Sin-feng, who has been working for twenty-nine years in the early childhood education field, researcher followed Schűtze’s theory construction and analysis to analyze and shape the structure description and abstract concepts. After the process of data analysis, “either growing or eliminating” shows up to be Principal Sin-feng’s belief. The text shows that in one’s life process, self-completion is a motivation that can break through constrains of environment and head to a better situation. Therefore, we can see that although the uncertainty of environment and oneself can be constrains, it can also bring the unlimited possibility. At the end, researcher raised the topic of “kindergarten teachers’ subsistence in the growth and decline of public and private kindergartens” for discussion. Researcher revised and constructed a similar system from the creativity systematic viewpoint raised by Csikszentmihalyi, to explain the possible reasons, from personal, subject, and field aspects, that make the research object stay in the same career for such a long time.

藉著聆聽教師的敘說，我研究的主要目的在於理解教師專業認同的歷程，及此歷程所彰顯的意義世界。以Mead談論的自我概念作為基礎，我認為教師專業認同的概念是一發展性的歷程，而不將其視為本質、本體或範疇。此外，個人的認同歷程在敘說中展現也是我所強調的另一個重點，也就是說，個人在向聽者敘說裡頭展現其生命經驗，而聽者得以藉著語言的力量理解敘說者的生命經驗。奠基於此，研究者（我）才得以理解教師（受訪者）的敘說。 我採用「教育學傳記研究」作為研究取向，並以德國學者Fritz Schütz發展的「敘述訪談」作為資料採取工具，蒐集而來的資料即是我所謂的「文本」或「故事」。訪談的對象是小卉 -- 一位成為國小教師五年左右、服務兩所學校的初任教師。訪談結果在轉錄成逐字稿後，依據Schütz所提出的文本分析流程進行文本結構描述，並嘗試詮釋以析出故事抽象概念。 經過文本結構描述和分析，逐漸呈現「選擇」、「在比較中了解自己」以及「愛與被愛」的教師故事圖像。然而，我並未只是停留在故事詮釋的階段，而更進一步和其它教師敘說進行對話，其目的在於企圖呈現「我們如何看待教師故事、發聲」的議題。最後，我反思本研究的價值以及教育學傳記研究的意義。 / The purpose of my research is mainly to understand the process of a teacher’s professional identity by listening teacher’s narrative. Also, I attempt to explore the meanings represented by this process. Based on Mead’s concept of self, I argued that the attribute of teacher’s professional identity might be better viewed as a developing process than essences, substances or categories. Furthermore, one’s identity process revealing from narrative is other key point in my study. That is to say, one displays his or her life experiences with a narrative to listener, and then the listener understands the experiences through the power of language. Therefore, according to the above-mentioned methodological basis, I (researcher) could make sense of the teacher’s (interviewee) narrative. I adopt ”Biographic Research in Pedagogy” as my research approach, and collected raw data called “text” or “story” with “Narrative Interview” developed by Fritz Schütz, a Germany sociologist. After interviewing the first teacher, Little-hui, who just has been working about five years in two elementary schools, I followed Schütz’s procedures of text-analysis to describe the structure of the text and attempt to catch abstract concepts in hui’s story. After the process of structure description and interpret, “choosing”,”knowing self by comparing with peers”, and “to love and to be loved” gradually showed up to be images of Little-hui’s story. However, I didn’t stay right in the position of story-interpreting. Moreover, I situated these images a dialogue with another inquires of teachers’ narratives, and attempted to raise the issue of “how have teachers’ stories, voices, or narratives been viewed and treated in the context” for discussion. At the end, I reflected on the value of this research and the meaning of “Biography Research in Pedagogy.”