La vitesse de réplication du HIV-1(Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1), qui semble corrélée de manière directe à la vitesse de progression de la maladie vers le stade SIDA, est essentiellement contrôlée au niveau transcriptionnel. La transcription du HIV-1 est régulée par la structure chromatinienne, des éléments agissant en cis localisés dans les LTRs, des facteurs de transcription agissant en trans et par la protéine virale trans-activatrice Tat (revu dans Quivy et al. 2007, Bisgrove et al. 2005, Rohr et al. 2003, Rabson and Graves 1997). En plus de l’enhancer localisé dans le LTR5’ du HIV-1, un enhancer intragénique, localisé dans le gène pol du HIV-1, inductible par le phorbol 12-myristate 13-acétate (PMA) a été identifié. La localisation progressive de l’activité enhancer a permis de définir deux domaines distincts et indépendants dans cet enhancer intragénique : les fragments 5103 et 5105 localisés respectivement dans la partie centrale du gène pol et dans une région couvrant la fin du gène pol, le gène vif, le gène vpr et le premier exon codant des gènes tat et rev (Verdin et al. 1990). Les fragments 5103 et 5105 se comportent tous deux comme des enhancers inductibles par le PMA lorsqu’ils sont clonés en amont du promoteur de la thymidine kinase dans un vecteur rapporteur en cellules HeLa. Notre laboratoire a précédemment identifié trois sites de liaison pour les facteurs de transcription AP-1 dans le fragment 5103 (Van Lint et al., 1991). Au cours de notre thèse, nous avons poursuivi la caractérisation de ces sites de liaison AP-1 et avons montré que les facteurs c Fos, JunB et JunD interagissent in vitro avec ces motifs. Pour chaque site, nous avons identifié des mutations qui abolissent la liaison des facteurs AP-1 sans altérer la séquence en acides aminés sous-jacente de la transcriptase inverse. Par des expériences de transfection transitoire, nous avons démontré que les sites AP 1 intragéniques sont entièrement responsables de l’activité enhancer PMA-dépendante du fragment 5103. De plus, l’activité PMA-inductible du fragment 5103 est inhibée par le mutant dominant négatif A-Fos à condition que les sites ne soient pas mutés. A l’inverse, l’expression ectopique de dimères forcés AP-1 affecte positivement l’activité enhancer du fragment 5103. Enfin, nous avons étudié le rôle biologique des sites AP-1 intragéniques dans la réplication virale et avons montré que ces sites contribuent positivement à l’infectivité du virus. Durant la seconde partie de notre thèse, nous avons entamé la caractérisation physique et fonctionnelle du fragment 5105. Nos résultats de transfection transitoire montrent que l’activité PMA inductible du fragment 5105 est localisée dans le dernier tiers de ce dernier : le sous fragment 5105.3. L’analyse bioinformatique de cette région a permis de mettre en évidence un site de liaison pour les facteurs AP-1 in vitro. Des mutations ponctuelles permettent d’abolir la liaison des facteurs à leur site mais altèrent la séquence en acides aminés sous-jacente codant pour les protéines Tat et Rev. Nous avons montré que ce site est impliqué dans l’activité transcriptionnelle de ce fragment. L’expression ectopique du mutant dominant négatif A-Fos inhibe l’activité transcriptionnelle PMA-inductible du fragment 5105. Une analyse bioinformatique plus large nous a ensuite permis d’identifier in vitro, par retard de migration sur gel, 5 sites de liaison pour le facteur YY1 et 2 sites de liaison pour le facteur PU.1 dont les implications pour le virus restent encore à déterminer.

No description available.

MECHANISMS OF DEPOLARIZATION INDUCED DENDRITIC GROWTH OF DROSOPHILA MOTOR NEURONS Cortnie Lauren Cherry The University of Arizona, 2006 Director: Richard B. Levine The study of the cellular mechanisms underlying dendritic growth contributes to our understanding of nervous system development, function and disease. Electrical activity is a fundamental property of neurons, and this property is utilized to influence the mechanisms involved in dendrite formation and maturation. Here we employ the Drosophila transgenic system to quantify dendritic growth of identified motor neurons using both in vitro and in vivo techniques. Two novel techniques are introduced: one a system to visualize and measure dendritic outgrowth in cultured neurons using reporter proteins, and the other using 3D reconstruction to measure the arborization of identified motor neurons in vivo. Both transgenic manipulation of K+ channel function and depolarizing concentrations of K+ in the culture medium result in an acceleration of dendritic outgrowth. Depolarization induced outgrowth is dependent on Plectreurys Toxin (PLTX)-sensitive voltage-gated calcium current and protein synthesis in cultured motor neurons. Depolarization leads to direct induction of fos, a protein that heterodimerizes with jun to make the functional transcription factor, AP-1. Fos, but not jun, is necessary for basal levels of dendritic growth, while both are necessary for depolarization induced outgrowth. Over-expression of AP-1 in control cells is sufficient to cause dendritic outgrowth. The transcription factor Adf-1 is also necessary for basal and depolarization induced growth, but unlike AP-1 is not sufficient to cause outgrowth when over-expressed. Another transcription factor CREB, on the other hand, is not necessary for basal levels of dendritic growth, but is necessary for depolarization induced dendritic growth. Over-expression of CREB, like Adf-1, is not sufficient to cause dendritic outgrowth. These findings present exciting new techniques for the study of the field of dendritic regulation and contribute to our understanding of the cellular mechanisms underlying dendritic growth.

