教育工作是百年樹人大業，一連串教育改革的行動方興未艾持續進行著，師資培育方式的改弦更張，國小教師聘任制度的推動，都是教育改革的一環，擔負基礎教育責任之國民小學教師師資之培育、進用方式等攸關教改的成敗。聘任制的精神在於賦與學校自主人事權，由學校任用符合需要的老師，與以往派任制方式大相逕庭。本研究旨在了解我國國小教師聘任制度的現況及實施成效，藉以提出具體建議，作為研議改進現行國小教師聘任制度的參考。 本研究首先對聘任制度的理論與實務進行文獻探討，再進行深度訪談，並佐以參與觀察等研究方法，依據文獻探討與深度訪談意見及參與觀察所得，作為研究架構及依據。 綜合深度訪談及參與觀察結果，本研究主要發現如下： 一、聘任制度人事權由學校自主之立意仍受肯定，有其積極正面功能。 二、終止聘任的規範未完全發揮效果 三、學校放棄人事自主權跡象 四、現行聘任制兼具有派任制時代精神。 五、教評委員欠缺法學素養，讓身為教評委員者對於聘任案的處理都戒慎恐懼。 六、教評會組織設計之各類代表比例應趨於均衡。 七、教師會是教師團體，會影響教評委員決定，干預教評會運作。 八、甄選之紅包文化並未完全杜絕，紅包文化因地區特質差異存在部分地區及學校。 九、不適任教師終止聘期的難題未解決前，無法真正落實淘汰機制，聘期審查流於形式。 十、校長係教評會當然委員且是主席，應掌握聘任最後決定權。 十一、教評會的團體合議方式，確能減輕人事任用上的壓力。 十二、省市介聘審查之「不同意聘任」，適用規範不適任教師之教師法第十四條，介聘審查流於形式。 十三、.家長會代表參與學校人事任用決策之成熟度，應加強。 十四、多元師資素質較以往提升，更彈性、多元、活潑，個人自主性較高，缺乏校園倫理觀念。 十五、聘任制度之實施，學校自主程度並非完整，聘任經費之支應及人力資源投入程度較之派任制時代耗費更多。 依據上述研究發現提出下列具體建議： 一、修正整合教評會設置相關規定暨教師成績考核辦法 二、統一訂定教師甄選相關標準，輔導學校辦理甄選事宜 三、統一訂定學校超額介聘準則，刪除教師法中各類代表比例限制。 四、辦理聘任相關法令及實務運作研習，提升教評委員法令知能 五、設置學校教評會及教育局教評會二級教評會並實施教師分級。 六、應重視甄選過程與結果公平性 七、強化教評會的組織 八、激發教師參與學校事務 九、師培機構師資養成教育中，應加強學生品德教育的陶冶。

本研究之目的主要為探討國民小學學校學習文化與教師專業承諾二者之間的關係，主要採用文獻分析法與問卷調查法等研究方法。在問卷調查方面，以臺北市24所公立國民小學211位教師與台北縣34所公立國民小學291位教師共計502位為調查對象，問卷回收後以描述統計分析、t考驗、單因子變異數分析、積差相關分析、多元逐步迴歸分析等統計方法進行資料分析。本研究期能透過上述的設計，了解國民小學學校學習文化與教師專業承諾二者關係的具體看法與建議。 本研究之結論歸納如下： 一、國民小學學習文化與教師專業承諾之內涵可分為六大向度 二、國民小學學校學習文化的現況尚佳，其中以「有利學習的核心價值」、「推動學習的知識分享」與「方便學習的結構管道」三向度得分最高，最低則為「鼓勵學習的合作社群」 三、國民小學學校教師專業承諾的現況佳，其中以「專業倫理」向度得分最高，最低則為「留業傾向」 四、在背景變項中，性別為男性、年齡較高、服務年資較長、現任職務為校長或主任、學校規模為12班以下及學校歷史介於21∼30年者其在知覺學校學習文化得分上顯著優於其他組別之教師 五、在背景變項中，最高學歷為研究所、年齡較長、服務年資較長、現任職務為校長或主任、學校歷史介於21∼30年者其在教師專業承諾得分上顯著優於其他組別之教師 六、教師知覺學校不同程度之學習文化在教師服專業承諾上有顯著差 異 七、學校學習文化與教師專業承諾兩者之間具有正向的關連 八、學校學習文化對教師專業承諾具有預測力 本研究依據結論，於教育行政機關、學校行政經營、教師本身以及未來研究，提出以下具體建議： 一、對教育行政機關的建議 （一）建議教育行政機關定期舉辦營造學校學習文化相關知能研習活動，增進國民小學行政經營與教師本身對學習文化的瞭解與實際執行。 （二）建議教育行政機關加強對教師學習的相關評鑑，鼓勵學校營造利於教師學習的環境，促進教師主動學習。 （三）建議教育行政機關鼓勵教師進修，以提升教師的學習態度、方法與整體教育專業承諾。 （四）建議教育行政機關適度調整學校的班級規模，以提昇學校的學習文化。 二、對國民小學行政經營的建議 （一）在學校制度上，建議國民小學行政單位能有效建立與提供方便教師學習的結構管道。 （二）在行政運作上，建議國民小學行政單位能採取以教師學習為中心的經營模式。 （三）在團隊事務上，建議國民小學行政單位能鼓勵學校教師組成緊密的合作社群。 三、對國民小學教師的建議 （一）建議教師本身應隨時省思教學，以促進知識的內化。 （二）建議教師本身應建立良好的同儕關係，以促進彼此的合作分享。 （三）建議教師本身應與學校成員建立良好的溝通對談，以促進彼此的瞭解與學習。 