Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

The results of experiments aimed at determining whether cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) can kill keratinocytes (KCs) expressing endogenously loaded antigen indicated that antigen specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes could recognize and kill keratinocytes expressing ovalbumin (OVA) or SIINFEKL peptide. Exposure of the KCs to interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) enhanced this CTL-mediated KC lysis and increased CTL epitope presentation on the surface of target cells. Expression of HPV 16 E7 protein in KCs affected CTL-mediated lysis. Expression of HPV 16 E7 inhibited IFN-γ-mediated up-regulation of SIINFEKL/H-2Kb complexes on keratinocytes, and also inhibited IFN-γ-mediated up-regulation of IRF-1 expression, and consequent up-regulation of TAP1 transcription. Further, overexpression of IRF-1 partially corrected the HPV 16 E7-mediated inhibition of enhanced susceptibility of KC lysis induced by IFN-γ. Thus, the effects of HPV 16 E7 on CTL-mediated lysis of IFN-γ exposed KCs are likely mediated by inhibition of MHC class I antigen presentation by IFN-γ. These findings may help explain why HPV-infected epithelial cells can escape from immune surveillance mediated by CTLs in vivo and in vitro.

Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 2005. / Vita. Bibliography: 195-256.

The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from PDF of title page (University of Missouri--Columbia, viewed on April 1, 2010). Vita. Thesis advisor: Habib Zaghouani. "May 2008" Includes bibliographical references.

B lymphocytes play a significant role in autoimmune arthritis, with their function stretching beyond autoantibody production to cytokine secretion and presentation of autoantigen. However, the involvement and activation of different B-cell subset in the autoimmune response is not fully clear. The main focus of this thesis has been to understand the contribution of marginal zone (MZ) B cells in the induction of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), a mouse model for rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We show that MZ B cells in the spleen of naïve mice display a natural self-reactivity to collagen type II (CII), the autoantigen used for immunization of CIA. The CII-reactive MZ B cells expand rapidly following immunization with CII, and produce IgM and IgG antibodies to CII. They also very efficiently present CII to cognate T cells in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, absence of regulatory receptors such as CR1/2 or FcγRIIb on the MZ B cells increases their proliferation and cytokine production in response to toll-like receptor, but not B-cell receptor, activation. Further, FcγRIIb-deficient MZ B cells present CII to T cells more efficiently than wild-type MZ B cells. We additionally demonstrate for the first time the existence of a small population of nodal MZ B cells in mouse lymph nodes. Similar to splenic MZ B cells, the nodal MZ B cells expand after CIA induction, secrete IgM anti-CII antibodies and can present CII to cognate T cells. Finally, we show that mast cells, associated with ectopic B cell follicles in inflamed RA joints, in coculture with B cells promote their expansion, production of IgM and IgG antibodies as well as upregulation of CD19 and L-selectin. Coculture with mast cells further causes the B cells to upregulate costimulators and class II MHC, important molecules for antigen-presenting function. In summary, my findings suggest that splenic and nodal self-reactive MZ B cells participate in breaking T-cell tolerance to CII in CIA. B-cell intrinsic regulation is needed to keep such autoreactive B cells quiescent. Mast cells can potentiate B-cell responses locally in the arthritic joint, thus feeding the autoimmune reaction.