A proteína jun é um dos principais integrantes do complexo AP-1 e está envolvido nos processos inflamatórios, diferenciação, apoptose e migração celular. Esta proteína pode formar homodímeros e heterodímeros por meio da dimerização que ocorre pelo sítio de sequências de leucinas. Existem evidências de que a proteína jun pode ser inibida pela proteína RPL10 mediante a ligação destas proteínas, no mesmo sítio de sequências de leucinas no núcleo celular, parando a progressão de tumores. O objetivo deste trabalho foi expressar, isolar e caracterizar a região de ligação das sequências de leucinas (região AP-1), para estudos posteriores de ligação com a proteína RPL10. O cDNA para proteína jun foi amplificado por PCR e clonado nos vetores de expressão pET 26b(+), pET 28a-c(+) e p1813 e expressa em E.coli BL21 (DE3). A proteína expressa em vetor pET28_AP1 foi eficientemente purificada pela técnica de cromatografia de afinidade a íons metálicos, por possuir uma sequência (poli)histidina que facilitou a purificação, apresentando um excelente grau de pureza. A identidade da proteína foi confirmada através de análise feita por western blotting e dot blotting e também por analise por espectrometria de massas. / The jun protein is one of the main AP-1 complex members and is involved in the inflammatory process, differentiation, apoptosis and cell migration. The Jun protein may form homodimers and heterodimers by dimerization in the leucines sequences site. There are evidences that jun protein can be inhibited by RPL10 protein through these protein binding in the same leucine sequences site, in the cell nucleus, stopping the tumor progress. The objective of this study was to express, isolate and characterize the binding region of the leucine sequences (AP-1 region) for subsequent binding studies with RPL10 protein. The jun protein cDNA was amplified by PCR and cloned into pET 26b(+), pET 28a-c(+) and p1813 expression vectors, and was expressed in E.coli BL21 (DE3). The protein expressed in pET28_AP1 vector was efficiently purified by the affinity chromatography technique to metal ions because have a (poly)histidine sequence which facilitate the protein purification, showing an excellent high purity. The protein identity was confirmed by western blotting and dot blotting and also by mass spectrometry analysis.

A proteína jun é um dos principais integrantes do complexo AP-1 e está envolvido nos processos inflamatórios, diferenciação, apoptose e migração celular. Esta proteína pode formar homodímeros e heterodímeros por meio da dimerização que ocorre pelo sítio de sequências de leucinas. Existem evidências de que a proteína jun pode ser inibida pela proteína RPL10 mediante a ligação destas proteínas, no mesmo sítio de sequências de leucinas no núcleo celular, parando a progressão de tumores. O objetivo deste trabalho foi expressar, isolar e caracterizar a região de ligação das sequências de leucinas (região AP-1), para estudos posteriores de ligação com a proteína RPL10. O cDNA para proteína jun foi amplificado por PCR e clonado nos vetores de expressão pET 26b(+), pET 28a-c(+) e p1813 e expressa em E.coli BL21 (DE3). A proteína expressa em vetor pET28_AP1 foi eficientemente purificada pela técnica de cromatografia de afinidade a íons metálicos, por possuir uma sequência (poli)histidina que facilitou a purificação, apresentando um excelente grau de pureza. A identidade da proteína foi confirmada através de análise feita por western blotting e dot blotting e também por analise por espectrometria de massas. / The jun protein is one of the main AP-1 complex members and is involved in the inflammatory process, differentiation, apoptosis and cell migration. The Jun protein may form homodimers and heterodimers by dimerization in the leucines sequences site. There are evidences that jun protein can be inhibited by RPL10 protein through these protein binding in the same leucine sequences site, in the cell nucleus, stopping the tumor progress. The objective of this study was to express, isolate and characterize the binding region of the leucine sequences (AP-1 region) for subsequent binding studies with RPL10 protein. The jun protein cDNA was amplified by PCR and cloned into pET 26b(+), pET 28a-c(+) and p1813 expression vectors, and was expressed in E.coli BL21 (DE3). The protein expressed in pET28_AP1 vector was efficiently purified by the affinity chromatography technique to metal ions because have a (poly)histidine sequence which facilitate the protein purification, showing an excellent high purity. The protein identity was confirmed by western blotting and dot blotting and also by mass spectrometry analysis.