四、對未來研究的建議 （一）研究架構方面：除本研究所探討的學校學習文化外，亦可探討其他的前因變項，如校長領導、校務參與、環境知覺等對教師專業承諾的影響；或探討後果變項與教師專業承諾的關係，如教師專業承諾對教學效能與學校效能等的關係影響。 （二）研究對象方面：除台北縣市公立國小外，可再將研究對象擴大至私立國小與其他縣市之國小。 （三）研究方法方面：除量化的問卷調查外，亦可以質化之深度訪談、觀察與個案研究進行調查。 / The purpose of this study was to inquire the relationship between school learning culture and teacher professional commitment in elementary schools. The study methods were adopted literature review and questionnaire. In questionnaire aspect, the subjects included 502 elementary school teachers in Taipei City and Taipei County. The collected data were analyzed through the methods of descriptive statistic, t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson’s product-moment correlation, and multiple stepwise regression analysis. It is hoping that through this design to collect and understand the relationship between school learning culture and teacher professional commitment as well as real life phenomenon of the researched subject. Conclusions were made as followings: 1. School learning culture is above average. The best dimension is the structure and system of promoting teacher learning. 2. Teacher professional commitment is above average. The best dimension is the professional moral. 3. Teachers among diverse background variables take a different view on school learning culture, except the highest academic background and school location. 4. Teachers among diverse background variables take a different view on teacher professional commitment, except the sex, school location and school history. 5. Teachers who get higher scores on school learning culture would get higher scores on teacher professional commitment, too. 6. There is positive correlation existed between the learning culture and teacher professional commitment. 7. Among all dimensions of school learning culture, the highest prediction to total teacher professional commitment is the structure and system of promoting teacher learning. In the last part, the researcher, based on the findings, proposes some suggestions for the education authorities, school administration, and teachers, hoping to benefit the development of school learning culture and promote school effectiveness in the future.

