Orientador: Hérida Regina Nunes Salgado / Banca: Hérida Regina Nunes Salgado / Banca: Eloir Paulo Schenkel / Banca: Taís Maria Bauab / Resumo: As espécies Vismia guianensis (Aubl.) (Clusiaceae) e Senna reticulata (Willd.) Irwin & Barneby (Caesalpiniaceae), conhecidas popularmente por lacre e mata-pasto, respectivamente, são encontradas na região amazônica, onde são utilizadas na medicina popular para o tratamento de diversas moléstias, principalmente infecções e dermatomicoses. Diante do exposto, o presente trabalho objetivou avaliar a atividade antimicrobiana dos extratos e frações das referidas espécies vegetais, através da bioautografia e da determinação da concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) pelo método de microdiluição. Foi avaliada também a atividade imunológica dos extratos hidroetanólicos das cascas do caule e das folhas de Senna reticulata e de Vismia guianensis através da produção e inibição de óxido nítrico por células peritoneais de camundongos. Todos os extratos apresentaram atividade inibitória frente às cepas padrão (ATCC) e clínicas dos fungos Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes e Microsporum canis. O extrato hidroalcoólico das cascas de V. guianensis apresentou melhor atividade antimicrobiana, com CIM de 62,5 μg/mL, de 125 μg/mL e de 500 μg/mL frente às cepas padrão de T. mentagrophytes, T. rubrum e M. canis, respectivamente; CIM de 125 μg/mL para as cepas clínicas de T. rubrum e T. mentagrophytes e, de 15,63 μg/mL frente à cepa clínica de M. canis. O extrato hidroetanólico das cascas de V. guianensis também apresentou atividade antimicrobiana contra todas as bactérias testadas, sendo as cepas de S. aureus, S. epidermidis e B. subtilis foram as mais sensíveis. As cepas de C. albicans foram resistentes aos extratos de ambas espécies vegetais. Através dos ensaios de atividade imunológica in vitro observou-se que na concentração de 50 μg/mL os extratos não apresentaram citotoxicidade e que apresentaram potencial atividade antiinflamatória / Abstract: The Vismia guianensis (Aubl.) (Clusiaceae) and Senna reticulata (Willd.) Irwin & Barneby (Caesalpiniaceae), popularly known as seal and obtusifolia, respectively, are found in the Amazon region, where they are used in folk medicine for the treatment of various diseases, especially infections and dermatomycoses. In this light, this study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of extracts and fractions of these plant species by bioautography and determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) by microdilution method. We also evaluate the immunological activity of the hydroethanolic from the stem bark and leaves of Senna reticulata and Vismia guianensis and production through the inhibition of nitric oxide by peritoneal cells of mice. All the extracts showed activity against the standard strains (ATCC) and clinical fungi Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Microsporum canis. The hydroalcoholic extract of the bark of V. guianensis showed better antimicrobial activity, with MIC of 62.5 μg/mL, 125 μg/mL and 500 μg/mL against the standard strains of T. mentagrophytes, T. rubrum and M. canis, respectively, MIC of 125 μg/mL for clinical strains of T. rubrum and T. mentagrophytes and of 15.63 μg/mL against the clinical strain of M. canis. The hydroalcoholic extract of the bark of V. guianensis also showed antimicrobial activity against all bacteria tested, with strains of S. aureus, S. epidermidis and B. subtilis were the most sensitive. The strains of C. albicans were resistant to the extracts of both species. Through the in vitro testing of immune activity was observed that the concentration of 50 μg/mL extracts showed no cytotoxicity and showed potential anti-inflammatory activity / Mestre

Própolis é um material resinoso produzido por Apis mellifera constituído de exsudatos coletados de plantas e substâncias produzidas pelas abelhas, além de pequenas quantidades de aminoácidos, açúcares, pólen, etc. Na colméia, esse material é utilizado para diversos fins, como vedar aberturas no ninho e prevenir a decomposição de invasores mortos. Sua composição variada e rica em compostos biologicamente ativos tem sido amplamente reportada em ensaios de atividades antibacteriana, antifúngica, antiinflamatória, antitumoral, antioxidante e antiviral. Por isso, existe um grande interesse no estudo da composição química da própolis e das atividades biológicas de seus constituintes. De uma amostra de própolis vermelha, oriunda da região de Maceió (AL), obteve-se uma série de extratos de polaridade crescente: n-hexano, clorofórmio, acetato de etila e metanol. Com extrato metanólico foram realizados ensaios para determinação dos teores de fenóis e flavonóides, ensaios de atividade antioxidante, além de ensaios antimicrobianos contra bactérias e