Accumulating evidence suggests that anti-inflammatory agents and antioxidants have neuroprotective properties and may be beneficial in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. In the present study, the possible neuroprotective properties of tolmetin, sulindac and turmeric were investigated. The antioxidant effects of tolmetin and sulindac were determined by inducing free radical generation with quinolinic acid (QA), cyanide or iron (II) in rat brain homogenates or primary hippocampal neurons. Tolmetin and sulindac significantly reduce lipid peroxidation and scavenge the superoxide anion. Metal binding studies were conducted to determine whether metal chelation is a possible mechanism through which these agents reduce QA and iron (II)-induced lipid peroxidation. UV/VIS, infrared spectroscopy as well as electrochemical studies show that both agents bind to iron (II) and/or iron (III). Histological examination of the hippocampus showed that pre-treatment of animals with tolmetin or sulindac offers protection against intrahippocampal injections of QA. These agents also attenuate QA-induced apoptosis and reduce the loss of neurons in the hippocampus. The co-incubation of primary hippocampal neurons with the NSAIDS also enhanced cell viability which is significantly reduced by QA. Behavioural studies using a water maze showed that the treatment of animals after QA-induced neurotoxicity reduces QA-induced spatial memory loss. Tolmetin and sulindac also reduced glutathione depletion and protein oxidation in rat hippocampus. Both NSAIDS inhibit liver tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase activity in vitro and in vivo and subsequently increased hippocampal serotonin levels. However, both NSAIDS also reduce dopamine levels in rat striatum. Tolmetin but not sulindac increased the synthesis of melatonin by the pineal gland. The active components of turmeric known as the curcuminoids were separated using preparative thin layer chromatography (TLC). The purity was confirmed by TLC, NMR and mass spectrometry. The environmental toxin lead, induces lipid peroxidation and reduces primary hippocampal neuronal viability. The co-incubation of the neurons with the curcuminoids significantly reduces lead-induced lipid peroxidation and enhances neuronal cell viability in the presence of lead. Lead-induced spatial memory deficit is also attenuated with curcumin, demethoxycurcumin but not bisdemethoxycurcumin. The curcuminoids also reduce lead-induced hippocampal glutathione depletion and protein oxidation. Metal binding studies show that the curcuminoids bind to lead and is another possible mechanism through which the curcuminoids reduce lead-induced neurotoxicity. The findings of this study indicate a possible role of tolmetin, sulindac and turmeric in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease. However, tolmetin and sulindac reduce dopamine levels.

Orientador: Deborah Queiroz de Freitas França / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T07:55:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Yamasaki_MayraCristina_M.pdf: 2177440 bytes, checksum: 265b5bbb546beea3ceaf391cc126bc5a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o possível efeito radioprotetor do anti-inflamatório não esteroide meloxicam na prevenção da osteorradionecrose, na reparação alveolar e na resistência óssea em mandíbulas de ratos irradiados. Para isso, 40 ratos Wistar machos foram divididos em 4 grupos (n=10): controle (GC), irradiado (GI), meloxicam (GM) e meloxicam irradiado (GMI). Aos 75 dias de vida, foi administrado dose única de 0,2 mg/kg de meloxicam nos animais dos grupos GM e GMI. Uma hora depois, realizou-se a irradiação dos animais dos grupos GI e GMI com dose única de 15 Gy de radiação X na região de mandíbula. Decorridos 40 dias, foi realizado a exodontia bilateral dos primeiros molares inferiores nos animais, os quais foram mortos após 15 dias (n=5) e 30 dias (n=5). Utilizou-se a microtomografia computadorizada para avaliação da reparação alveolar, por meio da análise dos parâmetros da microestrutura trabecular óssea, como: volume tecidual total, volume ósseo, fração de volume ósseo, espessura trabecular média, número trabecular médio e separação trabecular média; e o teste de flexão para a avaliação da resistência óssea. A Análise de Variância um fator, com teste post hoc de Tukey, demonstrou que, aos 15 dias, o volume ósseo, a fração de volume ósseo e a espessura trabecular média foram significativamente superiores nos grupos GC e GM comparados aos grupos GI e GMI; já a separação trabecular média teve resultado estatístico inferior no grupo GI em relação aos demais. Aos 30 dias, houve diferença significante apenas na separação trabecular média, cujo resultado estatístico foi inferior no grupo GI em comparação aos grupos GC e GM, não tendo o grupo GMI diferido estatisticamente dos demais. Quanto à resistência óssea, o grupo GI foi significativamente inferior em relação aos grupos GC e GM, não tendo o grupo GMI diferido estatisticamente