本研究旨在探討不同背景變項的國小教師，在管教行為上的差異情形，並分析教師的管教行為、學生的背景變項、對管教滿意度與其行為表現（自尊、創造力）間之關係。 　　本研究採取問卷調查法，以便利取樣的方式，選取台灣地區（不含離島）北、中、南、東四區的國小六年級學生818人為研究對象，以「新編創造思考測驗」、「教師管教行為量表」、「兒童自尊量表」為研究工具。所蒐集資料以描述統計、卡方考驗、單因子變異數分析、二因子多變量變異數分析等方法進行統計分析。 　　本研究的主要發現如下： 一、國小教師目前最常採用的管教行為是軟性施壓型管教。 二、國小女教師採用創意型管教行為的比例高於男教師，採用硬性懲罰型 管教行為的比例則低於男教師。 三、任教地區不同的國小教師，採用的管教行為並無顯著差異存在。 四、接受創意型管教行為的國小學生在「整體自尊」的表現優於接受軟性 施壓型和硬性懲罰型二類型管教行為的學生。 五、接受不同類型管教行為的國小學生，其創造力表現並無顯著差異存在。 六、性別不同、接受不同類型管教行為的國小學生，其自尊與創造力表現 並無顯著差異存在。 七、接受創意型管教行為的國小學生，對管教的滿意度高於接受軟性施壓 型和硬性懲罰型二類型管教行為的學生，而接受接受軟性施壓型管教行為的學生，對管教的滿意度也高於接受硬性懲罰型管教行為的學生。 八、接受不同類型管教行為、對管教滿意度不同的國小學生，其自尊與創 造力表現並無顯著差異存在。 　　本研究最後根據研究發現與結果，對教育行政和師資培育機構、學校當局和現場實務教師及未來研究提出具體建議。

國小教師供需問題是目前教育界中的一個重要問題，教師需求量的預測精確與否，將影響及教育政策的制定。本研究中，我們使用單變量 ARIMA 及類神經網路，以預測台灣地區 1996 到 1998 年之間的國小教師需求量。 研究結果顯示，在預測國小教師數列上，ARIMA 及類神經望陸均有很好的表現。類神經網路的可用範圍寬廣，適於各種複雜的情境，然而就本研究的主要探討對象--國小教師數列而言，以單變數的神經網路便已足夠。如果能選擇適當、具明顯特徵的資料，則網路將有更佳的預測效果。 由於類神經網路具有自我學習、自我調適、及平行處理等優點，因此在發展教師供需預測系統時，除了 ARIMA 之外，類神經網路為另一可行方法。 / The demand for and supply of teachers in elementary schools is an important problem in education administration. An accurate forecast of the number of teachers needs in elementary schools may heavily affect educational policy. In this thesis, we use the univariate time series analysis and Neural Networks to forecast the number of teacher in elementary schools in Taiwan Area during a period from 1996 to 1998. According to the result, both Box-Jenkins model and Neural Network perform well for prediction. Neural Network can be widely used in different circumstance, especially complicated situation. In this research, however, it is enough to predict number of teacher by the univariate neural network. In other word, if selecting suitable data variables, we could obtain better predictable effect by neural network. With the advantages of self-learning, self adaptation, and parallel processing, the Neural Network approach is a promising alternative approach to time series for developing a teacher demand and supply forecasting system.