o fungo Candida albicans. Foi determinado o teor de ceras a partir de 3 g de própolis bruta, por extração com clorofórmio, evaporação do solvente, tratamento com metanol quente e precipitação após resfriamento. O teor de ceras obtido foi de 6,8%. Os fenóis totais foram determinados pelo método de Folin-Ciocaulteau, usando-se soluções de ácido gálico como referência. Para a determinação dos flavonóides, realizou-se a reação com cloreto de alumínio e soluções de quercetina como referência, fazendo-se leituras em 420 nm. Foram determinados 21,9% de fenóis totais e 8,4% de flavonóides. A atividade antioxidante foi avaliada segundo dois métodos, o de redução do radical estável DPPH e o de descoloração do sistema -caroteno/ácido linoléico, usando-se a rutina como referência em ambos os métodos. Extratos metanólicos da amostra em concentrações de 8, 12,5 e 25 g/mL reduziram o DPPH em 30,6%, 32,7% e 39,1% respectivamente, enquanto a solução de rutina nas mesmas concentrações reduziu 60,7% 64,3%, 100% e respectivamente. Com o sistema -caroteno/ácido linoléico foram utilizadas concentrações de 2, 1,5 e 1 mg/mL tanto de amostra como de rutina. Os coeficientes de atividade antioxidante (CAO) das soluções da amostra nas concentrações 1, 1,5 e 2 mg/mL foram 672,2, 698,7 e 739,7, enquanto os valores de CAO para as soluções de rutina nas mesmas concentrações foram 787,2, 814,4 e 739,7. A proximidade dos resultados entre amostra e referência indicam a presença de substâncias altamente antioxidantes na própolis vermelha, em proporções elevadas. A atividade antimicrobiana foi avaliada pelo método de macrodiluição em caldo, seguida de crescimento em placa, usando cepas de Bacillus subtillis, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonela Typhimurium e Candida albicans. Observou-se inibição do crescimento de todos os microrganismos e atividade microbicida contra B. subtillis, P. aeruginosa, S. Typhimurium e C. albicans. / Propolis is a resinous material produced by Apis mellifera, made up of exsudates from plants collected by the bees and beeswax, in addition to small quantities of aminoacids, sugars, pollen, etc. Propolis is used in the hive for several purposes, such as to seal openings and prevent decomposition of the bodies of invading animals. Its composition is varied and rich in biologically active compounds. Many reports have been published about activities such as antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antitumoral and antioxidant. There is, therefore, an increasing interest for studies about chemical composition and biological activity of propolis and its constituents. Extracts of increasing polarity (n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol) were obtained from a sample of red propolis from Maceió (state of Alagoas, northeast Brazil). Assays for determination of contents of phenolics and flavonoids and activities against bacteria and Candida albicans were carried out with the methanol extract. Waxes content was determined with 3 g of the sample by extraction with chloroform, evaporation of the solvent, treatment with hot methanol and precipitation upon cooling. The content obtained was 6.8%. The content of phenolic compounds was determined by the Folin-Ciocalteau method, using solutions of gallic acid as reference. The flavonoid content was determined by complexation with aluminum chloride and reading the absorbances at 420 nm, using quercetin as reference. The content of phenolic compounds was 21.9% and that of flavonoids 8.4%. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by the methods of reduction of the stable free radical DPPH and discoloration of the system -carotene/linoleic acid, using rutin as reference in both methods. The percent of DPPH reduction of methanolic extracts at concentrations 8, 12.5 and 25 g/mL were, respectively, 30.6%, 32.7% and 39.1%, and the values corresponding to rutin at the same concentrations were 60.7%, 64.3% and 100%. With regard to the system -carotene/linoleic acid, solutions at concentrations 2, 1.5 and 1 mg/mL of the methanolic extract gave coefficients of antioxidant activity (CAO) of 672.2, 298.7 and 739.7, respectively, while solutions of rutin at the same concentrations gave CAO of 787.2, 814.4 and 739.7. The similarity of results comparing propolis extract and rutin indicate that the analyzed propolis sample contain high contents of substances with high antioxidant activity. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated by the method of macrodilution in broth, followed by plate growth, using lineages of Bacillus subtillis, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonela Typhimurium and Candida albicans. The growth of all microorganisms was inhibited, while microbicidal activity was observed against B. subtillis, P. aeruginosa, S. Typhimurium and C. albicans.