dos demais. Concluiu-se, assim, que foi observado ausência de osteorradionecrose clínica e que o meloxicam, embora não tenha demonstrado evidente efeito radioprotetor, apresentou efeito positivo na separação trabecular média da microestrutura trabecular óssea da reparação alveolar e na resistência óssea / Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible radioprotective effect of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug meloxicam on the prevention of osteoradionecrosis, alveolar socket healing and bone strength in the mandibles of irradiated rats. Forty male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups (n=10): control (CG), irradiated (IG), meloxicam (MG), and meloxicam irradiated (MIG). When the animals were 75 days old, a single dose of 0.2 mg/kg meloxicam was administered to the animals in the MG and MIG groups. One hour later, the animals in the IG and MIG groups were irradiated with a single 15 Gy dose of X-rays in the mandible region. Forty days later, the mandibular first molars were extracted bilaterally and the animals were killed after 15 days (n=5) or 30 days (n=5). Micro-computed tomography was used to evaluate healing in the alveolar socket; trabecular bone microarchitecture features such as total volume, bone volume, bone volume fraction, trabecular number, trabecular thickness and trabecular separation were assessed. A bending test was used to evaluate bone strength. At 15 days, the one-way analysis of variance, followed by post hoc comparisons with the Tukey test, demonstrated that bone volume, bone volume fraction and trabecular thickness were significantly higher in the CG and MG groups than in the IG and MIG groups; and trabecular separation had lower statistical result in the IG group in comparison with the other groups. At 30 days, there was a significant difference only in trabecular separation, which statistical result was lower in the IG group than in the CG and MG groups, and the MIG group did not differ statistically from the others. Bone strength was significantly lower in the IG group compared with the CG and MG groups, and the MIG group did not differ statistically from the others. Therefore, it was concluded that the absence of clinical osteoradionecrosis was observed and the meloxicam, even though it has not demonstrated a clear radioprotective effect, had a positive effect on the trabecular separation of trabecular bone microarchitecture in alveolar socket healing and the bone strength / Mestrado / Radiologia Odontologica / Mestra em Radiologia Odontológica

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) are a class of medications used in the treatment of pain, inflammation, and illness. These medications are common, affordable, and easy to access. For these reasons, NSAIDs are commonly used by athletes of all backgrounds for treating injuries and as ergogenic aids. However, despite these behaviors, NSAIDs have well-documented side effects and the efficacious nature of these medications has been brought into question. Despite this, many athletes continue to use these medications frequently and indiscriminately. It is not known why athletes use these medications in light of their questionable effectiveness and cited adverse effects. Therefore, this study was designed to (1) further investigate the prevalence of NSAID use in collegiate-level athletes, (2) investigate attitudes and behaviors toward the use of NSAIDs cross-tabulated by sport, gender, and competition level, and (3) investigate athletes' general knowledge of NSAIDs. Subjects for this study included 79 student-athletes (44 male; 25 female) attending Portland State University (PSU). The majority of the athletes started taking NSAIDs before high school (72% of the males and 64% of the females). Thirty-three percent of males and 32% of females reported that they had been taking NSAIDs within the past week. High in-season use of NSAIDs was reported by 52% of the male athletes and 48% of the female athletes, whereas off-season use was reported by 21% and 12% of the males and females, respectively. Cited reasons for NSAID use both in-season and off-season were relief of pain due to injury, prevention, recovery, soreness, and tightness. In total, 83% of males and 76% of females reported obtaining NSAIDs primarily through means other than health-care professionals. With regard to dosage, athletes reported taking NSAIDs based on product directions, instructions of an athletic trainer or perceived pain levels. An overwhelming majority of athletes (83% male; 76% female) were not aware of any side-effects from taking NSAIDs In summary, this study revealed a pattern of high NSAID use in athletes competing in-season compared to a high prevalence of low NSAID use in athletes off-season. It also revealed a high prevalence of non-prescription NSAID use. Additionally, there was a high prevalence of self-purchasing of NSAIDs, combined with self-medication and a long history of NSAID use. This study also revealed a general lack of knowledge about NSAIDs.