公共圖書館是文化與教育的機構，對教育改革而言，圖書館是提供資料與知識的資源站。教師和圖書館一樣，在教育的改革路上，影響力不容小覷。使用圖書館的習慣需從小培養，引領未來主人翁進入圖書館世界，為教師重要的責任，所以，教師本身是否了解圖書館，是否有善用圖書館習慣，則為重要的問題。 本研究之對象以宜蘭縣所有公立國民小學全體教師為調查對象，目的在調查國小教師對公共圖書館的使用需求及滿意情形，並探討其差異情形。再綜合教師對公共圖書館的意見提出建議，提供宜蘭縣公共圖書館擬定館藏及經營發展政策的基本方向，期望公共圖書館能提供更便利的服務來支援教學，讓教學和圖書館利用能更加緊密的結合。 本研究以問卷調查法為主輔以半結構式訪談進行研究，正式問卷統計分析後，整理欲深入探討之問題設計成訪談大綱，並進行半結構式訪談。研究結果摘要如下： 宜蘭縣國小教師在不同角色、任務、情境等會有不同的資訊需求，教師對於解決需求上，在增加新知的需求程度最高，資訊尋求的方式已經由網路取代由實體圖書館獲得所需要的資訊。 宜蘭縣國小教師在圖書館資料需求已圖書為主，最常使用的資料服務為借閱圖書資料；教師希望圖書館提供圖書館利用教育課程配合教學需要，認為圖書館應該主動提供資訊支援教學；在空間部分，教師最常利用的是閱覽空間，座位舒適度、空氣、光線品質為重視之項目；國小教師認為圖書館地點、圖書館人員態度、專業知能是影響使用公共圖書館意願之主要因素。 宜蘭縣國小教師對於宜蘭縣公共圖書館的公共圖書館整體滿意度還算尚可，將宜蘭縣國小教師對公共圖書館的意見與看法加以整理分析，教師對於館藏、管理、支援教學、位置與空間規劃以及閱讀推廣活動與人力資源方面期待很高，希望可以擁有一個完善的公共圖書館。 由研究結果歸納以下建議：建議地方行政機關增置公共圖書館專業人員及提撥固定經費，專款專用；輔導機關方面應該建立推廣公共圖書館與國小合作並辦理相關教育研習活動，培養專業人力；建議宜蘭縣公共圖書館加強宣導與服務並主動提供相關訊息、改善圖書館網站、統籌規劃圖書館利用教育、參與相關教育研習加強和學校合作、多舉辦推廣圖書館相關活動；建議各國小重視學校圖書館，加強其功能，鼓勵師生利用；建議國小教師培養利用公共圖書館之習慣、善用圖書館支援教學活動、培養圖書館利用教育知能、主動向公共圖書館提出建議。 / Public libraries are cultural and educational institutions and serve as the resource center for education reform. Teachers, together with libraries, exert indispensable influence on the process of education reform. The habit of using libraries should be created among children and it is the responsibility of the teachers to help children become familiar with the libraries. Therefore, how well the teachers understand the libraries and whether or not they have developed a habit of utilizing libraries are important issues. The participants of the study are all public elementary school teachers of Yilan County and the study aims to investigate the users’ needs and survey the user satisfaction of the elementary school teachers in their experience of using libraries. A suggestion synthesizing the study result is to propose to provide the public libraries a direction to establish their collection development policy and management policy. Thus, a goal of combining teaching and library utilizing can be achieved by the more convenient library service offered by the public libraries. The study conducts a questionnaire survey using method of semi-structured interviews. After analyzing the data collected by the questionnaire, semi-structured interviews were performed with an interview outline developed on the basis of issues to be probed into. The results of the study are summarized as follows: For the change of role, objective, and situation, elementary school teachers of Yilan County demand differently on the information provided by the libraries. The foremost need for the teachers in using libraries is acquiring the advanced knowledge, while the libraries’ function of data research has been replaced by the internet. The main need of elementary school teachers of Yilan County for library material is books, and the checkout service is the service used the most. Teachers wish that libraries can offer educational curse to work with regular teaching and actively offer information to support teaching. The space in libraries using most for teacher is the reading room; the evaluation standards includes the seat comfort, air quality, and the sufficient light. The teachers also consider that the location of libraries, attitude and the proficiency of the clerk are main factors influencing users’ willingness to use public libraries. The overall Satisfaction of elementary school teachers of Yilan County over public libraries of Yilan County is passable. Collecting and analyzing opinions and suggestions made by the teachers, they expect a complete and well functioned public library with sufficient collection, management, location, space planning, and human resource; and wish that libraries can support the teaching, and create reading habit among children. Further suggestions are made based on the result of the study as follows: local government should expand the professional staff and allocate funds earmarked for the development of the libraries only; guidance institution should develop and promote the collaboration between libraries and elementary schools, organizing the education and study activities and cultivating professional development; public libraries of Yilan County should make more introduction on the services and activities available in the libraries through improving the library website, mapping complete library utilizing educational course, participating in the education and study activities, strengthening the collaboration with the schools, and holding more activities aiming at promoting usage of libraries; elementary schools should place importance on their own libraries, enhancing the functions and encouraging the using among teachers and pupils; elementary school teachers should cultivate habit of using libraries, manage to utilize the resource in libraries to improve teaching, advance the library using skills, and should be willing to provide suggestion actively to the public libraries.