Ilex paraguariensis, is used in the preparation of a widely popular tea beverage (Yerba Mate) mainly produced and consumed in the countries of Uruguay, Paraguay, Argentina and Brazil. Dialyzed aqueous extracts were screened for antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli O157:H7, Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant S. aureus and S. pseudintermedius, and Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato. Using a concentrated extract, S. aureus was found to be the more sensitive to extracts than E. coli O157:H7. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was defined as the lowest concentration of extract tested that did not allow bacterial growth (inhibition) above the original inoculums of approximately 5.0-6.0 log CFU/ml after 24 hr. The minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was defined as the lowest concentration tested where bacterial death (inactivation) was observed after 24 hr. MBCs were determined to be ca. 0.150- 0.800 mg protein equivalent/ml and 0.025-0.050 mg protein equivalent/ml against E. coli O157:H7 and S. aureus respectively. Using a lyophilized extract, MICs were determined to be 5 mg/ml for two strains of E. coli O157:H7 and MBCs 5 mg/ml for E. coli O157:H7 strain ATCC 43894 and 10 mg/ml for E. coli O157:H7 strain ‘Cider’ in microbiological media. An approximately >4.5 log reduction was observed for E. coli O157:H7 treated with 40 mg/ml extract in modified apple juice, which approximate to the requirements of the United States Code of Federal Regulations (21 CFR part 120). We demonstrated antimicrobial effectiveness of aqueous extracts after 24 hr at 1 and 2 mg/ml against all strains of methicillin-resistant S. pseudintermedius and of S. aureus tested respectively. An approximately >5 log reduction was observed in all strains at all concentrations after 24 hr. Methicllin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains appeared more susceptible to the extract than methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MSRP) strains. It was concluded that aqueous extracts of Yerba Mate demonstrated broad activity against foodborne, human, animal and plant pathogenic bacteria, including strains demonstrating resistance to certain antibiotics.

Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2016-04-07T13:35:02Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) dissertação definitiva 23 11.pdf: 921952 bytes, checksum: 37d77e919c6fe1d78ee666241b6385c6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-07T13:35:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) dissertação definitiva 23 11.pdf: 921952 bytes, checksum: 37d77e919c6fe1d78ee666241b6385c6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-07-22 / CAPEs / O Indican é o precursor de pigmentos indigóides, presente em plantas do gênero indigofera, fungos e urina humana. Este trabalho objetivou investigar as atividades toxicológica e antimicrobiana dos compostos Indican (sintético e natural) e dos indigóides: Índigo e Indirubina de folhas de Indigofera suffruticosa (fabacea). Nesta pesquisa foi utilizado o Indican sintético e natural e os derivados indigóides obtidos de folhas de I. suffruticosa. No ensaio toxicológico utilizou-se o microcrustáceo Artemia salina e na atividade antimicrobiana bactérias (Gram-positivas e Gram-negativas) e fungos (leveduras e dermatófitos) através do método de microdiluição em poços. O Indican sintético foi avaliado frente A. salina e cepas bacterianas e fungicas e o Indican natural sobre A. salina e dermatofitos. Os indigóides Indigo e indirubina de I. suffruticosa foram testados sobre dermatofitos. O Indican® e Indican natural de I. suffruticosa apresentaram baixa ordem de toxicidade frente à Artemia salina. O Indican® não apresentou atividade sobre bactérias Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis e Pseudomonas aeruginosa. A Concentração Inibitória Mínima (CIM) do Indican® frente a leveduras foi: 256 μg/mL para Candida albicans e C. krusei e 512 μg/mL para C. tropicalis, também foi determinada a Concentração Fungicida Mínima (CFM) do composto frente a essas