Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-01-29Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:39:29Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 morishita_vr_me_botib.pdf: 211575 bytes, checksum: a3ab5818527a4bb08b91f5efcd53a520 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Ouriços-do-mar são capazes de avaliar o ambiente externo a partir de pistas químicas, por meio de quimiorreceptores presentes em seus espinhos, pés ambulacrários e pedicelárias. Neste estudo, utilizamos pistas químicas que indicam potencialmente o risco de predação de maneira diretas (odor de predador) ou indiretas (odor de coespecífico injuriado fisicamente) para avaliar os padrões de resposta de Echinometra lucunter. Num primeiro experimento, avaliamos a respostas dos ouriços expostos ao odor de estrela-do-mar equinívora Oreaster reticulatus em 1) jejum, alimentada com 2) E. lucunter, 3) Lytechinus variegatus ou 4) Perna perna; estrela-do-mar não equinívora Echinaster brasiliensis alimentada com 5) P. perna ou expostos a 6) água do mar sintética não condicionada (veículo). Num segundo experimento, os ouriços foram expostos ao extrato de 1) E. lucunter, 2) L. variegatus, 3) P. perna e 4) veículo. Esses estudos mostraram que E. lucunter é capaz de identificar, distinguir e reagir a diferentes extratos de animais, coespecíficos ou não. A dieta do predador modula a intensidade de resposta do E. lucunter, sendo mais pronunciadas as respostas frente ao odor de estrela que se alimentou de presas coespecíficas. Para o extrato, identificamos as respostas aos extratos de equinóides, sendo a mais forte para os de E. lucunter. Visto que muitos vertebrados respondem a estímulos similares qualitativamente, especulamos que esse comportamento anti-predatório possa ter evoluído a partir dos Echinodermata, grupo basal dos deuterostômios / Sea urchins are able to evaluate chemical information from the environment by using chemosensory receptors in their spines, tube feet and pedicellariae. In this study, we used chemical cues that potentially indicate directly (predator odor) or indirectly (injured conspecific) predation risk to assess antipredator behavior in the black sea urchin Echinometra lucunter. In a first experiment, the urchins were exposed to echinivorous starfish Oreaster reticulatus 1) starved, fed on 2) E. lucunter, 3) Lyfechinus variegatus or 4) Perna perna; nonechinivorous starfish 5) Echinaster brasiliensis fed on P. perna or exposed to 6) the vehicle, synthetic salt-water (control). In a second experiment, the urchins were exposed to extract of crushed 1) E. lucunter, 2) L. variegatus, 3) P. perna and 4) the vehicle (control). This study shows that E. lucunter are able to identity, distinguish and react to different animais extracts, conspecifics or not. Predator diet modulates E. lucunter intensity of behavioral responses. The response to echinivorous starfish odor fed on conspecifics is more pronounced. For the extract, urchins responded only to echinoids ones, and the response to extract of E. lucunter was the strongest. Speculatively, since vertebrates respond to qualitative similar stimuli, this kind of antipredator behavior might have evolved from the Echinodermata, a basal group of deuterostomes

