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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

The Role of the Nrf2-Keap1 Pathway in Autophagy and How it Contributes to Arsenic Carcinogenicity

Lau, Alexandria G. January 2012 (has links)
NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a transcription factor that is responsible for maintaining cellular homeostasis by controlling the fate of cells through transcriptional upregulation of antioxidant response element-bearing genes critical for eliminating toxicants and carcinogens. Under quiescent conditions, basal levels of Nrf2 are relatively low due to tight regulation by Keap1, a substrate adaptor protein for a Cullin 3 (Cul3)-E3 ubiquitin ligase complex that facilitates the ubiquitination and degradation of Nrf2. It is thought that when cells are exposed to oxidative stress, naturally-occurring compounds, or synthetic chemicals, cysteine residues in Keap1, particularly cysteine 151 (C151), are modified causing a conformational change that compromises the ability of the Keap1-Cul3-E3 ubiquitin ligase complex to properly ubiquitinate Nrf2. It is then stabilized and allowed to translocate into the nucleus to transcriptionally activate downstream genes. Interestingly, recent emerging data has revealed the "dark side" of Nrf2. Epigentic alterations and somatic mutations in either Nrf2 or Keap1 disrupting the Nrf2-Keap1 axis and causing constitutive activation of Nrf2 have been found in many human cancer cell lines and tumors. Thus, Nrf2 provides mutated cells a protective advantage against cytotoxic chemotherapeutics, allowing for further cell survival and growth. It is well known that arsenic is a human carcinogen and can activate the Nrf2 pathway through a Keap1-C151 independent mechanism. It has also been shown that arsenic can activate autophagy, a bulk-lysosomal degradation pathway. In this dissertation, we establish the cross-talk between the Nrf2-Keap1 pathway and autophagy by elucidating a novel non-canonical mechanism of Nrf2 activation. We found that deregulation of autophagy causes accumulation of p62, a substrate adaptor protein, which sequesters Keap1 into autophagosomes and activates the Nrf2 pathway. Moreover, we also demonstrate how arsenic blocks autophagic flux and prolongs Nrf2 activation through this novel mechanism. Additionally, activation of the Nrf2 pathway has been shown to confer protection against arsenic-induced toxicity and carcinogenicity. We demonstrate that co-treatment with sulforaphane alleviates arsenic-mediated autophagy. These studies suggest that the Keap1-C151 dependent mechanism triggers the chemopreventive role of Nrf2 while activation through p62 elicits the dark side. Therefore, the use of Keap1-C151-dependent compounds to counteract environmental insults continuous to be a promising strategy for cancer prevention.
2

Mechanistic Study of Nucleocytoplasmic Trafficking and Reversible Acetylation in Modulating the NRF2-Dependent Antioxidant Response

Sun, Zheng January 2008 (has links)
To maintain intracellular redox homeostasis, genes encoding many endogenous antioxidants and phase II detoxification enzymes are transcriptionally upregulated upon deleterious oxidative stress through the cis- antioxidant responsive elements (AREs) in their promoter regions. Nrf2 has emerged as the pivatol transcription factor responsible for ARE-dependent transcription, and has been shown to play critical roles in hepatotoxicity, chemical carcinogenesis, pulmonary inflammatory diseases, neurodegenerative diseases and aging. Therefore, understanding the molecular mechanism of the Nrf2-dependent cytoprotective system is important for development of drugs for therapeutic intervention.Nrf2 is targeted by Keap1 for ubiquitin-mediated degradation under basal conditions. Upon oxidative stress, distinct cysteine residues of Keap1 are alkylated, leading to inhibition of Keap1 and activation of Nrf2. However, it was not clear how Nrf2 is re-entered into the repression status when redox homeostasis is re-achieved. In this dissertation, we establish that the post-induction repression of Nrf2 is controlled by the nuclear export function of Keap1 in alliance with the cytoplasmic ubiquitination/ degradation machinery. We show that a nuclear export sequence (NES) in Keap1 is required for termination of Nrf2 signaling; ubiquitination of Nrf2 is carried out in the cytosol; Keap1 nuclear translocation is independent of Nrf2; and the Nrf2-Keap1 complex does not bind the ARE. Collectively, these results suggest that Keap1 translocates into the nucleus to dissociate Nrf2 from the ARE and mediates nuclear export of Nrf2 followed by ubiquitination and degradation of Nrf2 in the cytoplasm.In addition to Keap1-mediated negative regulation, we identified a novel positive regulatory mechanism of Nrf2 mediated by transcription co-activator p300/CBP. We show that p300/CBP directly binds and acetylates Nrf2 in response to oxidative stress. We have identified multiple acetylated lysine residues within the Nrf2 Neh1 DNA-binding domain. Combined lysine-to-arginine mutations on the acetylation sites, with no effects on Nrf2 protein stability, compromised the DNA-binding activity of Nrf2 in a promoter-specific manner both in vitro and in vivo. These findings demonstrated that acetylation of Nrf2 by p300/CBP augments promoter-specific DNA binding of Nrf2 and established acetylation as a novel regulatory mechanism that functions in concert with Keap1-mediated ubiquitination in modulating the Nrf2-dependent antioxidant response.
3