CD4 T cells and B cells are cells associated with the adaptive immune system. The adaptive immune system is designed to mount a rapid antigen-specific response to pathogens by way of clonal expansions of T and B cells bearing discrete antigen-specific receptors. During viral infection, interactions between CD4 T cells and B cells occur in a dynamic process, where B cells that bind to the virus internalize and degrade virus particles. The B cells then present viral antigens to virus-specific CD4 T cells that activate the B cells and cause them to proliferate and differentiate into virus-specific antibody-secreting cells. Yet, non-specific hypergammaglobulinemia and the production of self-reactive antibodies occur during many viral infections, and studies have suggested that viral antigen-presenting B cells may become polyclonally activated by CD4 T cells in vivo in the absence of viral engagement of the B cell receptor. This presumed polyclonal B cell activation associated with virus infection is of great medical interest because it may be involved in the initiation of autoimmunity or contribute to the long-term maintenance of B cell memory. In order to directly examine the interactions that occur between T cells and B cells, I asked what would happen to a polyclonal population of B cells that are presenting viral antigens, if they were transferred into virus-infected hosts. I performed these studies in mice using the well-characterized lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) model of infection. I found that the transferred population of antigen-presenting B cells had two fates. Some antigen-expressing B cells were killed in vivo by CD4 T cells in the first day after transfer into LCMV-infected hosts. However, B cells that survived the cytotoxicity underwent a dynamic polyclonal activation manifested by proliferation, changes in phenotype, and antibody production. The specific elimination of antigen-presenting B cells following adoptive transfer into LCMV-infected hosts is the first evidence that MHC class II-restricted killing can occur in vivo during viral infection. This killing was specific, because only cells expressing specific viral peptides were eliminated, and they were only eliminated in LCMV-infected mice. In addition to peptide specificity, killing was restricted to MHC class II high cells that expressed the B cell markers B220 and CD19. Mice depleted of CD4 T cells prior to adoptive transfer did not eliminate virus-specific targets, suggesting that CD4 T cells are required for this killing. I found that CD4 T cell-dependent cytotoxicity cannot be solely explained by one mechanism, but Fas-FasL interactions and perforin are mechanisms used to induce lysis. Polyclonal B cell activation, hypothesized to be the cause of virus-induced hypergammaglobulinemia, has never been formally described in vivo. Based on previous studies of virus-induced hypergammaglobulinemia, which showed that CD4 T cells were required and that hypergammaglobulinemia was more likely to occur when virus grows to high titer in vivo, it was proposed that the B cells responsible for hypergammaglobulinemia may be expressing viral antigens to virus-specific CD4 T cells in vivo. CD4 T cells would then activate the B cells. However, because the antibodies produced during hypergammaglobulinemia are predominantly not virus-specific, nonvirus-specific B cells must be presenting viral antigens in vivo. In my studies, the adoptively transferred B cells that survived the MHC class II-restricted cytotoxicity became polyclonally activated in LCMV-infected mice. Most of the surviving naïve B cells presenting class II MHC peptides underwent an extensive differentiation process involving both proliferation and secretion of antibodies. Both events required CD4 cells and CD40/CD40L interactions to occur but B cell division did not require MyD88-dependent signaling, type I interferon signaling, or interferon γ signaling within B cells. No division or activation of B cells was detected at all in virus-infected hosts in the absence of cognate CD4 T cells and class II antigen. B cells taken from immunologically tolerant donor LCMV carrier mice with high LCMV antigen load became activated following adoptive transfer into LCMV-infected hosts, suggesting that B cells can present sufficient antigen for this process during a viral infection. A transgenic population of B cells presenting viral antigens was also stimulated to undergo polyclonal activation in LCMV-infected mice. Due to the high proportion of B cells stimulated by virus infection and the fact that transgenic B cells can be activated in this manner, I conclude that virus-induced polyclonal B cell activation is independent of B cell receptor specificity. This approach, therefore, formally demonstrates and quantifies a virus-induced polyclonal proliferation and differentiation of B cells which can occur in a B cell receptor-independent manner. By examining the fate of antigen-presenting B cells following adoptive transfer into LCMV-infected mice, I have been able to observe dynamic interactions between virus-specific CD4 T cells and B cells during viral infection. Adoptive transfer of antigen-presenting B cells results in CD4 T cell-mediated killing and polyclonal activation of B cells during LCMV infection. Studies showing requirements for CD4 T cells or MHC class II to control viral infections must now take MHC class II-restricted cytotoxicity into account. Polyclonal B cell activation after viral infection has the potential to enhance the maintenance of B cell memory or lead to the onset of autoimmune disease.