Orientador: Rodrigo Egydio Barreto / Banca: Gilson Luiz Volpato / Banca: Ronaldo Adriano Christofoletti / Resumo: Ouriços-do-mar são capazes de avaliar o ambiente externo a partir de pistas químicas, por meio de quimiorreceptores presentes em seus espinhos, pés ambulacrários e pedicelárias. Neste estudo, utilizamos pistas químicas que indicam potencialmente o risco de predação de maneira diretas (odor de predador) ou indiretas (odor de coespecífico injuriado fisicamente) para avaliar os padrões de resposta de Echinometra lucunter. Num primeiro experimento, avaliamos a respostas dos ouriços expostos ao odor de estrela-do-mar equinívora Oreaster reticulatus em 1) jejum, alimentada com 2) E. lucunter, 3) Lytechinus variegatus ou 4) Perna perna; estrela-do-mar não equinívora Echinaster brasiliensis alimentada com 5) P. perna ou expostos a 6) água do mar sintética não condicionada (veículo). Num segundo experimento, os ouriços foram expostos ao extrato de 1) E. lucunter, 2) L. variegatus, 3) P. perna e 4) veículo. Esses estudos mostraram que E. lucunter é capaz de identificar, distinguir e reagir a diferentes extratos de animais, coespecíficos ou não. A dieta do predador modula a intensidade de resposta do E. lucunter, sendo mais pronunciadas as respostas frente ao odor de estrela que se alimentou de presas coespecíficas. Para o extrato, identificamos as respostas aos extratos de equinóides, sendo a mais forte para os de E. lucunter. Visto que muitos vertebrados respondem a estímulos similares qualitativamente, especulamos que esse comportamento anti-predatório possa ter evoluído a partir dos Echinodermata, grupo basal dos deuterostômios / Abstract: Sea urchins are able to evaluate chemical information from the environment by using chemosensory receptors in their spines, tube feet and pedicellariae. In this study, we used chemical cues that potentially indicate directly (predator odor) or indirectly (injured conspecific) predation risk to assess antipredator behavior in the black sea urchin Echinometra lucunter. In a first experiment, the urchins were exposed to echinivorous starfish Oreaster reticulatus 1) starved, fed on 2) E. lucunter, 3) Lyfechinus variegatus or 4) Perna perna; nonechinivorous starfish 5) Echinaster brasiliensis fed on P. perna or exposed to 6) the vehicle, synthetic salt-water (control). In a second experiment, the urchins were exposed to extract of crushed 1) E. lucunter, 2) L. variegatus, 3) P. perna and 4) the vehicle (control). This study shows that E. lucunter are able to identity, distinguish and react to different animais extracts, conspecifics or not. Predator diet modulates E. lucunter intensity of behavioral responses. The response to echinivorous starfish odor fed on conspecifics is more pronounced. For the extract, urchins responded only to echinoids ones, and the response to extract of E. lucunter was the strongest. Speculatively, since vertebrates respond to qualitative similar stimuli, this kind of antipredator behavior might have evolved from the Echinodermata, a basal group of deuterostomes / Mestre

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第24453号 / 理博第4952号 / 新制||理||1707(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科生物科学専攻 / (主査)教授 森 哲, 教授 中務 真人, 教授 中川 尚史 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

No description available.

We have examined wild palearctic and nearctic parids in their ability to recognize and assess a threat level of sympatric and allopatric predators. The study was conducted in Prague, Czech republic, on great tits (Parus major) and blue tits (Parus caeruleus) during the winter of 2013, and the following year in the city of Calgary, Canada, on black-capped chickadees (Poecile atricapillus). Three species of falcons (merlin (Falco columbarius), common kestrel (Falco tinnunculus) and american kestrel (Falco sparverius)), were chosen, two of which were sympatric and one was allopatric to the studied parid species in each area. We have also tested their reaction to nest predators magpies (eurasian magpie (Pica pica), black-billed magpie (Pica hudsonia)). Using two ground feeders in the winter time, we gave parids a choice between a feeder with either one of the three dummies of falcons, or a magpie, and a feeder with a dummy of either a hawk (the most dangerous predator of small birds) or a dove (a harmless bird of the same size as falcons). As a control we have only used sympatric species: eurasian sparrowhawk (Accipiter nisus), Cooper's hawk (Acipiter cooperii), eurasian collared dove (Streptopelia decaocto) and mourning dove (Zenaida macroura). Results from the city of Calgary did not produce any...

Amphibian decline is a major concern worldwide, and a lack of basic ecological and life history information for many species significantly limits our ability to evaluate the degree and possible causes of such declines, and to develop effective conservation strategies for threatened and endangered species. Not only is there a shortage of adequate long-term datasets necessary for robust analyses of population variability, but the elusive nature and obscure microhabitats of many species make it difficult to collect even the most basic natural history data. In a series of observational and experimental studies, I employed both traditional and novel ecological methodologies to examine environmental correlates of temporal population variability, foraging ecology and anti-predator behavior in endangered Barton Springs Salamander (Eurycea sosorum) from Austin (Travis County), Texas. Though headwater springs are typically thought of as habitats with relatively stable environmental conditions, I discovered that E. sosorum population abundance was strongly influenced by periodic extremes of rainfall that affect cycles in spring flow rates, water temperature, and other physico-chemical variables. I also found that population dynamics in E. sosorum are highly consistent with those expected for organisms with a storage effect life-history strategy, in which a few long-lived females capable of high fecundity and prolonged survival in subterranean habitat during adverse environmental conditions may be sufficient for population persistence. In addition, juveniles may use subterranean habitat as a thermal refuge. Using stable isotope analyses and macroinvertebrate prey censuses, I determined that at the population level, adult E. sosorum exhibits high electivity for planarian flatworms (Dugesia sp.). This would not have been detectable using traditional methods of dietary analysis such as stomach or fecal content analysis because Dugesia are soft-bodied animals. Additionally, stable isotope analyses revealed that adult E. sosorum exhibits inter-individual diet variation and is capable of diet switching. Finally, I discovered that anti-predator behavior in E. sosorum is influenced more strongly by visual and bioelectric cues from potential predators, but not olfactory cues. This is the first known demonstration of anti-predatory response mediated only by bioelectric stimuli in an amphibian, and one of very few to observe this phenomenon among aquatic vertebrates. / text