REGULATION OF OXIDATIVE-STRESS-RESPONSIVE GENES: INVOLVEMENT OF CYP1A1 AND RELATIONSHIP WITH GLUTATHIONE AND APOPTOSIS

Dieter, Matthew Z. January 2000 (has links)
No description available.
4

Geração de espécies reativas por fluconazol em Candida glabrata : ativação de enzimas antioxidantes e dano oxidativo no DNA

Mahl, Camila Donato January 2014 (has links)
A participação das espécies reativas de oxigênio (ERO) no mecanismo de ação dos antifúngicos azólicos, bem como a relação entre resistência aos antifúngicos e resposta ao estresse oxidativo, têm sido sugeridos. Entretanto, os dados ainda são inconclusivos e diferem entre os micro-organismos. Neste estudo estão apresentados os resultados da geração de ERO pelo fluconazol em isolados de C. glabrata sensíveis e resistentes a esse antifúngico e a resposta antioxidante da levedura. Nesses isolados, tratados e não tratados com fluconazol em concentração subinibitória, de acordo com sua concentração inibitória mínima (CIM), até fase de crescimento estacionário, foi avaliado se o fluconazol geraria ERO. Subsequentemente, foram analisadas as defesas antioxidantes glutationa peroxidase (GPx), superóxido dismutase (SOD), glutationa-S-transferase (GST), consumo de peróxido de hidrogênio e glutationa total, bem como possível dano oxidativo causado pelo fluconazol em lipídeos, proteínas e ácidos nucleicos e os níveis de nitritos e nitratos. Os resultados mostram que nos isolados de C. glabrata sensíveis e resistentes ao fluconazol, na presença do antifúngico, houve um aumento da geração ERO e maior atividade enzimática da GPx e SOD comparada a dos isolados não tratados com fluconazol, não havendo diferença estatística entre isolados sensíveis e resistentes nesses três parâmetros citados. Em relação à enzima GST, os isolados sensíveis mostraram maior atividade enzimática comparada aos resistentes, e quando as células sensíveis foram tratadas com fluconazol, a atividade da GST diminuiu. O fluconazol não induziu dano oxidativo em proteínas e em lipídeos, entretanto foi observado dano oxidativo ao DNA. Diante disso, sugere-se que o fluconazol gera ERO como parte do seu mecanismo antifúngico em C. glabrata em fase de crescimento estacionário, induzindo dano oxidativo no DNA. Como resposta, observa-se aumento na atividade enzimática da SOD e da GPx na levedura. O entendimento da resposta antioxidante de leveduras patogênicas tem importante interesse clínico, uma vez que o desenvolvimento racional de novas drogas antifúngicas requer conhecimento do metabolismo fúngico. / The participation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in azoles antifungal mechanism of action has been suggested, as well as the relation between antifungal resistance and oxidative stress response. However, data are still inconclusive and differ between microorganisms. This study presents the results of ROS generation by fluconazole in fluconazole-susceptible and resistant C. glabrata strains and their antioxidant response. It was evaluated whether fluconazole generates ROS in those isolates treated and untreated with fluconazole at sub-inhibitory concentration according to their minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC). This treatment was conducted until stationary growth phase was reached. Subsequently, the antioxidant defenses glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), consumption of hydrogen peroxide and total glutathione, the possible oxidative damage in lipids, proteins and nucleic acids and the levels of nitrites and nitrates were analyzed. Results showed increased ROS generation in fluconazole-susceptible and resistant C. glabrata strains treated with fluconazole, and also higher GPx and SOD enzymatic activity, compared to untreated cells. No statistical difference of those three parameters was observed between susceptible and resistant strains. In relation to GST, susceptible strains demonstrated higher activity compared to the resistant ones, and when susceptible cells were treated with fluconazole the GST activity decreased compared to untreated. Fluconazole did not induce oxidative damage in proteins and in lipids, however oxidative DNA damage was observed. Therefore, it is suggested that fluconazole generates ROS as part of its antifungal mechanism in C. glabrata at stationary growth phase, inducing oxidative DNA damage. In response, there was increase in the enzymatic activity of SOD and GPx in yeast. The understanding of the pathogenic yeast antioxidant response has important clinical interest, since the rational development of new antifungal drugs requires knowledge about the fungal metabolism.
5

Vliv chronicky podávaných subletálních dávek parakvatu na délku telomer a rezistenci vůči oxidačnímu stresu drozofily