Dissertation submitted in partial compliance with the requirements for the Masters Degree in Technology: Chiropractic, Durban University of Technology, 2010. / The 1 year overall prevalence of Episodic Tension-Type Headache (ETTH) is 38.3%; with lifetime prevalence at 46% for TTH. Little literature exists to support the effectiveness of spinal manipulation in the treatment of ETTH. Therefore aim of this study was to determine the relative effectiveness of cervical spine manipulation and a Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) (Ibuprofen®) in the treatment of ETTH. Method: This study was a prospective randomised clinical trial with two intervention groups (N=32, n1=16 and n2=16). The allocation of participants to the two groups was completed by means of simple randomization. Group one were treated using cervical spine manipulation. Group two were treated using Ibuprofen. Subjective measurements included the Numerical Rating Scale 101 Questionnaire (NRS-101), Short Form McGill Pain Questionnaire (SF-MPQ), CMCC Neck Disability Index (CMCC) and Headache Diary. A p value <0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: The subjective measurements of the NRS-101, SF-MPQ and CMCC showed a significant time effect in both treatment groups. Several of the subjective Headaches Diary outcomes followed this trend with significant time effect in both groups. There was a significant treatment effect for the NRS-101. Several subject outcomes from the Headache Diary showed a significant treatment effect in favour of manipulation, namely frequency and duration of headaches. Conclusion: The findings in this study have shown that cervical spine manipulation is more effective than Ibuprofen® for the treatment of ETTH in terms of several subjective outcomes namely: pain intensity (NRS-101), and the frequency and the duration of headache per day.

Prostanoids are oxygenated derivatives of arachidonic acid with a wide range of physiological effects in vertebrates including modulation of inflammation and innate immune responses. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) act through inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX) conversion of arachidonic acid to prostanoids. In order to better understand the potential of environmental NSAIDS for interruption of normal levels COX products in fishes, we developed an LC/MS/MS-based approach for tissue analysis of 7 prostanoids. Initial studies examining muscle, gut and gill demonstrated that prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) was the most abundant of the measured prostanoids in all tissues and that gill tissue had the highest and most consistent concentrations of PGE2. After short-term 48-h laboratory exposures to concentrations of 5, 25, 50 and 100 ppb ibuprofen, 50.0ppb and 100.0 ppb exposure concentrations resulted in significant reduction of gill tissue PGE2 concentration by approximately 30% and 80% respectively. The lower exposures did not result in significant reductions when compared to unexposed controls. Measured tissue concentrations of ibuprofen indicated that this NSAID had little potential for bioaccumulation (BCF 1.3) and the IC50 of ibuprofen for inhibition of PGE2 production in gill tissue was calculated to be 0.4 µM. Short-term laboratory exposure to ibuprofen did not result in significant alteration of concentrations of PGE2 at environmentally relevant concentrations.

A palavra DOR é definida como uma percepção consciente do indivíduo de impulsos nociceptivos modulados que originam uma experiência emocional e sensitiva desagradável, associada à lesão tecidual real ou potencial, ou descrita em termos de tal lesão. Considerando-se que a dor é um dos motivos mais comuns que levam um paciente a procurar por atendimento em consultório odontológico, este estudo teve como objetivo quantificar e qualificar a analgesia da musculatura mastigatória e da articulação temporomandibular proporcionada por medicamentos antiinflamatórios não esteroidais, associados ou não a outros agentes terapêuticos. O estudo clínico foi desenvolvido em pacientes que sofriam de algias crônicas na musculatura mastigatória, decorrentes de disfunções temporomandibulares. Foram selecionados, após anamnese e avaliação com a ferramenta RDC/TMD traduzido para a língua Portuguesa (PEREIRA JUNIOR, 2007), 18 voluntários para avaliar o efeito terapêutico (entendendo-se como efeito terapêutico o alívio da sintomatologia dolorosa e do restabelecimento da amplitude dos movimentos bordejantes mandibulares), dos três tratamentos coadjuvantes abaixo-relacionados, sendo dois medicamentos e um placebo para eliminar o efeito psicológico. Os tratamentos avaliados foram: um antiinflamatório não-esteroidal (AINES) Flanaren® (diclofenaco sódico), uma panacéia Sedilax® composta por AINES, miorrelaxante e analgésicos (diclofenaco sódico + carisoprodol + paracetamol + cafeína), ambos produzidos pelo laboratório Teuto® ; e um placebo, que consistia de pílulas preenchidas com 110 g de amido de milho, produzidas pela Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto - USP. A administração de cada medicamento consistia de 1 unidade a cada 12 horas, durante um período de 10 dias, precedido e sucedido por avaliações de dor dos pacientes. Foi estabelecido um período de washout de 11 dias entre cada troca de tratamento. A avaliação dos tratamentos medicamentosos foi desenvolvida com diferentes ferramentas, como o McGill Pain Questionnaire (VAROLI; PEDRAZZI, 2006), para qualificar e quantificar dor não provocada, a escala visual analógica para dor à palpação, escala numérica para a quantificação da dor durante o tratamento, além de mensurações de amplitude de movimentos excursivos mandibulares. Foram colhidas também informações sobre possíveis efeitos colaterais indesejáveis relacionados aos tratamentos. O projeto foi submetido e aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa envolvendo Seres Humanos da Faculdade de Odontologia de Ribeirão Preto da USP, Processo n.2006.1.558.58.0, Caae n.0022.0.138.000-06. Os resultados mostraram que a analgesia para a dor em repouso foi melhor com a utilização do Flanaren® e para a dor à palpação, igual para ambos os tratamentos. Os medicamentos Sedilax® e Flanaren® reduziram significantemente a dor após três dias de tratamento, enquanto o placebo, após oito dias. Não foram observadas melhoras na amplitude dos movimentos limítrofes da mandíbula. Também não foram observados efeitos colaterais significantes estatisticamente. Concluiu-se que o tratamento utilizando o diclofenaco sódico como adjuvante reduziu a dor em repouso; todos os tratamentos promoveram analgesia à dor à palpação, mas tanto o diclofenaco isolado como associado agiram no terceiro dia e o placebo, apenas no oitavo. Nenhum efeito colateral observado foi estatisticamente significante. / The word PAIN is defined as a conscious perception of modulated nociceptive input from an unpleasant emotional and sensitive experience, associated to a real or potential, or described in terms of such lesion. Considering that pain is one of main reasons which motivate patients to search for dental treatment, the aim of this study was quantify and qualify analgesia in masticatory muscles and temporomandibular joints by administration of non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, isolated or associated to other therapeutic agents. This clinical trial has been developed treating patients who had been suffering with chronic pain in masticatory muscles due to temporomandibular disorders. Eighteen volunteers were selected after anamnesis exam and assessment using RDC/TMD translated to Portuguese (PEREIRA JUNIOR, 2007), to evaluate the therapeutics effect (pain relief and maximum eccentric jaw movement recovery) of three adjuvant treatment: two medicines and one placebo, to eliminate psychological effects. Assessed treatments were: a non steroidal anti-inflammatory Flanaren® (sodium diclofenac), a panacea composed by an anti-inflammatory, muscle relaxant and analgesics (sodium diclofenac + carisoprodol + acetaminophen + caffeine), both produced by pharmaceutical laboratory Teuto® ; and a placebo, that were pills filled by 110 g of corn starch, produced by Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto USP. The dosage of all medicines was one pill every 12 hours, during 10 days, preceded and succeeded by patients` pain assessment. An 11 days washout period among each therapy has been established. The assessment of drug therapies were done using distinct instruments, as McGill Pain Questionnaire (VAROLI; PEDRAZZI, 2006), to qualify and quantify unprovoked pain; visual analogue scale for pain on palpation, numerical scale to quantify pain during treatment, and measurement of range of motion during maximum eccentric jaw movements. It has been obtained information about side effects related to treatments. The research project was submitted and approved by Ethics in Research Committee of Faculty of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto USP, Lawsuit n.2006.1.558.0, CAAE n. 0022.0.138.000-06. Data analysis has shown that relief of unprovoked pain was better using Flanaren® , and reduction of pain on palpation was equal in all treatments. Both, diclofenac alone, also diclofenac associate to other drugs, reduced significantly pain after three days of treatment, while placebo, after eight days. It has not been observed increase of range of motion during maximum jaw excursive movements, neither statistically significant side-effect. It has been concluded that treatment using diclofenac as an adjuvant reduced unprovoked pain; all therapies relief pain on palpation, but it was observed on third day for diclofenac and diclofenac associated and on eighth day for placebo. There was not any statistically significant side effect.