While antipredator strategies have been a focus of behavioral research for decades, scientists generally study the responses of prey toward overt, explicit threat. However, risk can also be significant when a threat is covert, such as when an ambush predator may be nearby or a secondary threat remains after a predator's departure. Little is known about the mechanism that prey use to assess risk in a predator's absence. Tests were conducted to determine the manner in which coyotes respond to these ambiguous threats. Specifically, I tested whether coyotes respond to prior anthropogenic activity that has occurred near their only food source, whether they investigate human activity at both profitable (feeding) and unprofitable (non-feeding) locations, and what sort of information coyotes are capable of gaining through their investigation. I explored these questions in three experiments spanning 4 years at the USDA/APHIS/WS National Wildlife Research Center's Logan field station. Test subjects were eight pairs of captive coyotes. Results showed that coyotes delayed or avoided feeding in response to prior anthropogenic activity, and that often a delay was due to investigation of human scent trails. Investigation of non-feeding areas occurred but was relatively brief. When coyotes were prevented from investigating locations of prior anthropogenic activity, foraging ceased altogether. In addition, coyotes were able to differentiate among the activity of different humans based on their association with negative, neutral, or positive threat levels, even in the presence of confounding visual and olfactory cues. They remembered these associations even after one month. This study is the first that provides evidence suggesting that canids gather and interpret complex information for cognitive inference about threat level associated with access to food.

Individual organisms face trade-offs when dealing with predation—more time spent avoiding predators often results in less time allocated to energy acquisition and reproductive-related activities. Individuals that optimize this trade-off and respond appropriately to current risk levels in their environment should be at an advantage. What is less clear is whether this tradeoff changes when individuals are repeatedly exposed to a predation threat. There may be advantages to responding consistently to every signal of threat, but it might also be advantageous to modulate individual behavior. Moreover, it is unclear how evolutionary history of a population might affect such individual responses. Our study was designed to address two questions: (1) how do B. rhabdophora respond to repeated exposures of a predation cue; and (2) do repeated responses differ based on evolutionary history? To answer these questions, we used a predation cue stimulus to repeatedly expose B. rhabdophora individuals from both high- and low-predation populations. We measured the change in total distance traveled in a 15-minute trial before and after each cue exposure, and then compared the proportional change in response to the first cue to that of each successive cue (repeated four times) to see if a decrease in response occurred. We found that fish responded consistently to each cue exposure. Both populations showed similar decreases in activity in response to each exposure and did not return to normal baseline activity until the cue was removed from the test tank. That both high- and low-predation populations respond consistently to repeated cues of predation with no reinforcement prompts questions as to the potential importance of the relative length of risk and safe periods in affecting response variation. It also provides a starting point in understanding how recent risk exposure and the evolutionary history of risk in a population both interact to influence individual response to threats over time.

An increasing amount of attention is devoted to studying the impact of non-native animal species on native species. Among other causes of ecosystem degradation, such as climate change, polution and habitat conversion, biological invasion is considered as one of the main causes of the decrease in biological diversity all over the world. In order to detect possible predation event, tadpoles use not only visual and mechanical stimuli, but also chemical one. The tadpoles respond to the certain chemicals to be a part of predator's secretions. In aquatic systems, chemical cues are a major source of information through which animals are able to assess the current state of their environment to gain information about local predation risk. Prey use chemicals released by predators to mediate a range of behavioural, morphological and life-history antipredator defences. Tadpoles swim significatnly less and also on a less direct trajectory in the presence of chemical cues released by a turtle Trachemys scripta. This article is focused on the influence of mentioned constraints on the dynamics and the time dynamics of the larval growth of Rana temporaria. The influence was judged by the impact on the tadpole's development. We anticipated a behavioral response to the predator, which would lead to various growth reactions during larval growth, the resulting body size after metamorphosis, but also in the development time of larval stage. The results indicate that tadpoles of Rana temporaria changed behaviour in the presence of Trachemys scripta. Tadpoles in the permanent presence of the turtle grew faster, metamorphosed earlier and the resulting size after metamorphosis was smaller than of the tadpoles who developed without presence of the predator. Mentioned reactions may affect the survival and fitness of a metamorphosed individual.