TOMÁŠKOVÁ, Jindřiška January 2016 (has links)
As the most widely dispersed fauna around the world, insects are exposed to a range of stresses within their environments. Oxidative stress causes a disturbance of the balance between production of free radicals and antioxidant response, which leads to various physiological changes in an organism. Despite this, there are several of defense mechanisms, which include in particular the main antioxidant enzymes AKH. In this thesis, I tried to contribute especially to understand the physiological nature of telomere elongation after exposure to free radicals.
6

Geração de espécies reativas por fluconazol em Candida glabrata : ativação de enzimas antioxidantes e dano oxidativo no DNA

Mahl, Camila Donato January 2014 (has links)
A participação das espécies reativas de oxigênio (ERO) no mecanismo de ação dos antifúngicos azólicos, bem como a relação entre resistência aos antifúngicos e resposta ao estresse oxidativo, têm sido sugeridos. Entretanto, os dados ainda são inconclusivos e diferem entre os micro-organismos. Neste estudo estão apresentados os resultados da geração de ERO pelo fluconazol em isolados de C. glabrata sensíveis e resistentes a esse antifúngico e a resposta antioxidante da levedura. Nesses isolados, tratados e não tratados com fluconazol em concentração subinibitória, de acordo com sua concentração inibitória mínima (CIM), até fase de crescimento estacionário, foi avaliado se o fluconazol geraria ERO. Subsequentemente, foram analisadas as defesas antioxidantes glutationa peroxidase (GPx), superóxido dismutase (SOD), glutationa-S-transferase (GST), consumo de peróxido de hidrogênio e glutationa total, bem como possível dano oxidativo causado pelo fluconazol em lipídeos, proteínas e ácidos nucleicos e os níveis de nitritos e nitratos. Os resultados mostram que nos isolados de C. glabrata sensíveis e resistentes ao fluconazol, na presença do antifúngico, houve um aumento da geração ERO e maior atividade enzimática da GPx e SOD comparada a dos isolados não tratados com fluconazol, não havendo diferença estatística entre isolados sensíveis e resistentes nesses três parâmetros citados. Em relação à enzima GST, os isolados sensíveis mostraram maior atividade enzimática comparada aos resistentes, e quando as células sensíveis foram tratadas com fluconazol, a atividade da GST diminuiu. O fluconazol não induziu dano oxidativo em proteínas e em lipídeos, entretanto foi observado dano oxidativo ao DNA. Diante disso, sugere-se que o fluconazol gera ERO como parte do seu mecanismo antifúngico em C. glabrata em fase de crescimento estacionário, induzindo dano oxidativo no DNA. Como resposta, observa-se aumento na atividade enzimática da SOD e da GPx na levedura. O entendimento da resposta antioxidante de leveduras patogênicas tem importante interesse clínico, uma vez que o desenvolvimento racional de novas drogas antifúngicas requer conhecimento do metabolismo fúngico. / The participation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in azoles antifungal mechanism of action has been suggested, as well as the relation between antifungal resistance and oxidative stress response. However, data are still inconclusive and differ between microorganisms. This study presents the results of ROS generation by fluconazole in fluconazole-susceptible and resistant C. glabrata strains and their antioxidant response. It was evaluated whether fluconazole generates ROS in those isolates treated and untreated with fluconazole at sub-inhibitory concentration according to their minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC). This treatment was conducted until stationary growth phase was reached. Subsequently, the antioxidant defenses glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), consumption of hydrogen peroxide and total glutathione, the possible oxidative damage in lipids, proteins and nucleic acids and the levels of nitrites and nitrates were analyzed. Results showed increased ROS generation in fluconazole-susceptible and resistant C. glabrata strains treated with fluconazole, and also higher GPx and SOD enzymatic activity, compared to untreated cells. No statistical difference of those three parameters was observed between susceptible and resistant strains. In relation to GST, susceptible strains demonstrated higher activity compared to the resistant ones, and when susceptible cells were treated with fluconazole the GST activity decreased compared to untreated. Fluconazole did not induce oxidative damage in proteins and in lipids, however oxidative DNA damage was observed. Therefore, it is suggested that fluconazole generates ROS as part of its antifungal mechanism in C. glabrata at stationary growth phase, inducing oxidative DNA damage. In response, there was increase in the enzymatic activity of SOD and GPx in yeast. The understanding of the pathogenic yeast antioxidant response has important clinical interest, since the rational development of new antifungal drugs requires knowledge about the fungal metabolism.
7

Geração de espécies reativas por fluconazol em Candida glabrata : ativação de enzimas antioxidantes e dano oxidativo no DNA