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-24T19:21:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcella Goetz Moro.pdf: 714676 bytes, checksum: 87b76546bf4d8b7f1f802eb14dd297ba (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-17 / The worldwide increase in consumption of low-dose aspirin (LDA) for preventing cardiovascular diseases has raised the frequency of patients seeking dental treatment who are chronic users of such an approach and require complementary acute anti-inflammatory medication. Considering the lack of literature evaluating this interaction, this study aims to analyze the possibility of gastric and renal effects caused by the use, in conjunction, of LDA, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that is Ibuprofen, and a coxib (Etoricoxib). Male Wistar rats were divided into 6 experimental groups (n=8 animals/group) and submitted to prolonged (42 days) use of LDA and posterior interaction with COX-2-selective or non-selective NSAIDs during 3 days by gavage (groups: 1-Carboxymethyl cellulose – CMC; 2-LDA; 3-LDA+Ibuprofen;4-Ibuprofen; 5-LDA+Etoricoxib; 6-Etoricoxib). After the experimental period, analyses of gastric and renal damage (macroscopy) and quantification of serum creatinine (renal function) were done. Although the results have demonstrated that the Ibuprofen, LDA+Ibuprofen, and LDA+Etoricoxib groups presented statistically significant gastric damage in relation to the CMC group (ANOVA,Tukey, p<0.05), when compared among one another, there was a visible increased extension of the lesion in the groups that interacted with LDA.Concerning the renal system, no drug/interaction has provoked any significant alteration (p>0.05). It is concluded that the biggest percentages of gastric lesion were observed as stemming from the prolonged use of LDA in association with a non-selective NSAID, and with a coxib. Alternatively, no group was capable of provoking significant alteration upon renal function and tissue. / Com o aumento mundial do consumo da baixa dose de aspirina (BDA) para prevenção de doenças cardiovasculares, torna-se cada vez mais frequente o atendimento odontológico de pacientes usuários crônicos desta terapêutica que necessitam de medicação anti-inflamatória complementar de forma aguda. Considerando que a literatura é escassa em trabalhos que avaliem esta interação, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os possíveis efeitos gástricos e renais que a interação da BDA com um anti-inflamatório não esteroidal (AINE) (Ibuprofeno) e um coxibe (Etoricoxibe) pode ocasionar. Para isso, ratos Wistar machos foram divididos em 6 grupos experimentais (n=8 animais/grupo) e submetidos ao uso prolongado (42 dias) de BDA e posterior interação com AINE seletivo e não seletivo para COX-2 durante 3 dias pelo método da gavagem (Grupos: 1-Carboximetilcelulose – CMC; 2-BDA; 3-BDA+Ibuprofeno;4-Ibuprofeno; 5-BDA+Etoricoxibe; 6-Etoricoxibe). Após período experimental, foram realizadas avaliações de lesão gástrica e renal (macroscopia) e quantificação sérica de creatinina (função renal). Embora os resultados tenham demonstrado que os grupos Ibuprofeno, BDA+Ibuprofeno e BDA+Etoricoxibe apresentaram lesão gástrica estatisticamente significativa em relação ao grupo CMC (ANOVA, Tukey, p<0,05), ao serem comparados entre si, observou-se uma maior extensão desta lesão para os grupos em que ocorreu a interação com BDA. No sistema renal, nenhum fármaco/interação provocou alteração significativa (p>0,05). Conclui-se que as maiores porcentagens de lesão gástrica foram observadas quando do uso prolongado da BDA em associação com um AINE não seletivo e com um coxibe. Por outro lado, nenhum grupo foi capaz de provocar alteração significativa sobre o tecido e função renal.

Submitted by Angela Maria de Oliveira (amolivei@uepg.br) on 2018-05-22T12:11:55Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Giselle Ariana.pdf: 971489 bytes, checksum: 5abfc7a704112e83f259ad38f6544f1e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-22T12:11:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Giselle Ariana.pdf: 971489 bytes, checksum: 5abfc7a704112e83f259ad38f6544f1e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-26 / A prescrição de anti-inflamatórios e antibióticos é uma prática comum na Odontologia. Interações medicamentosas podem ocorrer quando diferentes fármacos são administrados ao mesmo tempo. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a influência do ibuprofeno, sobre a concentração da amoxicilina no plasma e no tecido periapical de ratos com periodontite apical induzida. Foram utilizados 28 ratos Wistar, machos, com 45 dias, divididos em 4 grupos: PL: placebo (salina); AM: amoxicilina (100 mg/kg); IB: ibuprofeno (100 mg/kg); e AM+IB: amoxicilina (100 mg/kg) + ibuprofeno (100 mg/kg). Os animais foram submetidos à exposição pulpar do primeiro molar inferior esquerdo que permaneceu aberto por 15 dias e, então, fechado com resina composta, permanecendo por mais 07 dias. Os animais foram tratados com dose única dos medicamentos (gavagem) conforme o grupo ao qual pertenciam, 01 hora antes da eutanásia. Foram coletados 2 mL de sangue da artéria aorta para a obtenção do plasma sanguíneo e amostras do tecido periapical que foram homogeneizadas para a obtenção do sobrenadante. A partir das amostras (plasma e sobrenadante do tecido periapical) realizou-se o antibiograma para análise da concentração plasmática e tecidual de amoxicilina. Os resultados mostraram no plasma do grupo AM maiores concentrações da droga que os demais grupos (p<0,05, ANOVA com Tukey). O ibuprofeno interferiu na concentração plasmática de amoxicilina, no entanto, a concentração de amoxicilina no grupo AM+IB foi maior que nos grupos PL e IB (p<0,05, ANOVA com Tukey). A análise do sobrenadante do tecido periapical não mostrou diferença significativa entre os grupos (p>0,05, Kruskal-Wallis). A partir dos resultados é possível concluir que o ibuprofeno interfere com a concentração plasmática de amoxicilina, porém não interferiu na concentração da amoxicilina no tecido periapical. / The prescription of anti-inflammatories and antibiotics is a common practice in dentistry. Drug interactions can occur when medicines are administered at the same time. The objective of this present research was to evaluate the influence of ibuprofen on plasma and periapical tissue amoxycillin concentration in induced apical periodontitis in rats. 28 Wistar male rats (45 days) were divided into 4 groups: PL: placebo (saline); AM: amoxycillin (100 mg / kg); IB ibuprofen (100 mg / kg); and AM+IB amoxycillin (100 mg / kg) + ibuprofen (100 mg / kg). The animals were submitted to pulp exposure in the first lower left molar, which remained open for 15 days and then closed with composite resin, maintained for more 07 days. The rats were treated with a single dose (gavage) according to each group, 01 hour before euthanasia.Two milliliters of blood was collected from the aorta to obtain blood plasma samples and the periapical tissue were homogenised to obtain the supernatant. From the samples (plasma and the supernatant periapical tissue) was carried out antibiogram for analysis of plasma and tissue amoxycillin levels. Results showed that AM group showed plasma higher amoxycillin concentrations than the other groups (p <0.05, ANOVA with Tukey). Ibuprofen interferes with the amoxycillin plasma concentration, however, AM+IB group had a higher amoxycillin concentration than the PL and IB groups (p<0.05, ANOVA with Tukey test). The analysis of the periapical tissue supernatant showed no significant difference among groups (p> 0.05, Kruskal-Wallis). In conclusion, ibuprofen can interfere with amoxycillin plasm concentration, but had noinfluence on amoxycillin periapical tissue concentration.

<p>Uvod: Interleukin 33 (IL-33) ima značajnu ulogu u inflamatornim i autoimunskim oboljenjima, ali se sve vi&scaron;e proučava njegov značaj u imunopatogenezi različitih alergijskih oboljenja, uključujući i alergijsku astmu (AA). Cilj: Ispitivanje vrednosti IL-33 u serumu pacijenata sa AA pre i posle &scaron;estomesečne inhalatorne kortikosteroidne terapije (ICS Th) i povezanosti dobijenih vrednosti IL-33 sa određenim kliničkim i laboratorijskim karakteristikama ovih pacijenata. Metode: Vrednost IL-33 u serumu određena je kod 61 pacijenta sa AA pre započinjanja i posle sprovedne &scaron;estomesečne ICS Th i kod 30 zdrave dece. U obradi podataka primenjene su standardne metode deskriptivne i analitičke statistike. Rezultati: Kod pacijenata sa nelečenom AA, serumske vrednosti IL-33 su signifikantno veće u odnosu na pacijente kod kojih je sprovedena &scaron;estomesečna ICS Th (p&lt;0,05), kao i u odnosu na zdravu decu (p&lt;0,01). Pacijenti sa AA koji su tokom 6 meseci lečeni sa ICS Th i zdrava deca imaju slične vrednosti IL-33 u serumu (p&gt;0,05). Kod pacijenata sa AA pre započinjanja i 6 meseci posle primene ICS Th ne postoji signifikantna korelacija između vrednosti IL-33 u serumu i eozinofilnih granulocita periferne krvi (p&gt;0,05), eozinofilnih granulocita u nazalnom sekretu (p&gt;0,05) i ukupnog IgE u serumu (p&gt;0,05). Kod pacijenata sa nelečenom AA postoji signifikantna negativna korelacija između vrednosti serumskog nivoa IL-33 i sledećih parametara plućne fukcije: FEV1 (p&lt;0,05), FEV1/FVC (p&lt;0,05), PEF(p&lt;0,05) i MEF 25/75 (p&lt;0,05). Posle &scaron;estomesečne ICS Th pobolj&scaron;ava se plućna funkcija, odnosno dolazi do porasta brzine protoka vazduha u disajnim putevima kao i promena u plućnim volumenima u zavisnosti od stepena opstrukcije u odnosu na vrednosti pre uključenja antiinflamatorne terapije (FEV1, FVC, FEV1/FVC, PEF, MEF 25/75, za sve vrednosti p&lt;0,01). Dok je signifikantna negativna korelacija dokazana između IL-33 i vrednosti FEV1 (p&lt;0,01), FVC (p&lt;0,01) i PEF (p&lt;0,05). Zaključak: Serumski nivo IL-33 je značajno povi&scaron;en kod dece sa nelečenom, odnosno nekontrolisanom AA. &Scaron;estomesečna primena ICS dovodi do značajne redukcije IL-33 u serumu čije su vrednosti u negativnoj korelaciji sa vrednostima FEV1, FVC i PEF, odnosno pozitivnoj korelaciji sa težinom i kontrolom AA. Rezultati na&scaron;e studije ističu da IL-33 ima značajnu ulogu u imunopatogenezi AA. Određivanje serumske vrednosti IL-33 može biti koristan indikator težine AA.