cepas, obtendo-se 512 μg/mL para C. tropicalis e C. krusei e 1024μg/mL para C. albicans. A CIM do Indican® sintético frente aos dermatófitos: Trichophyton rubrum, T. mentagrophytes e Microsporum gypseum foi 512 μg/mL. O Índigo e o Indican natural de I. suffruticosa apresentaram CIM de 256 e 1024 μg/mL respectivamente, frente as cepas de dermatófitos, enquanto a Indirubina não apresentou atividade. Este estudo sugere que o composto Indican® e natural e o alcaloide indigóide: Índigo de I. suffruticosa podem ser utilizados no tratamento alternativo nas dermatites. / The Indican is the precursor of indigóides pigments present in the genre indigofera plants, fungi and human urine. This study aimed to investigate the toxicological and antimicrobial activities of Indican compounds (synthetic and natural) and indigóides Indigo and Indirubina leaves of Indigofera suffruticosa (Fabaceae). In this research we used the synthetic and natural Indican and indigóides derivatives obtained from leaves of I. suffruticosa. In the toxicological test we used the microcrustacean Artemia salina and antimicrobial activity in bacteria (gram positive and gram negative) and fungi (yeasts and dermatophytes) through the wells in microdilution method. Synthetic Indican was rated ahead A. saline and bacterial and fungal strains and natural Indican on A. salina and dermatophytes. The indigóides Indigo and indirubina of I. suffruticosa were tested on dermatophytes. The Indican® and natural Indican I. suffruticosa showed low order of toxicity on Artemia salina. The Indican® showed no activity against Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of Indican® against yeasts was 256 ug / ml for Candida albicans and C. krusei and 512 ug / ml for C. tropicalis, it was also determined Minimum Fungicidal Concentration (MFC) against the compound these strains, yielding 512 g / ml for C. tropicalis and C. krusei and 1024μg / ml for C. albicans. The CIM synthetic Indican® front of dermatophytes: Trichophyton rubrum, T. mentagrophytes and Microsporum gypseum was 512 mg / mL. The Indigo and natural Indican of I. suffruticosa showed MIC 256 and 1024 mg / mL respectively, compared strains of dermatophytes, while Indirubina showed no activity. This study suggests that Indican® and natural alkaloid compound and indigoid: Indigo I. suffruticosa can be used as an alternative treatment in dermatitis.

Própolis é um material resinoso produzido por Apis mellifera constituído de exsudatos coletados de plantas e substâncias produzidas pelas abelhas, além de pequenas quantidades de aminoácidos, açúcares, pólen, etc. Na colméia, esse material é utilizado para diversos fins, como vedar aberturas no ninho e prevenir a decomposição de invasores mortos. Sua composição variada e rica em compostos biologicamente ativos tem sido amplamente reportada em ensaios de atividades antibacteriana, antifúngica, antiinflamatória, antitumoral, antioxidante e antiviral. Por isso, existe um grande interesse no estudo da composição química da própolis e das atividades biológicas de seus constituintes. De uma amostra de própolis vermelha, oriunda da região de Maceió (AL), obteve-se uma série de extratos de polaridade crescente: n-hexano, clorofórmio, acetato de etila e metanol. Com extrato metanólico foram realizados ensaios para determinação dos teores de fenóis e flavonóides, ensaios de atividade antioxidante, além de ensaios antimicrobianos contra bactérias e o fungo Candida albicans. Foi determinado o teor de ceras a partir de 3 g de própolis bruta, por extração com clorofórmio, evaporação do solvente, tratamento com metanol quente e precipitação após resfriamento. O teor de ceras obtido foi de 6,8%. Os fenóis totais foram determinados pelo método de Folin-Ciocaulteau, usando-se soluções de ácido gálico como referência. Para a determinação dos flavonóides, realizou-se a reação com cloreto de alumínio e soluções de quercetina como referência, fazendo-se leituras em 420 nm. Foram determinados 21,9% de fenóis totais e 8,4% de flavonóides. A atividade antioxidante foi avaliada segundo dois métodos, o de redução do radical estável DPPH e o de descoloração