Mahl, Camila Donato January 2014 (has links)
A participação das espécies reativas de oxigênio (ERO) no mecanismo de ação dos antifúngicos azólicos, bem como a relação entre resistência aos antifúngicos e resposta ao estresse oxidativo, têm sido sugeridos. Entretanto, os dados ainda são inconclusivos e diferem entre os micro-organismos. Neste estudo estão apresentados os resultados da geração de ERO pelo fluconazol em isolados de C. glabrata sensíveis e resistentes a esse antifúngico e a resposta antioxidante da levedura. Nesses isolados, tratados e não tratados com fluconazol em concentração subinibitória, de acordo com sua concentração inibitória mínima (CIM), até fase de crescimento estacionário, foi avaliado se o fluconazol geraria ERO. Subsequentemente, foram analisadas as defesas antioxidantes glutationa peroxidase (GPx), superóxido dismutase (SOD), glutationa-S-transferase (GST), consumo de peróxido de hidrogênio e glutationa total, bem como possível dano oxidativo causado pelo fluconazol em lipídeos, proteínas e ácidos nucleicos e os níveis de nitritos e nitratos. Os resultados mostram que nos isolados de C. glabrata sensíveis e resistentes ao fluconazol, na presença do antifúngico, houve um aumento da geração ERO e maior atividade enzimática da GPx e SOD comparada a dos isolados não tratados com fluconazol, não havendo diferença estatística entre isolados sensíveis e resistentes nesses três parâmetros citados. Em relação à enzima GST, os isolados sensíveis mostraram maior atividade enzimática comparada aos resistentes, e quando as células sensíveis foram tratadas com fluconazol, a atividade da GST diminuiu. O fluconazol não induziu dano oxidativo em proteínas e em lipídeos, entretanto foi observado dano oxidativo ao DNA. Diante disso, sugere-se que o fluconazol gera ERO como parte do seu mecanismo antifúngico em C. glabrata em fase de crescimento estacionário, induzindo dano oxidativo no DNA. Como resposta, observa-se aumento na atividade enzimática da SOD e da GPx na levedura. O entendimento da resposta antioxidante de leveduras patogênicas tem importante interesse clínico, uma vez que o desenvolvimento racional de novas drogas antifúngicas requer conhecimento do metabolismo fúngico. / The participation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in azoles antifungal mechanism of action has been suggested, as well as the relation between antifungal resistance and oxidative stress response. However, data are still inconclusive and differ between microorganisms. This study presents the results of ROS generation by fluconazole in fluconazole-susceptible and resistant C. glabrata strains and their antioxidant response. It was evaluated whether fluconazole generates ROS in those isolates treated and untreated with fluconazole at sub-inhibitory concentration according to their minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC). This treatment was conducted until stationary growth phase was reached. Subsequently, the antioxidant defenses glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), consumption of hydrogen peroxide and total glutathione, the possible oxidative damage in lipids, proteins and nucleic acids and the levels of nitrites and nitrates were analyzed. Results showed increased ROS generation in fluconazole-susceptible and resistant C. glabrata strains treated with fluconazole, and also higher GPx and SOD enzymatic activity, compared to untreated cells. No statistical difference of those three parameters was observed between susceptible and resistant strains. In relation to GST, susceptible strains demonstrated higher activity compared to the resistant ones, and when susceptible cells were treated with fluconazole the GST activity decreased compared to untreated. Fluconazole did not induce oxidative damage in proteins and in lipids, however oxidative DNA damage was observed. Therefore, it is suggested that fluconazole generates ROS as part of its antifungal mechanism in C. glabrata at stationary growth phase, inducing oxidative DNA damage. In response, there was increase in the enzymatic activity of SOD and GPx in yeast. The understanding of the pathogenic yeast antioxidant response has important clinical interest, since the rational development of new antifungal drugs requires knowledge about the fungal metabolism.
8