INTRODUÇÃO: A imunoterapia baseada em células dendríticas derivadas de monócitos (MoDCs) constitui uma estratégia promissora para o tratamento de indivíduos infectados pelo HIV. Devido à sua notória plasticidade, populações heterogêneas de MoDCs podem ser obtidas in vitro, dependendo das condições da cultura. Consequentemente, a capacidade dessas células em secretar citocinas e expressar moléculas que participam do processo de apresentação antigênica (MHC, moléculas de adesão e coestimuladoras) é variável, podendo interferir no perfil e eficácia da resposta imune induzida pela terapia. Em nosso laboratório foi desenvolvido um protocolo clínico de vacinação terapêutica baseada em MoDCs e HIV autólogo inativado para o tratamento de indivíduos cronicamente infectados pelo HIV, não expostos à terapia antirretroviral. Deste modo tornou-se oportuna uma investigação in vitro mais aprofundada sobre a produção viral e as características das MoDCs utilizadas como produto vacinal. OBJETIVOS: Caracterizar o produto vacinal constituído por vírus autólogo e MoDCs de indivíduos infectados pelo HIV utilizados em imunoterapia, com relação a aspectos fenotípicos e funcionais. MÉTODOS: Foram incluídos no estudo 17 indivíduos cronicamente infectados pelo HIV, participantes de um estudo clínico de fase I/II de imunoterapia com MoDCs. Células mononucleares do sangue periférico (PBMCs) foram obtidas a partir de leucaférese e parte do material foi utilizada para isolamento e expansão de HIV em sistema de cultura autólogo ou alogênico. Outra parte das PBMCs foi utilizada como fonte de monócitos para diferenciação em MoDCs imaturas que foram pulsadas ou não com o HIV quimicamente inativado pelo aldrithiol-2 (HIV-AT-2), denominadas respectivamente MoDCs HIV-AT-2 e MoDCs maduras, e posteriormente ativadas com citocinas pró-inflamatórias. MoDCs foram avaliadas fenotípica e funcionalmente quanto à expressão de moléculas de superfície, capacidade fagocítica, potencial migratório, produção de citocinas e habilidade em gerar resposta celular in vitro, avaliada por meio da capacidade em induzir proliferação, produção de citocinas e atividade citotóxica em linfócitos T autólogos. RESULTADOS: O rendimento de partículas virais foi mais elevado quando a expansão do HIV foi realizada em sistema alogênico em comparação ao sistema autólogo. Após estímulo para maturação, tanto MoDCs maduras quanto MoDCs HIV-AT-2 apresentaram aumento na expressão de moléculas de coestimulação, ativação e migração, comparado às MoDCs imaturas. Com relação à caracterização funcional, observamos que MoDCs foram capazes de fagocitar partículas de dextran-FITC, exibiram baixo potencial migratório e baixa produção de citocina polarizante para Th1. Ainda, observamos reduzida atividade citotóxica induzida tanto por MoDCs HIV-AT-2 quanto por MoDCs maduras. Por outro lado, MoDCs HIV-AT-2 promoveram proliferação de linfócitos T autólogos e maior polifuncionalidade em células TCD4+ e TCD8+ em comparação às MoDCs maduras. CONCLUSÃO: A produção de vírus autólogo através de sistema alogênico resulta em maior rendimento viral e potencial imunogênico. O produto vacinal composto por MoDCs HIV-AT-2 é capaz de induzir resposta polifuncional antígeno especifica in vitro / INTRODUCTION: Immunotherapy based on monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MDDCs) is a promising strategy for the treatment of HIV-infected individuals. Due their plasticity, using different combinations of cytokines cocktail in vitro it is possible to obtain a heterogeneous MDDCs population. Consequently the capacity of these cells to secrete cytokines and express molecules that participate in antigen presentation varies (MHC, adhesion and costimulatory molecules) and can interfere in the profile and efficacy of the immune response induced by this therapy. A clinical trial was conducted in our laboratory to evaluate a immunotherapy based on dendritic cells sensitized with autologous inactivated HIV for the treatment of antiretroviral naive chronically HIV-infected individuals. Therefore, it was a good opportunity