Anfíbios anuros representam um grupo de vertebrados cujo plano corpóreo apresenta uma série de modificações associadas ao desempenho locomotor através de saltos, sendo estas especializações muito antigas e conservadas filogeneticamente. Embora estudos comparativos venham demonstrando associações entre desempenho de salto e diversidade de habitat e história de vida para esse grupo filogenético, as relações entre o desempenho locomotor e o comportamento antipredatório dentro do contexto da diversificação do uso do micro-habitat permanecem inexploradas. Primeiramente, nós testamos modelos adaptativos de evolução morfológica associados com a diversidade do uso do micro-habitat (aquático, arborícola, fossorial, reofílico e terrestre) em espécies de anuros e foi examinada a relação da distância máxima do salto como uma função dos componentes das variáveis morfológicas e do uso do micro-habitat. Nós também investigamos, tanto em nível intra quanto interespecífico a influência da complexidade do microambiente (arena vazia, arena com folhiços ou arena com folhiço e arbustos) e do tipo de estímulo (aproximação versus toque) na manifestação do comportamento antipredatório em anuros. Adicionalmente, nós investigamos o efeito do uso de diferentes tipos de refúgio pelos anuros quando sujeitos aos testes de simulação predatória no laboratório. Nossos resultados demostram a existência de múltiplos ótimos adaptativos para os comprimentos dos membros associados aos diferentes usos do micro-habitat, com uma tendência de aumento dos membros posteriores em espécies reofílicas, arborícolas e aquáticas quando comparadas com espécies terrestres e fossoriais, as quais evoluíram em direção ao ótimo adaptativo com membros posteriores mais curtos. Além disso, espécies reofílicas, arborícolas e aquáticas apresentaram maior desempenho para o salto e membros posteriores mais longos quando comparadas com espécies terrestres e fossoriais. Em seguida foi abordada a influencia da complexidade do ambiente no comportamento antipredatório e nossas análises intraspecíficas mostraram que o número de respostas ativas (salto) e passivas é fortemente dependente do tipo de estímulo e varia de acordo com a complexidade estrutural do ambiente. Simultaneamente, nossas análises comparativas interespecíficas mostraram que anuros modulam a distância saltada em resposta ao toque do predador de acordo com a complexidade ambiental, e nós ressaltamos uma variação interespecífica associada ao uso de micro-habitat. Por fim, foi investigado o uso de refúgios pelos anuros expostos a testes de simulação predatória. Nossos resultados mostram que os anuros usam a vegetação arbustiva, o folhiço e a água como areas de refúgio quando sujeitadas a simulação predatória. Além disso, ocorreu variação interespecífica na escolha de refúgios potencialmente associados à diversificação do uso de microhábitat / Anuran amphibians represent a group of vertebrates whose body plan presents a series of changes associated with jumping locomotor performance; these specializations are very old and phylogenetically conserved. Although comparative studies have shown associations among jumping performance, habitat diversity and life history for this phylogenetic group, the relationship between locomotor performance and antipredator behavior remains unexplored within the context of diversification of microhabitat use and habitat. First, we tested adaptive models of morphological evolution associated with the diversity of microhabitat use (aquatic, arboreal, fossorial, torrent and terrestrial) in species of anurans and examined the relation of the maximum distance jumped as a function of components of morphological variables and microhabitat use. We also investigated, both at intra and interspecific levels, the influence of the complexity of microenvironment (empty arena, with leaf litter or bushes) and stimulus type (approach versus touch) on the manifestation of antipredator behavior in anurans. In addition, we investigated the effect of the use of different types of refuges by anurans when subjected to simulated predator tests in the laboratory. Our results demonstrate the existence of multiple optima of limb lengths associated to different microhabitats, with a trend of increasing hindlimbs in torrent, arboreal, aquatic species whereas fossorial and terrestrial species evolve toward optima with shorter hindlimbs. Moreover, arboreal, aquatic and torrent anurans have higher jumping performance and longer hindlimbs, when compared to terrestrial and fossorial species. Then, was addressed the influence of the complexity of environment on antipredator behavior and our intraspecific analyzes showed that the number of active responses (jump) and passive responses is strongly dependent on stimulus type and varies according to the structural complexity of the environment. At the same time, our interspecific comparative analyzes showed that anurans modulate the distance jumped in response to the predator\'s touch according to environmental complexity, and we highlight an interspecific variation associated with the use of microhabitat. Lastly, was investigated the use of refuges by anurans exposed to simulated predation events. Our results show that anurans use bushes, leaf litter and water as refuge areas when subjected to simulated predator. Moreover, there is interspecific variation in the choice of refuges potentially associated to diversification of microhabitat use