Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst., 2006. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

INTRODUÇÃO: Considera-se a clozapina como padrão-ouro para o tratamento de pacientes com esquizofrenia refratária, com base principalmente em sua eficácia comprovadamente superior em relação aos antipsicóticos típicos. No entanto, os dados acerca do uso de outros antipsicóticos atípicos ainda são escassos ou divergentes. Tendo em vista que o uso de clozapina está associado a várias limitações, existe uma necessidade não atendida de alternativas terapêuticas eficazes e seguras para a esquizofrenia refratária. MÉTODOS: Foi realizada uma revisão sistemática de estudos controlados e randomizados (ECRs), comparando clozapina aos outros antipsicóticos atípicos, em pacientes com esquizofrenia refratária. Foram realizadas metanálises avaliando a eficácia das intervenções, medida por meio de escalas de avaliação de sintomas psicóticos. A resposta ao tratamento foi medida por meio da porcentagem de respondedores ou pela mudança média ou valores finais dos escores das escalas. Quando possível, foram realizadas metanálises da comparação entre clozapina e outro antipsicótico atípico específico. Os tamanhos de efeito foram dados pelo risco relativo (RR) ou pela diferença entre médias (DM), ponderada ou padronizada, acompanhados dos respectivos intervalos de confiança de 95%. As metanálises foram realizadas utilizando-se o modelo de efeitos fixos, ou aleatórios, no caso de haver heterogeneidade entre os estudos. Foram realizadas análises de sensibilidade, excluindo-se estudos que haviam incluído pacientes intolerantes junto à população refratária. RESULTADOS: Onze ECRs foram incluídos, representando 1182 pacientes, com 12 comparações entre clozapina e antipsicóticos atípicos: quatro com risperidona, um com ziprasidona e sete com olanzapina. Considerados como um grupo, não foi possível determinar diferenças no tamanho de efeito entre a clozapina e os outros antipsicóticos atípicos em nenhum tipo de medida geral de sintomas psicóticos. A metanálise que combinou as mudanças médias e os valores finais da PANSS e da BPRS apresentou uma diferença de médias de 0,00 (IC95%= -0,12, 011). Foi observada superioridade marginal dos antipsicóticos atípicos para sintomas negativos, medidos pelos valores finais da PANSS (DM= -1,96, IC95%= -3,44, -0,48). Foi observado que os estudos que compararam a clozapina à olanzapina tiveram doses finais médias altas de olanzapina (médias de 17,2 mg/d a 33,6 mg/d), o que pode ter influenciado nos resultados.CONCLUSÕES: Os antipsicóticos atípicos, particularmente a olanzapina em doses altas, podem representar uma alternativa de tratamento para pacientes com esquizofrenia refratária / BACKGROUND: Clozapine is considered as the gold standard for the treatment of patients with refractory schizophrenia, based upon its well established superior efficacy against typical antipsychotics. Nevertheless, data on other atypical antipsychotics are still scarce or divergent for this population. Considering that clozapine use is associated to several caveats, there is an unmet need for safe and efficacious alternative therapeutic approaches for refractory schizophrenia. METHODS: It was conducted a systematic review of randomized clinical trials (RCTs) comparing clozapine to other atypical antipsychotics in patients with refractory schizophrenia. Metanalyses assessing the efficacy of interventions were performed. Efficacy was measured by psychotic symptoms scales. Response to treatment was measured by the percentage of responders or by mean change or endpoints values of such scales. Whenever possible, metanalyses comparing clozapine to other specific atypical antipsychotic were performed. Effect sizes were shown as relative risks (RR) or weighted or standardized mean differences (MD), with 95% confidence intervals. The fixed effect model was used, unless studies were considered heterogeneous. Sensivity analyses were performed with the exclusion of studies which had included intolerant patients along with true refractory patients. RESULTS: Eleven RCTs were included, figuring 1182 patients, with 12 comparisons between clozapine and other atypical antipsychotics: four with risperidone, one with ziprasidone, and seven with olanzapine. Considered as a group, it was not possible to determine different effect sizes between atypical antipsychotics and clozapine for any general measure of psychotic symptoms. Pooled mean change and endpoint PANSS and BPRS scores metanalysis presented a zero mean difference (MD=0.00, CI95%= -0.12, 0.11). Atypical antipsychotics were shown to be marginally superior to clozapine for negative symptoms, measured by PANSS negative symptoms subscale endpoint scores (DM= 1.96, CI95%= -3.44, -0.48). Studies which compared clozapine to olanzapine had relatively high mean final olanzapine doses (means ranging from 17.2 mg/d to 33.6 mg/d), what might have influenced the results. CONCLUSIONS: Atypical antipsychotics, particularly high dose olanzapine, can represent an alternative therapeutic approach to patients with refractory schizophrenia

Diss. (sammanfattning) Linköping : Univ., 2003. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