to study deeply the virus production and expansion in vitro and to characterize MDDCs used as a vaccine. OBJECTIVE. To characterize MDDCs in context of their phenotype and function as well as investigating viral production and expansion in autologous and allogenic systems. METHODS: 17 patients underwent apheresis before vaccination and their peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were used for autologous virus production and expansion of the virus was carried out in both autologous and allogenic systems. Monocytes were differentiated into immature MDDCs that were pulsed/or not with autologous chemically (aldrithiol-2) inactivated HIV particles (HIV-AT-2). These pulsed (HIV-AT-2 MDDCs) and non-pulsed (mature MDDCs) cells were then activated by proinflammatory cytokines. Phenotypic (cell surface marker) and functional analysis (phagocytosis, transmigration and cytokines production) of MDDCs and their priming and stimulation of lymphocyte (proliferation, polyfunctionality and cytotoxicity) was performed using flow cytometry. RESULTS. Viral yield was higher when expanded in allogenic compared to autologous system. After stimulation with proinflammatory cytokines, both HIV-AT-2 MDDCs and mature MDDCs presented increased costimulation expression, activation and migratory molecules compared to immature MDDCs. Regarding to functional characterization, we observed that MDDCs were able to phagocytize FITC-Dextran and exhibitted a low migratory potential and low production of Th1 polarizing response cytokines. Moreover we observed reduced cytotoxic activity induced by HIV-AT-2 MDDCs and mature MDDCs. On the other hand we also observed that HIV-AT-2 MDDCs were capable of inducing proliferation and polyfunctionality of autologous CD4+ and CD8+ T-lymphocytes compared to mature MDDCs. CONCLUSION. Allogenic system was found to be more efficient in increased viral yield in relation to autologous system. Besides, virus expanded in allogenic system showed a more immunogenic profile. Vaccine product (HIV-AT-2 MDDCs) was able to induce antigen specific polyfunctional response

Les cellules dendritiques (DCs) sont des cellules spécialisées dans la présentation de l'antigène aux lymphocytes (CPAs), capables d'initier des réponses immunitaires adaptatives et ce sont également les acteurs majeurs de la présentation croisée des antigènes exogènes par le complexe majeur d’histocompatibilité de classe I (CMH-I). Les mécanismes moléculaires et cellulaires de la présentation croisée ont beaucoup été étudiés, mais des questions importantes restent à élucider. Notre laboratoire a précédemment montré que la pré-incubation à basse température des DCs déficientes pour TAP (transporter associated with antigen processing) normalise l’expression de molécules du CMH-I à la surface et la présentation croisée des antigènes phagocytés par une voie dépendante du protéasome, suggérant que les phagosomes pourraient être dotés d’un transporteur alternatif pour importer les peptides générés dans le cytosol par le protéasome. Comme la source de CMH-I chargés par cette voie reste incertaine, il est possible que le rôle de TAP dans la présentation croisée des antigènes phagocytés soit indirect et limité à fournir les molécules de CMH-I disponibles pour un chargement pendant leur recyclage. Ainsi, notre objectif était de déterminer le rôle exact de TAP dans le transport de peptides à l'intérieur du phagosome et d'évaluer le rôle de TAP-L (TAP-like), un transporteur lysosomal ATP-dépendant avec une fonction putative dans la présentation antigénique. Nous avons mis au point une technique de transport des peptides par cytométrie en flux (phagoFACS) et montré que TAP est présent dans les phagosomes des DCs et est capable de transporter des peptides ayant une forte affinité pour TAP d'une manière ATP-dépendante. Cette technique permet l'exclusion des phagosomes ayant un défaut d’intégrité membranaire, obtenus lors de la préparation des phagosomes, et apporte une preuve directe de l'accumulation du peptide à l'intérieur des phagosomes. Les paramètres