do sistema -caroteno/ácido linoléico, usando-se a rutina como referência em ambos os métodos. Extratos metanólicos da amostra em concentrações de 8, 12,5 e 25 g/mL reduziram o DPPH em 30,6%, 32,7% e 39,1% respectivamente, enquanto a solução de rutina nas mesmas concentrações reduziu 60,7% 64,3%, 100% e respectivamente. Com o sistema -caroteno/ácido linoléico foram utilizadas concentrações de 2, 1,5 e 1 mg/mL tanto de amostra como de rutina. Os coeficientes de atividade antioxidante (CAO) das soluções da amostra nas concentrações 1, 1,5 e 2 mg/mL foram 672,2, 698,7 e 739,7, enquanto os valores de CAO para as soluções de rutina nas mesmas concentrações foram 787,2, 814,4 e 739,7. A proximidade dos resultados entre amostra e referência indicam a presença de substâncias altamente antioxidantes na própolis vermelha, em proporções elevadas. A atividade antimicrobiana foi avaliada pelo método de macrodiluição em caldo, seguida de crescimento em placa, usando cepas de Bacillus subtillis, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonela Typhimurium e Candida albicans. Observou-se inibição do crescimento de todos os microrganismos e atividade microbicida contra B. subtillis, P. aeruginosa, S. Typhimurium e C. albicans. / Propolis is a resinous material produced by Apis mellifera, made up of exsudates from plants collected by the bees and beeswax, in addition to small quantities of aminoacids, sugars, pollen, etc. Propolis is used in the hive for several purposes, such as to seal openings and prevent decomposition of the bodies of invading animals. Its composition is varied and rich in biologically active compounds. Many reports have been published about activities such as antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antitumoral and antioxidant. There is, therefore, an increasing interest for studies about chemical composition and biological activity of propolis and its constituents. Extracts of increasing polarity (n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol) were obtained from a sample of red propolis from Maceió (state of Alagoas, northeast Brazil). Assays for determination of contents of phenolics and flavonoids and activities against bacteria and Candida albicans were carried out with the methanol extract. Waxes content was determined with 3 g of the sample by extraction with chloroform, evaporation of the solvent, treatment with hot methanol and precipitation upon cooling. The content obtained was 6.8%. The content of phenolic compounds was determined by the Folin-Ciocalteau method, using solutions of gallic acid as reference. The flavonoid content was determined by complexation with aluminum chloride and reading the absorbances at 420 nm, using quercetin as reference. The content of phenolic compounds was 21.9% and that of flavonoids 8.4%. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by the methods of reduction of the stable free radical DPPH and discoloration of the system -carotene/linoleic acid, using rutin as reference in both methods. The percent of DPPH reduction of methanolic extracts at concentrations 8, 12.5 and 25 g/mL were, respectively, 30.6%, 32.7% and 39.1%, and the values corresponding to rutin at the same concentrations were 60.7%, 64.3% and 100%. With regard to the system -carotene/linoleic acid, solutions at concentrations 2, 1.5 and 1 mg/mL of the methanolic extract gave coefficients of antioxidant activity (CAO) of 672.2, 298.7 and 739.7, respectively, while solutions of rutin at the same concentrations gave CAO of 787.2, 814.4 and 739.7. The similarity of results comparing propolis extract and rutin indicate that the analyzed propolis sample contain high contents of substances with high antioxidant activity. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated by the method of macrodilution in broth, followed by plate growth, using lineages of Bacillus subtillis, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonela Typhimurium and Candida albicans. The growth of all microorganisms was inhibited, while microbicidal activity was observed against B. subtillis, P. aeruginosa, S. Typhimurium and C. albicans.