Investigação das defesas contra oxidantes provenientes do peroxissomo em Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Investigation of the defense against oxidants derived from the peroxisome in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Reydon, Aline Françoise de Camargo 19 September 2012 (has links)
Defeitos peroxissomais estão associados a diversas doenças complexas. O peroxissomo é responsável pela beta-oxidação de ácidos graxos, quando é gerado peróxido de hidrogênio. A catalase A, de ocorrência peroxissomal, é frequentemente considerada a única defesa antioxidante dessa organela, porém, em diversos organismos, a ausência dessa enzima não acarreta uma alteração fenotípica clara. Em Saccharomyces cerevisiae, linhagens mutantes deficientes em catalase A (Δcta1) apresentam viabilidade muito similar à linhagem selvagem correspondente. Trabalhamos com a hipótese de que peroxidases baseadas em cisteína compensam a ausência de catalase A, contribuindo para a detoxificação de peróxidos provenientes do peroxissomo. De fato, linhagens com os genes para as peroxirredoxinas Ahp1 e Tsa1 nocauteados mostraram-se mais sensíveis a hidroperóxido de terc-butila (tBHP) em comparação a linhagem selvagem. A linhagem de levedura deficiente nas cinco peroxirredoxinas (prxΔ) mostrou-se ainda mais sensível a tBHP. Em relação ao estresse induzido por peróxido de hidrogênio, a prxΔ apresentou maior sensibilidade do que as linhagens selvagem e mutantes com deleções simples, apesar da presença de catalases (peroxissomal e citossólica). Esses dados estão de acordo com resultados obtidos no nosso grupo demonstrando um aumento da expressão de genes referentes às peroxirredoxinas Ahp1, Prx1 e Tsa2 em células Δ cta1 crescidas em condições de alta atividade peroxissomal (oleato), indicando uma cooperação entre catalase e peroxirredoxinas na proteção antioxidante. A peroxirredoxina Ahp1 pode apresentar localização organelar (possivelmente mitocondrial ou peroxissomal), o que sugere que Ahp1 pode ser um componente relevante da defesa contra oxidantes provenientes do peroxissomo. No entanto, a linhagem Δ ahp1, normalmente sensível a peróxido orgânico, apresentou ganho de resistência na ausência de atividade de catalase (com a adição de ATZ e na linhagem duplo-mutante Δcta1/ahp1), indicando a existência de uma via antioxidante compensatória induzida pela ausência de catalase A. A construção das linhagens duplo-mutantes Δcta1/ahp1, Δcta1/tsa1, Δcta1/tsa2, Δ cta1/prx1 e Δcta1/dot5 foi realizada com o objetivo de investigar mecanismos compensatórios entre enzimas que podem proteger a levedura contra os oxidantes provenientes do peroxissomo. Para tanto, foram realizados ensaios de viabilidade comparativa em condições de alta atividade peroxissomal. Além disso, os níveis comparativos de proteínas carboniladas foram analisados nessas linhagens. Os resultados indicaram maior sensibilidade a peróxido e maiores níveis de danos oxidativos na linhagem Δcta1/tsa2, apontando a peroxirredoxina Tsa2 como candidata a importante componente da via antioxidante de compensação à ausência de catalase A. Nesses ensaios, também foram utilizadas a linhagem quíntupla mutante (prxΔ) e uma linhagem deficiente nas cinco peroxirredoxinas e três glutationa peroxidases - deficiente em oito tiól-peroxidases baseadas em cisteína (Δ8). A comparação das linhagens prxΔ e Δ8 com as linhagens selvagem, simples-mutantes e duplo-mutantes evidenciou a importância das peroxirredoxinas na defesa antioxidante da célula e o fato das tiól-peroxidases serem imprescindíveis em condições de estresse oxidativo. Ao examinar a expressão gênica de TSA2 em células crescidas em oleato, foi verificada a indução do gene na ausência de catalase A, em condição basal. Os resultados obtidos indicam a existência de uma eficiente via de defesa antioxidante, na qual estão envolvidas tiól-peroxidases, que compensa a ausência de catalase A na célula e que protege leveduras contra estresse induzido tanto por peróxido de hidrogênio como peróxido orgânico. A peroxirredoxina Tsa2 parece estar envolvida na via compensatória à ausência de catalase peroxissomal através de um mecanismo ainda não esclarecido / Defects in peroxisomes are associated with several complex diseases. Beta-oxidation of fatty acids takes place in these organelles, with the concomitant generation of hydrogen peroxide. Generally, it is assumed that peroxisomal catalase is the enzyme responsible for degradation of hydrogen peroxide, but in several organisms, deletion of its gene results in no clear phenotype. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, catalase A- null (Δcta1) mutant strains exhibit very similar viability levels when compared with the corresponding wild-type strain. We hypothesized here that Cys-based peroxidases compensate the absence of catalase A, contributing to the detoxification of peroxides derived from the peroxisome. Indeed, null mutante strains for the peroxiredoxins Ahp1 and Tsa1 displayed increased sensitivity for tert-butylhydroperoxide (tBHP) in comparison to the wild type strain. Furthermore, a mutant strain whose five genes for peroxiredoxins were interrupted (prxΔ) was even more sensitive to tBHP. In regards to hydrogen peroxide insult, the prxΔ strain was more susceptible to oxidative stress than the single mutant and wild-type strains, despite the activity of catalases. These data are in agreement with previous results from our group demonstrating increased expression of genes encoding the three peroxiredoxin enzymes: Ahp1, Prx1 and Tsa2 in Δcta1 cells at high peroxisomal activity (media containing oleate). Indeed, a yeast strain deleted of all five peroxiredoxin genes is more sensitive to peroxides than the corresponding wild type cells. These results indicated that catalase and peroxiredoxins cooperate to protect yeast in conditions of high fatty acid intake. There are evidences of an organellar location of Ahp1 (possible peroxisomal or mitochondrial), suggesting it could be a relevant component of antioxidant defense relative to the insult derived from the peroxisome. Nonetheless, the ahp1-null strain (Δahp1), which is usually sensitive to organic peroxide, displayed a gain of resistance in the absence of catalase activity (in the presence of ATZ and in the double-mutant strain Δcta1/ahp1), indicating the existance of a compensatory antioxidant pathway induced in the absence of catalase A. The double-mutant strains Δcta1/ahp1, Δcta1/tsa1, Δcta1/tsa2, Δcta1/prx1 and Δcta1/dot5 were developed in order to elucidate the identity of the enzymes that cooperate to protect yeast against oxidative insult derived from the peroxisome. To this end, comparative viability assays in conditions of high peroxisomal activity were realised, as well as assays in comparative total protein carbonyl levels. Among the double-mutant strains, Δcta1/tsa2 displayed higher sensibility to peroxide and higher levels of oxidative damage, suggesting that the peroxiredoxin Tsa2 may be an important component in the antioxidant pathway that compensates the lack of catalase A. In addition, a quintuple mutant strain, lacking all peroxiredoxins, and a mutant strain lacking all eight Cys-based, thiol peroxidases were used in these assays. The comparison of these strains with the wild-type, single-mutant and double-mutant strains demonstrated the importance of peroxiredoxins in the cellular antioxidant defence and that thiol-peroxidases are vital in conditions of oxidative stress. The expression of the TSA2 was induced in the absence of catalase A in cells grown in oleate and with no exogenous oxidants. The results suggest the existence of an efficient pathway of antioxidant defense, involving thiol-peroxidases, which compensates the absence of catalase A in the cell and protects yeast against oxidative stress induced by both hydrogen peroxide and organic peroxide. The peroxiredoxin Tsa2 may be involved in the antioxidant pathway that compensates the absence of peroxisomal catalase through an unknown mechanism.
9