affectant cette accumulation sont la maturation phagosomale et la présence de molécules CMH-I liant le peptide. De façon surprenante, en l'absence de TAP, le peptide SIINFEKL dérivé de l’ovalbumine ayant une affinité intermédiaire pour TAP est transporté de manière ATP-dépendante dans le phagosome. Ceci est cohérent avec l’hypothèse suggérant la présence d'un autre transporteur de peptide dans les phagosomes des DCs. Nous avons utilisé la même technique pour évaluer la fonction physiologique de TAP-L dans le transport de peptides et montré que TAP-L est présent dans les phagosomes et serait responsable de l’import de peptides dans ces vésicules. Nos résultats suggèrent aussi que TAP-L semble jouer un rôle dans la présentation croisée des antigènes phagocytés à basse température. Ceci a été observé dans des DCs déficientes pour TAP et TAP-L, indiquant que les deux transporteurs pourraient coopérer pour assurer l’import des peptides dans les phagosomes. Nous avons également pu démontrer un rôle de TAP-L dans la présentation de l’antigène par CMH-II. Ces résultats nous encouragent à explorer les mécanismes sous-jacents à ces fonctions pour comprendre la contribution relative de chaque transporteur de peptides dans la présentation antigénique. / Dendritic cells (DCs) are potent antigen-presenting cells, capable of activating resting T cells and of initiating primary and stimulating memory immune responses. DCs can efficiently use internalized antigens for presentation by major histocompatibility class I (MHC-I) molecules: a phenomenon referred to as “cross-presentation.” Cross-presentation is important in priming of CD8+ T-cell responses to a variety of pathogens and to tumors as well as in immune tolerance to self and in autoimmunity. The molecular and cell biological mechanisms underlying cross-presentation have been studied intensively but important issues remain unclear. Our laboratory has previously shown that the pre-incubation of TAP-deficient DCs at low temperature normalized surface MHC-I expression and cross-presentation of phagocytosed antigens in a proteasome-dependent pathway. This suggested that phagosomes might harbor an alternative peptide transporter to import peptides generated by cytosolic proteasome complexes. As the source of MHC-I loaded in this pathway remains unclear, it is possible that the principal or partial role of TAP in proteasome-dependent cross-presentation of phagocytosed antigens is to provide recycling cell surface class I molecules. Our aim was to assess the exact role of TAP in peptide transport into phagosomes and to examine the role of the transporter associated with antigen processing-like (TAP-L), a lysosomal transporter with a putative function in antigen presentation. We have developed an assay of peptide transport using flow cytometry (phagoFACS) and shown that TAP is present in DC phagosomes and capable of transporting at least peptides with high affinity to TAP in an ATP-dependant manner. Using this assay, which allowed for eliminating background due to leaky vesicles, we were able to provide direct evidence of peptide accumulation inside phagosomes. ATP-dependant peptide accumulation inside phagosomes was affected by phagosomal maturation and by the presence of a peptide-binding MHC class I-molecule. Surprisingly, in the absence of TAP, another peptide transporter may be able to transport a peptide with intermediate affinity to TAP, namely the ovalbumin peptide SIINFEKL, in an ATP-dependant manner. We used the same technique to assess the function of TAP-L in peptide transport and found that TAP-L may be involved in peptide import into phagosomes. Additional results suggest that TAP-L plays a role in MHC-II presentation and cross-presentation of phagocytosed antigens at low temperature. The latter was shown in DCs lacking both transporters, suggesting that TAP and TAP-L might cooperate to ensure peptide import into phagosomes. The mechanisms underlying these functions should be explored to understand the relative contribution of each peptide transporter to antigen presentation.