在台灣經歷少子化而後,國小超額老師問題相形嚴重. 故本論文以個案研究方式探討中型學校士東國小的資深與資淺教師為例,就學校歷史文化,課程設計,領導風格,及學校效能方面來探討教師在教職生涯滿意度與家長對教師之期望. / Since the phenomenon of low fertility rate emergent in Taiwan, the teacher of the primary education suffered and gradually caused the sever problem of the surplus elementary school teacher. Hence, the Shih-Tung elementary, a medium size school, is the scale aligned with optimal scale for government to borrow the experience. The thesis applied a case study method of in-depth interview for related party of teachers and parents of Shih-Tung Elementary School. Initially from retrieving the education core both from definition and ancient wisdom testing the true meaning for the primary education. It is discussed from the culture of the school, the belief of an organization, which is the symbol of pine, big pencil and eraser under persistent learning, preceding that, from the culture to the curriculum design in terms of characteristic of the school, the charm of the school which made less decline of the student enrollment. Moreover, from the leadership style to verify how it formed the consensus and the acceptance form the teachers, which later on lead the effectiveness of the school. Further, it is focused on the organizational behavior analysis applying the Hierarchy of Needs Theory and Motivator-Hygiene Theory to analyze the satisfaction factors of the teachers in the school. The main parts for the central idea are focused on the teachers’ attitude in relation with the satisfaction factors in the case school, in words, the organizational behavior of the case school. Hence, the discussions are brought under school culture and curriculum design, leadership style and school effectiveness, teachers’ working satisfaction and inspiration, parents’ expectation. Consequently, the result and suggestions are made for the 2 parts: one for the school, and the other for the government under the transition of the era. The suggestions are made for the school as to keep the culture and inheritance of the senior to the junior teacher as legacy, and improving the environment for more efficient purpose of using and curriculum design under innovated way under long history. And utilize the human resource of unmarried woman, and build a communicative talk relationship with the parents since the mutual understanding of both parties are changing from authorities to cooperative and increasing junior teachers in the near future.