Investigação das defesas contra oxidantes provenientes do peroxissomo em Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Investigation of the defense against oxidants derived from the peroxisome in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Aline Françoise de Camargo Reydon 19 September 2012 (has links)
Defeitos peroxissomais estão associados a diversas doenças complexas. O peroxissomo é responsável pela beta-oxidação de ácidos graxos, quando é gerado peróxido de hidrogênio. A catalase A, de ocorrência peroxissomal, é frequentemente considerada a única defesa antioxidante dessa organela, porém, em diversos organismos, a ausência dessa enzima não acarreta uma alteração fenotípica clara. Em Saccharomyces cerevisiae, linhagens mutantes deficientes em catalase A (Δcta1) apresentam viabilidade muito similar à linhagem selvagem correspondente. Trabalhamos com a hipótese de que peroxidases baseadas em cisteína compensam a ausência de catalase A, contribuindo para a detoxificação de peróxidos provenientes do peroxissomo. De fato, linhagens com os genes para as peroxirredoxinas Ahp1 e Tsa1 nocauteados mostraram-se mais sensíveis a hidroperóxido de terc-butila (tBHP) em comparação a linhagem selvagem. A linhagem de levedura deficiente nas cinco peroxirredoxinas (prxΔ) mostrou-se ainda mais sensível a tBHP. Em relação ao estresse induzido por peróxido de hidrogênio, a prxΔ apresentou maior sensibilidade do que as linhagens selvagem e mutantes com deleções simples, apesar da presença de catalases (peroxissomal e citossólica). Esses dados estão de acordo com resultados obtidos no nosso grupo demonstrando um aumento da expressão de genes referentes às peroxirredoxinas Ahp1, Prx1 e Tsa2 em células Δ cta1 crescidas em condições de alta atividade peroxissomal (oleato), indicando uma cooperação entre catalase e peroxirredoxinas na proteção antioxidante. A peroxirredoxina Ahp1 pode apresentar localização organelar (possivelmente mitocondrial ou peroxissomal), o que sugere que Ahp1 pode ser um componente relevante da defesa contra oxidantes provenientes do peroxissomo. No entanto, a linhagem Δ ahp1, normalmente sensível a peróxido orgânico, apresentou ganho de resistência na ausência de atividade de catalase (com a adição de ATZ e na linhagem duplo-mutante Δcta1/ahp1), indicando a existência de uma via antioxidante compensatória induzida pela ausência de catalase A. A construção das linhagens duplo-mutantes Δcta1/ahp1, Δcta1/tsa1, Δcta1/tsa2, Δ cta1/prx1 e Δcta1/dot5 foi realizada com o objetivo de investigar mecanismos compensatórios entre enzimas que podem proteger a levedura contra os oxidantes provenientes do peroxissomo. Para tanto, foram realizados ensaios de viabilidade comparativa em condições de alta atividade peroxissomal. Além disso, os níveis comparativos de proteínas carboniladas foram analisados nessas linhagens. Os resultados indicaram maior sensibilidade a peróxido e maiores níveis de danos oxidativos na linhagem Δcta1/tsa2, apontando a peroxirredoxina Tsa2 como candidata a importante componente da via antioxidante de compensação à ausência de catalase A. Nesses ensaios, também foram utilizadas a linhagem quíntupla mutante (prxΔ) e uma linhagem deficiente nas cinco peroxirredoxinas e três glutationa peroxidases - deficiente em oito tiól-peroxidases baseadas em cisteína (Δ8). A comparação das linhagens prxΔ e Δ8 com as linhagens selvagem, simples-mutantes e duplo-mutantes evidenciou a importância das peroxirredoxinas na defesa antioxidante da célula e o fato das tiól-peroxidases serem imprescindíveis em condições de estresse oxidativo. Ao examinar a expressão gênica de TSA2 em células crescidas em oleato, foi verificada a indução do gene na ausência de catalase A, em condição basal. Os resultados obtidos indicam a existência de uma eficiente via de defesa antioxidante, na qual estão envolvidas tiól-peroxidases, que compensa a ausência de catalase A na célula e que protege leveduras contra estresse induzido tanto por peróxido de hidrogênio como peróxido orgânico. A peroxirredoxina Tsa2 parece estar envolvida na via compensatória à ausência de catalase peroxissomal através de um mecanismo ainda não esclarecido / Defects in peroxisomes are associated with several complex diseases. Beta-oxidation of fatty acids takes place in these organelles, with the concomitant generation of hydrogen peroxide. Generally, it is assumed that peroxisomal catalase is the enzyme responsible for degradation of hydrogen peroxide, but in several organisms, deletion of its gene results in no clear phenotype. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, catalase A- null (Δcta1) mutant strains exhibit very similar viability levels when compared with the corresponding wild-type strain. We hypothesized here that Cys-based peroxidases compensate the absence of catalase A, contributing to the detoxification of peroxides derived from the peroxisome. Indeed, null mutante strains for the peroxiredoxins Ahp1 and Tsa1 displayed increased sensitivity for tert-butylhydroperoxide (tBHP) in comparison to the wild type strain. Furthermore, a mutant strain whose five genes for peroxiredoxins were interrupted (prxΔ) was even more sensitive to tBHP. In regards to hydrogen peroxide insult, the prxΔ strain was more susceptible to oxidative stress than the single mutant and wild-type strains, despite the activity of catalases. These data are in agreement with previous results from our group demonstrating increased expression of genes encoding the three peroxiredoxin enzymes: Ahp1, Prx1 and Tsa2 in Δcta1 cells at high peroxisomal activity (media containing oleate). Indeed, a yeast strain deleted of all five peroxiredoxin genes is more sensitive to peroxides than the corresponding wild type cells. These results indicated that catalase and peroxiredoxins cooperate to protect yeast in conditions of high fatty acid intake. There are evidences of an organellar location of Ahp1 (possible peroxisomal or mitochondrial), suggesting it could be a relevant component of antioxidant defense relative to the insult derived from the peroxisome. Nonetheless, the ahp1-null strain (Δahp1), which is usually sensitive to organic peroxide, displayed a gain of resistance in the absence of catalase activity (in the presence of ATZ and in the double-mutant strain Δcta1/ahp1), indicating the existance of a compensatory antioxidant pathway induced in the absence of catalase A. The double-mutant strains Δcta1/ahp1, Δcta1/tsa1, Δcta1/tsa2, Δcta1/prx1 and Δcta1/dot5 were developed in order to elucidate the identity of the enzymes that cooperate to protect yeast against oxidative insult derived from the peroxisome. To this end, comparative viability assays in conditions of high peroxisomal activity were realised, as well as assays in comparative total protein carbonyl levels. Among the double-mutant strains, Δcta1/tsa2 displayed higher sensibility to peroxide and higher levels of oxidative damage, suggesting that the peroxiredoxin Tsa2 may be an important component in the antioxidant pathway that compensates the lack of catalase A. In addition, a quintuple mutant strain, lacking all peroxiredoxins, and a mutant strain lacking all eight Cys-based, thiol peroxidases were used in these assays. The comparison of these strains with the wild-type, single-mutant and double-mutant strains demonstrated the importance of peroxiredoxins in the cellular antioxidant defence and that thiol-peroxidases are vital in conditions of oxidative stress. The expression of the TSA2 was induced in the absence of catalase A in cells grown in oleate and with no exogenous oxidants. The results suggest the existence of an efficient pathway of antioxidant defense, involving thiol-peroxidases, which compensates the absence of catalase A in the cell and protects yeast against oxidative stress induced by both hydrogen peroxide and organic peroxide. The peroxiredoxin Tsa2 may be involved in the antioxidant pathway that compensates the absence of peroxisomal catalase through an unknown mechanism.
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Participação do Nrf2 no processo de autofagia de células de brônquios humanos expostas ao material particulado de diesel / Participation of Nrf2 in the autophagy process of human bronchial cells exposed to diesel particulate matter