Par leur activité permanente à l’état basal et en situation infectieuse, les cellules dendritiques (DC) de l’organisme orchestrent la tolérance du soi et l’élimination du non-soi, en façonnant les réponses immunes. Ce rôle immunologique complexe des DC repose en grande partie sur des mécanismes de biologie cellulaire spécifiques, qui font l’objet d’un effort considérable de caractérisation. Le travail réalisé au cours de cette thèse met en lumière une sous-population endosomale jouant un rôle clé dans les processus cellulaires de modulation de l’immunité par les DC : les endosomes IRAP+ (insulin responsive aminopeptidase). Etudiée dans différents contextes biologiques depuis 1930, IRAP s’est récemment révélée être impliquée dans l’apprêtement endo-phagosomal des antigènes exogènes par les DC, en vue de leur présentation croisée aux lymphocytes T (Saveanu et al., 2009; Weimershaus et al., 2012). Cette découverte a attiré notre attention sur les endosomes IRAP+/RAB14+ peu étudiés dans les DC. Ce travail étudie la place des endosomes IRAP dans la biologie cellulaire des DC ainsi que le rôle de ces endosomes dans les fonctions biologiques des DC. Nous avons étudié l’influence des endosomes IRAP sur les autres compartiments cellulaires et démontré leur implication dans un système endolysosomal de régulation de la réponse inflammatoire aux pathogènes. Nous avons également étudié l’impact de IRAP sur les processus de maturation des phagosomes et montré leur influence sur les processus subséquent d’élimination des pathogènes et de présentation croisée. Les endosomes IRAP+ sont donc mis en jeu dans la modulation de la maturation phagosomale et de l’inflammation, mais également dans l’optimisation de la présentation des antigènes aux lymphocytes T ; trois processus qui reposent sur une régulation fine de la compartimentation intracellulaire. L’ensemble des résultats de cette thèse définit les endosomes IRAP+ comme un des acteurs majeurs de la « régulation compartimentée » des processus cellulaires des DC, au cœur de la machinerie qui régit les équilibres de l’immunité. / Dendritic cells (DC) are central in immune system. They are permanently active in the organism at steady state and during infection, where they orchestrate tolerance against self and immunity against non-self, such a complex immunological role relies on specific cell biology mechanisms. These mechanisms are currently extensively studied. This work sheds light on a new endosomal compartment playing a crucial role in immunity modulation: IRAP (insulin responsive aminopeptidase)-containing endosomes. Studied in various contexts since 1930, IRAP was recently revealed to be required for exogenous antigen processing in endophagosomal compartment of DC and subsequent cell surface presentation to T lymphocytes (Saveanu et al., 2009; Weimershaus et al., 2012). This discovery prompted us to study IRAP+ endosomes that are poorly described in DC. This work studies IRAP-containing endosomes in DC compartments and questions their specific contribution in DC biological functions. We therefore investigated IRAP-containing endosomes relationship to other cellular compartments and demonstrated their requirement in an endolysosomal regulation system controlling pathogen related inflammation. We also studied the implication of IRAP-containing endosomes on phagosomes maturation and showed their influence on pathogen killing and cross presentation. IRAP-containing endosomes are required for several cellular functions that all rely on cellular compartmentalization. This work proposes IRAP-containing endosomes as a major actor of a “compartmental regulation” of DC functions, participating to fine tuning of immune balance.