INTRODUÇÃO: Acredita-se cada vez mais que o tempo para se observar a resposta ao antipsicótico é curto, sendo possível nas primeiras duas semanas já prever se o paciente responderá em 12 semanas. Entretanto, a maior parte das evidências que sustentam tal hipótese provém da análise de dados de estudos controlados duplo-cegos, que não definiam o conceito de início de ação de antipsicóticos, o que pode gerar uma certa confusão quanto às expectativas de resposta. Neste estudo, testamos se a ausência de melhora mínima de 20% da PANSS nas primeiras duas semanas correlacionava-se a ausência de resposta em 12 semanas. MÉTODOS: Foi feita a avaliação do tempo de resposta ao tratamento antipsicótico, utilizando o algoritmo de tratamento do IPAP, que recomenda o uso de monoterapia por 4 a 6 semanas, e troca por outro antipsicótico em caso de ausência de resposta. Os pacientes incluídos tinham esquizofrenia de início recente pelos critérios DSM-IV e foram aleatorizados para receber tratamento com antipsicótico de primeira geração (APG) ou de segunda geração (ASG). Foi considerada resposta ao tratamento a redução média de pelo menos 30% dos sintomas, em comparação com a PANSS inicial.Os pacientes foram avaliados pela PANSS a cada 2 semanas, durante 12 semanas. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos 22 pacientes (APG, N=10 e ASG, N=12). Não houve diferença quanto ao tempo ou taxa de resposta entre os grupos; 20% (4) dos pacientes não responderam ao tratamento, enquanto 65% (13) responderam; 15% (3) abandonaram um tratamento. Um paciente não pôde ser avaliado pela PANSS e não teve seus dados incluídos na análise. Não houve correlação entre melhora nas primeiras 2 semanas e resposta em 12 semanas. A mudança média da 11 PANSS em relação ao basal foi significante a partir da 4a semana (p=0,43), e houve melhora progressiva ao longo das 12 semanas. Ambos os grupos tiveram a mesma proporção de substituições de medicamentos, sendo que não houve diferença, em termos de porcentagem de respondedores, entre os que trocaram o medicamento e entre os que permaneceram com a mesma medicação inicial. CONCLUSÕES: A ausência de resposta nas primeiras duas semanas não prediz ausência de resposta em 12 semanas. O tempo para avaliar a resposta clínica a um medicamento antipsicótico é de pelo menos quatro semanas. Aguardar o efeito do medicamento parece ser mais importante que trocar de medicamento nas primeiras 4 semanas / INTRODUCTION: It has been widely accepted that time to observe response to antipsychotic is short, with a response in 2 weeks predicting response or nonresponse in 12 weeks. However, most evidence for this hypothesis come from controlled doubleblind trials, which did not assess the onset of action, but clinical response, generating some false expectancies regarding clinical response. In this study, we assessed whether the lack of improvement in 2 weeks would predict nonresponse in 12 weeks. METHODS: We assessed time to response to antipsychotic through a treatment algorithm IPAP, which recommends monotherapy during 4-6 weeks and switch to another antipsychotic in case of nonresponse. Subjects with recent onset schizophrenia according to DSM-IV criteria were included and randomized to receive first generation antipsychotic (FGA) or second generation (SGA). Response was considered as at least 30% reduction of PANSS. Subjects were assessed every 2 weeks, during the 12-week study period. RESULTS: 22 subjects were included (FGA: 10; SGA: 12). There was no difference between groups in terms of response rate; overall 20% (4) did not respond in 12 weeks and 65% responded; 15% (3) dropped out. Data from one patient was not included in the analysis due to impossibility of assessment with PANSS. No correlation was found between response in 2 weeks and response in 12 weeks. Significant mean change at PANSS was observed in the fourth week (p= 0,43). The need for switch was similar in both groups, and improvement was progressive throughout the 12 weeks. Response rate was similar in the group that switched and the group that remained with first antipsychotic. CONCLUSIONS: Lack of response in 2 weeks does not predict lack 13 of response in 12 weeks. Time to assess clinical response é at least four weeks. Looking forward to drug effect seems to be more important for the outcome in 12 weeks than switching the drug in the first 4 weeks

Objective - To assess the relationship between schizophrenia and cardiovascular disease by evaluating metabolic risk associated with treatment for schizophrenia, prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors (CV-RF) and disease (CV-D), and health care utilization in people with schizophrenia compared to the non-schizophrenic population. Methods Four studies were completed to evaluate the dissertation objectives. A systematic review was completed to quantify the change in metabolic parameters associated with use of atypical antipsychotic agents. The second study utilized a period prevalence design to compare prevalence of CV-RF (diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia) and CV-D in people with and without schizophrenia using the administrative databases of Alberta Health and Wellness. General and cardiac specialist health care utilization was evaluated in people with schizophrenia using data from Alberta Health and Wellness. Lastly, results from the Canadian Community Health Survey were used to evaluate prevalence of CV-RF and CV-D while controlling for important lifestyle and demographic variables unavailable in the databases of Alberta Health and Wellness. Results Use of atypical agents, particularly clozapine, resulted in statistically significant weight gain and increases in total cholesterol and blood glucose compared to typical agents. Having schizophrenia was associated with a significantly higher prevalence of diabetes, obesity, smoking, and CV-D compared to people without schizophrenia. Individuals with schizophrenia visited a general practitioner and the emergency department more often, and were more likely to be hospitalized than those without schizophrenia. Despite having a higher prevalence of coronary artery disease, individuals with schizophrenia were significantly less likely to visit a cardiologist or undergo revascularization compared to people with coronary artery disease who did not have schizophrenia. Conclusion Individuals with schizophrenia have a considerable burden of cardiovascular disease compared to people without schizophrenia. This is likely a result of a number of factors, including medications used to treat schizophrenia, the increased prevalence of smoking and other unhealthy lifestyle factors, and the increased prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in people with schizophrenia. Individuals with schizophrenia utilize the general health care system more frequently than their non-schizophrenic counterparts, therefore the opportunity exists for monitoring for and management of modifiable cardiovascular risk factors in this vulnerable population.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Memorial University of Newfoundland, 2005. / Restricted until May 2006. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 187-207).

No description available.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karolinska institutet, 2007. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karolinska institutet, 2007. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Linköping : Linköpings universitet, 2007. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.