</p> / <p>Introduction: Interleukin 33 (IL-33) plays a significant role in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, but its significance in the immunopathogenesis of various allergic diseases including allergic asthma (AA) has gained increasing attention in research over recent years. Objective: Testing serum levels of IL-33 in patients with AA before and after a six-month inhaled corticosteroid therapy (ICS Th) and correlation of IL-33 values with specific clinical and laboratory characteristics of these patients. Methods: Serum levels of IL-33 were determined in 61 patients with AA prior to the initiation of ICS Th and following the six-month ICS Th as well as in 30 healthy children. Data processing was performed applying standard methods of descriptive and analytical statistics. Results: In patients with untreated AA, serum levels of IL-33 were significantly higher as compared to the patients who have received a six month ICS Th (p &lt;0.05) as well as to healthy children (p &lt;0.01). Patients with AA, who were treated with ICS Th for six months, and healthy children have similar serum IL-33 (p&gt; 0.05). In patients with AA, significant correlation between serum IL-33 levels and eosinophilic peripheral blood granulocytes (p&gt;0.05), eosinophilic granulocytes in nasal secretion (p&gt;0.05) and the total IgE in serum has not been observed for the period prior to initiation and 6 months after the administration of ICS Th. In patients with untreated AA, there is significant negative correlation between serum IL-33 and the following pulmonary functions test results: FEV1 (p&lt;0.05), FEV1/FVC (p&lt;0.05), PEF (p&lt;0.05) and MEF 25/75 (p&lt;0.05). After a six-month ICS Th, significant improvement of pulmonary functions was evident, that is, increase in airflow speed and lung volume change as compared to the values determined before the initiation of the anti-inflammatory therapy (FEV1, FVC, FEV1/FVC, PEF, MEF 25/75, for all values p&lt;0.01). Significant negative correlation between IL-33 and the values of FEV1 (p&lt;0.01), FVC (p&lt;0.01)and PEF (p&lt;0.05) has been established. Conclusion: Serum level of IL-33 is significantly elevated in children with untreated, i.e., uncontrolled AA. A six-month ICS Th asthma treatment results in significant reduction of serum levels of IL-33. This level is negatively correlated with FEV1, FVC and PEF values while positively correlated with the severity of the disease and control of AA. The results of our study point out that IL-33 plays an important role in the immunopathogenesis of AA. Quantification of serum IL-33 levels can be a useful indicator of the severity of AA.</p>

A palavra DOR é definida como uma percepção consciente do indivíduo de impulsos nociceptivos modulados que originam uma experiência emocional e sensitiva desagradável, associada à lesão tecidual real ou potencial, ou descrita em termos de tal lesão. Considerando-se que a dor é um dos motivos mais comuns que levam um paciente a procurar por atendimento em consultório odontológico, este estudo teve como objetivo quantificar e qualificar a analgesia da musculatura mastigatória e da articulação temporomandibular proporcionada por medicamentos antiinflamatórios não esteroidais, associados ou não a outros agentes terapêuticos. O estudo clínico foi desenvolvido em pacientes que sofriam de algias crônicas na musculatura mastigatória, decorrentes de disfunções temporomandibulares. Foram selecionados, após anamnese e avaliação com a ferramenta RDC/TMD traduzido para a língua Portuguesa (PEREIRA JUNIOR, 2007), 18 voluntários para avaliar o efeito terapêutico (entendendo-se como efeito terapêutico o alívio da sintomatologia dolorosa e do restabelecimento da amplitude dos movimentos bordejantes mandibulares), dos três tratamentos coadjuvantes abaixo-relacionados, sendo dois medicamentos e um placebo para eliminar o efeito psicológico. Os tratamentos avaliados foram: um antiinflamatório não-esteroidal (AINES) Flanaren® (diclofenaco sódico), uma panacéia Sedilax® composta por AINES, miorrelaxante e analgésicos (diclofenaco sódico + carisoprodol + paracetamol + cafeína), ambos produzidos pelo laboratório Teuto® ; e um placebo, que