L'objectif de cette thèse repose sur le développement de micelles de polymères polyioniques, vecteurs de molécules thérapeutiques en immunothérapie avec des cellules dendritiques (DCs). Elles sont préparées à partir d'un copolymère à blocs double-hydrophiles, l'acide polyméthacrylique-b-polyoxyde d'éthylène (PMAA-b-POE) et d'un contre ion de charge opposée. De taille nanométrique, elles sont capables d'encapsuler des molécules thérapeutiques selon une association tripartite originale et de se désassembler à pH acide pour permettre leur libération dans le milieu endosomal.Le premier axe de travail a porté sur l'évaluation de la propriété des copolymères à induire un échappement endosomal en fonction de leur masse molaire en utilisant deux modèles membranaires (liposomes et globules rouges). La complexation des copolymères de masses molaires différentes avec la poly-L-lysine comme contre-ion a permis l'obtention de micelles avec des propriétés d'échappement endosomal variables. Cette propriété est intéressante car en fonction de la stratégie thérapeutique adoptée, elle orientera le choix de la masse molaire du copolymère pour la formulation des micelles.Le second axe a consisté en l'application de ces micelles pour la vectorisation d'un peptide modèle (peptide OVA) dans les DCs. La capacité des micelles à encapsuler le peptide et à le libérer au niveau des compartiments endosomaux a été évaluée par des techniques de spectrofluorimétrie et de microscopie confocale. Enfin, l'efficacité de présentation du peptide formulé dans les différentes micelles a été mise en évidence et a montré l'amélioration de la présentation par les DCs du peptide formulé dans les micelles comparé au peptide non formulé. Cette présentation est nettement supérieure en utilisant les micelles composées de copolymères de masse molaire élevée qui n'entraînent pas d'échappement endosomal.Le troisième axe de recherche a reposé sur la transfection des DCs avec des micelles de siRNA dirigés contre la protéine de surface CD86. Seules les micelles composées de copolymères de faible masse molaire ont permis l'encapsulation du siRNA et la baisse de l'expression de la protéine CD86 à la surface des DCs. Afin d'optimiser la capacité des micelles à encapsuler et transfecter les DCs, la formulation des micelles a été optimisée en remplaçant la PLL par un autre polycation la polyethylene imine PEI. Ces micelles polyioniques à base de copolymère PMAA-b-POE apparaissent donc comme des vecteurs de molécules d'intérêt thérapeutique prometteurs pour les cellules dendritiques en immunothérapie ou en thérapie génique. / The aim of the thesis work is based on the development of polymeric micelles vectors of therapeutic molecules in immunotherapy with dendritic cells (DCs). They are composed of a double hydrophilic blocks copolymers, poly(methacrylic acid)-b-poly(ethylene oxide) (PMAA-b-PEO) and an oppositely charged polyion. They are caracterized by a nanometric size, a capacity to encapsulate therapeutic molecules according to a tripartite association and are able to disassemble at acidic pH allowing the release of their cargo.The first part of this work has focused on the evaluation of the endosomal escape property of copolymers based on their molecular weight by using two membrane models (liposomes and red blood cells). Complexation of different molecular weight copolymers with poly- L- lysine as counter ion allowed the formation of micelles with variable endosomal escape properties. This property is interesting because according to the adopted therapeutic strategy, it will guide the choice of the copolymer micelles for formulation.The second part consisted of the application of these micelles for the vectorization of a model peptide (OVA peptide) in DCs. The ability of micelles to encapsulate and release this peptide in the endosomal compartments was assessed by fluorescence spectroscopy and confocal microscopy techniques. Finally, the effectiveness of the OVA presentation formulated in the different type of micelles has been demonstrated and shown that the peptide presentation by DCs was improved when it was formulated in micelles compared to unformulated peptide. This presentation was much higher using micelles composed of high molecular weight copolymers that do not involve endosomal escape.The third part of the research was based on the transfection of DCs with siRNA directed against CD86 protein surface. Only micelles composed of low molecular weight copolymers allowed the encapsulation of siRNA molecules and decreased the expression of CD86 protein on DCs surface. To increase the ability of micelles to encapsulate and transfect DCs, the micelle formulation was optimized by changing the PLL with another polycation PEI.These polyion micelles based PMAA-b-PEO copolymers appear as vectors of therapeutic molecules for promising strategies with dendritic cells such as vaccination and gene therapy.