在國小女性教師日益增加以社會上生理和心理性別的一致性日漸分歧的趨勢下，教師在生理與心理性別上的差異，是否影響學生成長與學習？如何在現況中了解教師性別角色與性別對學的影響，如何輪換不同性別教師以減少對學生可能產生的影響，值得吾人重視。因此，本研究乃從男女教師在教學效能、教學態度的差異上著手，而以性別角色理論為基礎，探討男女教師性別角色與學生學校適應、學業成就之關係。以期做為師範院校師資養成教育以及國小安排及輪換教師之主要參考。 為達成研究目的，本研究採二部份進行，第一部份採問卷調查法，以分層叢集取樣，選取桃竹苗四縣市國小男女教師256人（男119；女137），以探討教師性別角色、性別與教學態度、教學效能之關係；第二部份以問卷調查為主，兼及實驗法優點，以分層立意取樣選取第一部份樣本中，新竹縣市四至六年級七十九個班級的師生為研究對象，計男學生1245人，女學生1187人，以探討男女教師性別角色與學生學校適應、學業成就之關係。 根據研究結果的分析與討論，歸納如下結論： 一、教師性別與性別化特質對學生學校適應與學業成就均有直接影響，唯影響不大，重要的教師在學生心目中角色與形象。 二、學生學業成就主要受其學校適應之影響，而學校適應良窳又取決於學生對教師形象的評定。學生認為級任教師是其心目中的好老師，則其學校生活愉快，適應良好，學業表現亦優異。反言之，學生學業成就上的差異來自其不同的學校適應，以及對老師形象不同評價。 建議： 一、小學教育方面 （一）擴展教師的性別化角色 （二）加強學校輔導工作，協助學生適應學校以能全心向學 （三）教師應重視學生需求與感受，並扮演學生心目中的好老師 （四）教師多關心智商、社經地位較低之學生，並予以適切輔導 （五）輪換不同性別級任教師時，宜對學生多加關懷並予以定向輔導 （六）宜縮小學校規模為中小型學校以利學生適應學校 二、師範教育方面 （一）教導學生扮演兩性化角色 （二）增進師範生的輔導知能

藉著聆聽教師的敘說，我研究的主要目的在於理解教師專業認同的歷程，及此歷程所彰顯的意義世界。以Mead談論的自我概念作為基礎，我認為教師專業認同的概念是一發展性的歷程，而不將其視為本質、本體或範疇。此外，個人的認同歷程在敘說中展現也是我所強調的另一個重點，也就是說，個人在向聽者敘說裡頭展現其生命經驗，而聽者得以藉著語言的力量理解敘說者的生命經驗。奠基於此，研究者（我）才得以理解教師（受訪者）的敘說。 我採用「教育學傳記研究」作為研究取向，並以德國學者Fritz Schütz發展的「敘述訪談」作為資料採取工具，蒐集而來的資料即是我所謂的「文本」或「故事」。訪談的對象是小卉 -- 一位成為國小教師五年左右、服務兩所學校的初任教師。訪談結果在轉錄成逐字稿後，依據Schütz所提出的文本分析流程進行文本結構描述，並嘗試詮釋以析出故事抽象概念。 經過文本結構描述和分析，逐漸呈現「選擇」、「在比較中了解自己」以及「愛與被愛」的教師故事圖像。然而，我並未只是停留在故事詮釋的階段，而更進一步和其它教師敘說進行對話，其目的在於企圖呈現「我們如何看待教師故事、發聲」的議題。最後，我反思本研究的價值以及教育學傳記研究的意義。 / The purpose of my research is mainly to understand the process of a teacher’s professional identity by listening teacher’s narrative. Also, I attempt to explore the meanings represented by this process. Based on Mead’s concept of self, I argued that the attribute of teacher’s professional identity might be better viewed as a developing process than essences, substances or categories. Furthermore, one’s identity process revealing from narrative is other key point in my study. That is to say, one displays his or her life experiences with a narrative to listener, and then the listener understands the experiences through the power of language. Therefore, according to the above-mentioned methodological basis, I (researcher) could make sense of the teacher’s (interviewee) narrative. I adopt ”Biographic Research in Pedagogy” as my research approach, and collected raw data called “text” or “story” with “Narrative Interview” developed by Fritz Schütz, a Germany sociologist. After interviewing the first teacher, Little-hui, who just has been working about five years in two elementary schools, I followed Schütz’s procedures of text-analysis to describe the structure of the text and attempt to catch abstract concepts in hui’s story. After the process of structure description and interpret, “choosing”,”knowing self by comparing with peers”, and “to love and to be loved” gradually showed up to be images of Little-hui’s story. However, I didn’t stay right in the position of story-interpreting. Moreover, I situated these images a dialogue with another inquires of teachers’ narratives, and attempted to raise the issue of “how have teachers’ stories, voices, or narratives been viewed and treated in the context” for discussion. At the end, I reflected on the value of this research and the meaning of “Biography Research in Pedagogy.”