consistia de pílulas preenchidas com 110 g de amido de milho, produzidas pela Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto - USP. A administração de cada medicamento consistia de 1 unidade a cada 12 horas, durante um período de 10 dias, precedido e sucedido por avaliações de dor dos pacientes. Foi estabelecido um período de washout de 11 dias entre cada troca de tratamento. A avaliação dos tratamentos medicamentosos foi desenvolvida com diferentes ferramentas, como o McGill Pain Questionnaire (VAROLI; PEDRAZZI, 2006), para qualificar e quantificar dor não provocada, a escala visual analógica para dor à palpação, escala numérica para a quantificação da dor durante o tratamento, além de mensurações de amplitude de movimentos excursivos mandibulares. Foram colhidas também informações sobre possíveis efeitos colaterais indesejáveis relacionados aos tratamentos. O projeto foi submetido e aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa envolvendo Seres Humanos da Faculdade de Odontologia de Ribeirão Preto da USP, Processo n.2006.1.558.58.0, Caae n.0022.0.138.000-06. Os resultados mostraram que a analgesia para a dor em repouso foi melhor com a utilização do Flanaren® e para a dor à palpação, igual para ambos os tratamentos. Os medicamentos Sedilax® e Flanaren® reduziram significantemente a dor após três dias de tratamento, enquanto o placebo, após oito dias. Não foram observadas melhoras na amplitude dos movimentos limítrofes da mandíbula. Também não foram observados efeitos colaterais significantes estatisticamente. Concluiu-se que o tratamento utilizando o diclofenaco sódico como adjuvante reduziu a dor em repouso; todos os tratamentos promoveram analgesia à dor à palpação, mas tanto o diclofenaco isolado como associado agiram no terceiro dia e o placebo, apenas no oitavo. Nenhum efeito colateral observado foi estatisticamente significante. / The word PAIN is defined as a conscious perception of modulated nociceptive input from an unpleasant emotional and sensitive experience, associated to a real or potential, or described in terms of such lesion. Considering that pain is one of main reasons which motivate patients to search for dental treatment, the aim of this study was quantify and qualify analgesia in masticatory muscles and temporomandibular joints by administration of non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, isolated or associated to other therapeutic agents. This clinical trial has been developed treating patients who had been suffering with chronic pain in masticatory muscles due to temporomandibular disorders. Eighteen volunteers were selected after anamnesis exam and assessment using RDC/TMD translated to Portuguese (PEREIRA JUNIOR, 2007), to evaluate the therapeutics effect (pain relief and maximum eccentric jaw movement recovery) of three adjuvant treatment: two medicines and one placebo, to eliminate psychological effects. Assessed treatments were: a non steroidal anti-inflammatory Flanaren® (sodium diclofenac), a panacea composed by an anti-inflammatory, muscle relaxant and analgesics (sodium diclofenac + carisoprodol + acetaminophen + caffeine), both produced by pharmaceutical laboratory Teuto® ; and a placebo, that were pills filled by 110 g of corn starch, produced by Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto USP. The dosage of all medicines was one pill every 12 hours, during 10 days, preceded and succeeded by patients` pain assessment. An 11 days washout period among each therapy has been established. The assessment of drug therapies were done using distinct instruments, as McGill Pain Questionnaire (VAROLI; PEDRAZZI, 2006), to qualify and quantify unprovoked pain; visual analogue scale for pain on palpation, numerical scale to quantify pain during treatment, and measurement of range of motion during maximum eccentric jaw movements. It has been obtained information about side effects related to treatments. The research project was submitted and approved by Ethics in Research Committee of Faculty of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto USP, Lawsuit n.2006.1.558.0, CAAE n. 0022.0.138.000-06. Data analysis has shown that relief of unprovoked pain was better using Flanaren® , and reduction of pain on palpation was equal in all treatments. Both, diclofenac alone, also diclofenac associate to other drugs, reduced significantly pain after three days of treatment, while placebo, after eight days. It has not been observed increase of range of motion during maximum jaw excursive movements, neither statistically significant side-effect. It has been concluded that treatment using diclofenac as an adjuvant reduced unprovoked pain; all therapies relief pain on palpation, but it was observed on third day for diclofenac and diclofenac associated and on eighth day for placebo. There was not any statistically significant side effect.