Les cancers du sein triple négatifs (TNBC) ne bénéficient d’aucune thérapie ciblée et restent incurables. L’identification de nouvelles cibles moléculaires diagnostiques et surtout, thérapeutiques constitue donc un enjeu majeur pour le traitement de ces cancers. Fra-1 et Fra-2, deux constituants du complexe transcriptionnel AP-1, sont surexprimés dans les TNBC où ils participent à l’agressivité tumorale et/ou la métastatisation. Les gènes cibles de Fra-1 et Fra-2, ainsi que les mécanismes moléculaires via lesquels ils gouvernent la transcription de leurs gènes cibles sont très peu caractérisés. Dans ce contexte, l’objectif général de ma thèse à été d’identifier les gènes codants sous contrôle de Fra-1 et/ou Fra-2 et de caractériser les sites de fixation de Fra-1 et Fra-2 sur la chromatine pour identifier des cibles directes, en combinant des approches transcriptomiques et génomiques combinées à l’interférence à l’ARN dans la lignée modèle MDA-MB231. Les résultats obtenus, associés à l’analyse de banques de données humaines, ont permis la sélection de gènes cibles pour les études mécanistiques et fonctionnelles. Le gène HMGA1, choisi en raison de son rôle maintenant bien établi dans l’agressivité des tumeurs épithéliales, a fait l’objet d’une étude portant sur les mécanismes transcriptionnels gouvernés par Fra-1 et/ou Fra-2 pour sa régulation. L’étude fonctionnelle a été focalisée sur CD68 dont l’expression est fortement induite par Fra-1 et Fra-2. CD68 code pour une protéine transmembranaire dont la fonction n’est pas clairement établie et dont l’implication dans le phénotype tumoral n’a jamais été étudiée. / Triple negative breast cancers (TNBC) are characterized by a poor prognosis and no targeted therapy is currently available. The identification of new diagnostic and therapeutic targets is crucial for the treatment of these cancers. Fra-1 and Fra-2, two members of the AP-1 transcriptional complex, are frequently overexpressed in TNBC, where they contribute to the tumorigenic phenotype. The panel of genes under the control of Fra-1 and/or Fra-2 in TNBC, as well as the molecular mechanisms by which they control their target gene expression are mostly unknown. The aim of my thesis was to identify the panel of genes controlled by Fra-1 and/or Fra-2 in TNBC and to characterize the binding sites of Fra-1 and Fra-2 on chromatin to select direct targets for further studies, by using transcriptomic and ChIP-seq approaches combined to RNAi in the model cell line MDA-MB231. The results allowed us to select target genes for transcriptional and functional studies. The study of the transcriptional mechanisms governed by Fra-1 and/or Fra-2 was carried out on the HMGA1 gene, already known for its crucial role in the aggressiveness of epithelial tumours. The fonctional study was focused on CD68, as its expression in highly induced by Fra-1 and Fra-2. CD68 encodes a transmembrane protein which cellular fonction is still not known and its potential role in tumorigenesis has not been studied yet.

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We have recently reported that antioxidant liposomes can be used as antidotes for mustard gas induced lung injury in guinea pigs. The maximum protection was achieved with a liposome composed of tocopherols (α, γ, δ) and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) when administered after 5 min of exposure of 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES), a half sulfur mustard gas. We also reported an association of mustard gas-induced lung injury with an activation of MAPK/AP-1 signaling pathway and cell proliferation. The objective of the present study was to investigate whether CEES-induced MAPKs/AP-1 signaling pathway is influenced by antioxidant liposome therapy. A single dose (200 μl) of the antioxidant liposome was administered intratracheally after 5 min of exposure of CEES (0.5 mg/kg). The animals were sacrificed after 1 h and 30 days of CEES exposure. Although the liposome treatment did not have any significant effect on the activation of the MAPKs family (ERK1/2, p38 and JNK1/2), it significantly counteracted the CEES-induced activation of AP-1 transcription factors and corresponding increase in the protein levels of Fos, ATF and Jun family members. The liposome treatment significantly blocked the CEES-induced increase in the protein levels of cyclin D1, a cell cycle protein and PCNA, a cell differentiation marker. Furthermore, it protected lung against CEES-induced inflammation and infiltration of neutrophils, eosinophils and erythrocytes in the alveolar space. This suggests that the protective effect of antioxidant liposome against CEES-induced lung damage is mediated via control of AP-1 signaling.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第21135号 / 農博第2261号 / 新制||農||1057(附属図書館) / 学位論文||H30||N5109(農学部図書室) / 京都大学大学院農学研究科応用生物科学専攻 / (主査)教授 松井 徹, 教授 久米 新一, 教授 廣岡 博之 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

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