Frias, Daniela Perroni 10 December 2018 (has links)
As partículas eliminadas na exaustão do diesel (DEP) são importantes fontes diárias de partículas inaladas, responsáveis por gerar espécies reativas de oxigênio no sistema respiratório, fazendo com que as células ativem mecanismos de defesa, como o sistema Keap1-Nrf2 e a autofagia. Para investigar o papel do Nrf2 no processo de autofagia induzida pelas DEPs, BEAS-2B foram expostas às DEP, coletadas diretamente de um motor a diesel. BEAS-2B foram tratadas com sulforafano, bafilomicina e EBSS para testar a relação entre as vias autofágica e antioxidante. A quantidade relativa de mRNA foi verificada por RT-PCR para os seguintes genes: Nrf2, NQO1, HO-1, p62, Atg5 e LCB3. A seguir, BEAS-2B foram transfectadas com RNA silenciador (siRNA) para Nrf2, expostas ou não às DEPs (10 e 50 micro g/mL por 1h e 2 h), e mRNA detectado por RT-PCR e Western blot para proteínas. Bafilomicina (inibidor de autofagia) mostrou uma diminuição significativa nos marcadores antioxidantes Nrf2 (p = 0,024), HO-1 (p = 0,002) e NQO1 (p = 0,003), enquanto sulforafano (ativador de Nrf2) aumentou os marcadores autofágicos LC3B (p = 0,004) e Atg5 (p = 0,007). BEAS-2B expostas às DEP na concentração de 50 micro g/mL por 2hs mostraram um aumento significativo nos genes autofágicos LC3B (p = 0,018) e p62 (p = 0,007) e nos genes da via antioxidante Nrf2 (p = 0,007) e NQO1 (p = 0,025). Houve uma diminuição significativa no mRNA de LC3B (p < 0,001), p62 (p = 0,001) e Atg5 (p = 0,024) nas células transfectadas com siRNA, expostas ou não à DEP. Western blotting mostrou uma redução das proteínas Nrf2, p62 e LC3II nas BEAS-2B siRNA, indicando que a exposição ao silenciamento de Nrf2 modificou a expressão de marcadores de autofagia (R < 1). Os resultados deste estudo mostram que, em células brônquicas expostas às DEP, o sistema Nrf2 e a autofagia trabalham em conjunto para tentar manter a homeostase celular / Diesel Exhaust Particles (DEPs) are main sources of daily inhaled particles, responsible for generating reactive oxygen species in the respiratory system, and causing the cells to activate defense mechanisms, such as the Keap1-Nrf2 system and autophagy. In order to investigate the role of Nrf2 in Dep-induced autophagy, BEAS-2B cells collected directly from a diesel engine were exposed to DEP and treated with sulforaphane, bafilomycin and BESS to test the relationship between autophagic and antioxidant pathways. The relative amount of mRNA was verified by RT-PCR for the following genes: Nrf2, NQO1, HO-1, p62, Atg5 and LCB3. Next, BEAS-2B cells were transfected with silencer RNA (siRNA) specific to Nrf2, exposed or not to DEPs (10 and 50 micro g/mL 1h and 2hs), and mRNA detected by RT-PCR and Western blotting for protein. Bafilomycin ( autophagy inhibitor) showed a significant decrease in the antioxidant markers Nrf2 (p=0.024), HO-1 (p = 0.002) and NQO1 (p = 0.003), whereas sulforaphane (Nrf2 activator) increased the expression levels of autophagic markers LC3B (p=0.004) and Atg5 (p=0.007). BEAS-2B exposed to DEP at a concentration of 50 micro g/mL for 2hs showed a significant increase in autophagic genes LC3B (p=0.018) and p62 (p=0.007),and in the antioxidant pathway markers Nrf2 (p=0.007) and NQO1 (p=0.025). There was a significant decrease in mRNA of the LC3B (p < 0.001), p62 (p=0.001) and Atg5 (p=0.024) in cells transfected with siRNA, exposed or not to DEP. Western blotting showed a reduction of Nrf2, p62 and LC3II proteins in BEAS-2B transfected with siRNA, indicating that Nrf2 silencedexposed to DEP modulated the expression of autophagy markers (R < 1). The results of this study show that, in bronchial cells exposed to DEP, the Nrf2 system and autophagy work together in order to try to maintain cellular homeostasis

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