Nós avaliamos a atividade antimicrobiana do mel coletado de ninhos de 12 espécies de abelhas nativas sem ferrão comumente encontrados no Brasil e 25 amostras de mel de Apis mellifera não pasteurizados que foram identificadas como sendo unifloral e uma amostra de mel multifloral. A atividade antimicrobiana de cada amostra de mel foi testada contra cinco espécies de bactérias patogênicas, uma espécie de fungo patogênico e uma espécie de levedura patogênica, comparando esta atividade com o mel terapêutico de manuka produzido por abelhas Apis mellifera na Nova Zelândia a partir do néctar de Leptospermum scoparium (Myrtaceae). Cinco das treze amostras de mel das abelhas sem ferrão foram bactericidas e oito foram fungicidas contra o fungo patogênico Trichophyton rubrum. Somente a levedura Candida albicans foi resistente a todas as amostras de mel. As amostras de mel de Apis mellifera que apresentaram atividade bactericida foram caju, romã e cana, nenhuma das amostras de mel de A. mellifera afetou o fungo T. rubrum. Os meis de Nannotrigona testaceicornis, Plebeia remota, Tetragona clavipes e Scaptotrigona depilis todos com alto nível de atividade antimicrobiana, foram significativamente mais eficiente em termos de atividade antimicrobiana que o mel de manuka, especialmente contra Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae e T. rubrum. O mel artificial feito com os principais açúcares encontrados no mel e com teor de água semelhante, não teve atividade antimicrobiana em nossas análises. Nós também fizemos análises de espectrometria de massas das amostras de mel e encontramos alguns \"fingerprint\" característicos que foram associadas com a atividade antimicrobiana. / We evaluated the antimicrobial activity of honey collected from nests of 12 species of native stingless bees commonly found in Brazil and 25 unpasteurized honey samples of Apis mellifera that were identified as being unifloral and one multifloral honey sample. The antimicrobial activity of each honey sample was tested against five species of pathogenic bacteria, a pathogenic fungal species and a pathogenic yeast species, comparing this activity with therapeutic manuka honey produced by Apis mellifera bees in New Zealand from the nectar of Leptospermum scoparium (Myrtaceae). Five of thirteen samples of honey from the stingless bees were bactericidal and eight were fungicidal against the pathogenic fungus Trichophyton rubrum. Only the yeast Candida albicans was resistant to all honey samples. The Apis mellifera honey samples that showed bactericidal activity were caju, romã e cana, none of the A. mellifera honey samples affected the fungus T. rubrum. The honeys from Nannotrigona testaceicornis, Plebeia remote, Tetragona clavipes and Scaptotrigona depilis all had a high degree of antimicrobial activity, they were significantly more efficient in terms of antimicrobial activity than manuka honey, especially against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and T. rubrum. Artificial honey, made with the main sugars found in honey and with similar water content, had no antimicrobial activity in our analyses. We also made mass spectrometry analyses of the honey samples and found some fingerprint characteristics that were associated with antimicrobial activity.

Echinacea purpurea is a rich source of biologically active compounds, which are attributed to several therapeutic effects. This thesis is focused on the optimization of the extraction process, considered these substances. Maceration was chosen as a type of extraction, due to its simplicity. The Optimal conditions were solid-solvent ratio 1: 5, 40% ethanol, 60 °C, 60 minutes. An extract from the dried flowers of Echinacea purpurea was prepared by this optimized process. The content of total phenolic compounds was set on 365.18 ± 3.51 [mg_GAEl^(-1)] and the antioxidant activity was 507.50 ± 6.89 [mg_TEACl^(-1)]. The percentage of radical scavenging activity ABTS•+ was 95.45 ± 1.30. The antimicrobial activity of the extract was tested against 3 microorganisms – Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus and Candida glabrata. There was not detected inhibitory effect on the growth of microorganisms. In a total, 39 volatile compounds were identified, and the biggest group were represented sesquiterpenes (70.9%). The obtained results confirm that Echinacea extract has antioxidant activity and contains several interesting aromatic substances, In the future, it can be used as a natural resource of nutritionally and sensory valuable compounds, e.g., into various foods and delicacies.

For thousands of years ginger rhizomes are used in traditional Chinese medicine. Because of his significant pungent flavour is commonly used in foods and beverages all over the world. Nowadays many of the beneficial pharmacological positive effects of ginger rhizomes are identified. Their occurrence is due to the high concentration of bioactive compounds. This thesis is focused on analysing of occurrence of bioactive compounds such as polyphenols and flavonoids and their influence on antioxidation and antimicrobial properties of samples of fresh and dried ginger. The results show that for extraction of bioactive compounds in different ginger samples is more suitable to use different types of extraction solvents. The highest antioxidation activity was measured for macerate of 100% bio ginger tea from Sonnentor company in 96% ethanol. Antimicrobial properties were showed only for 100% bio ginger tea against gram-positive bacteria Microccocus luteus.

>Magister Scientiae - MSc / Peptides are among the main drugs which attract much attention because of their great potential in treating sexually transmitted diseases and other chronic diseases. There has been a major challenge of delivering these drugs in mucosal sites with low pH environment. The aim of this study is to synthesize acidic pH stable peptide loaded chitosan nanoparticles gels that could penetrate mucus layers covering the epithelial cells and kill HIV virus. Chitosan nanoparticles were synthesized by crosslinking method called Ionic gelation with Sodium tripolyphosphateTPP. / 2023

No description available.