Communication via fiber optical cable (links) is the latest advancement of the transmission media currently used for data transmission. Despite initial problems, using of this medium in recent years has greatly expanded due to their indisputable advantages. Optical cable is a great combination of reliability and security of data transfer. Its constantly improving transmission parameters contribute to the high speeds in the long-distance transmission of data. In the theoretical part of this work some kinds of optical cables are mentioned, also the most important parameters and the most widely used methods of measurement of these cables. Apart from that other methods of joining optical cables and the most used types of optical cables are also mentioned. The values of the decline and reflection, which are led into the device after connecting these parts into the optical lines. The device using the measuring method of the reverse reflection is also described in this thesis altogether with its most important parts and the way of the display of the measured track on the graphic image of the device. The problematics of identification and decline dead zone and the factors influencing the lenght of dead zone – the ability to identify two independent events on the link patchcord of the variable lenght, is also described in details in this thesis. In the practical part a series of measurements and evaluation (numerical and graphical) of the measured values of decline lenghts and identificating dead zones of the OTDR device will be carried out.

[EN] We live in a society of contínuous change and adaptation, in which the technology advances by moments in all the areas of knowledge, technology useful for all of the tasks to make, and implicitly elevates us the level of requirement in the quality of the task and/or product obtained. Destined society to the consumption, in which the competitiveness and the innovation go joined and in constant development.; In which the rules that regulate all the fields multiply and update constantly, in which the adaptations to the coyunturas give step to new circumstances that have to normativizarse almost daily. This society of deep development, finds in roads of generation of a more prosperous future, and has comprised, that this can not establish to the complete without before understand his past. Thus, our society, has gone awarding importance to the analysis of the traces by her created, by means of the study profuso of all the bottoms that has gone collecting. The study of the cartography, of maps and atlas, of photogrammetry, of recorded, and books of trips establishes the stage in which we have situated the present thesis doctoral. The Foundation Luis Giménez Lorente, his frame. Foundation of educational character, cultural, scientist and of promotion of the investigation, non-profit, under the tutel of the Valencian Generality that has by object the study and investigation of bottoms cartobibliográfics, placed in the Polytechnical University of Valencia, technological university by excellence, in plough to offer a product chord to the stamp of excellence of the University, poses establish a System of Management of Quality according to the norm ISO 9001:2008. System of management oriented to increase the satisfaction of the customer with a competitive product, sign of the remaining, of high quality. Thus, it generated the system to implement, analysed the causes for his establishment, established the procedures, articulated the controls, the items or values to quantify, the procedures of satisfaction¿¿..And if the system works, there are precedents? Why not to extrapolate it? It was necessary to analyse if they existed previous cases, or at least, had to be connoisseurs of the stage in which we found us. For this made a research of institutions, to national level, that managed bottoms cartobibliográfics. Once obtained a vision to the complete, proceeded to analyse, with greater upsetting those that a priori stood out in the national panorama (still knowingly went to leave in the ways other a lot of of equal importance). We had to know at first hand the system of management that had established, for like this can analyse the feasibility to implant our system of management of quality proposed keeping always the idiosyncrasy of each one of the institutions analysed. By his importance in our area of knowledge decant us for analysing the National Library, the Library of the Royal Palace, the General Archive of Simancas and the University of València. Analysed the institutions, his ends, aims and systems of management implanted, and generated a system of management ISO 9001:2008 in the Foundation Luis Giménez Lorente, will conclude the present thesis determining the feasibility of the implantation of the same and establishing lines of future investigation. / [ES] Vivimos en una sociedad de contínuo cambio y adaptación, en la que la tecnología avanza por momentos en todas las áreas de conocimiento, tecnología facilitadora para todos de las tareas a realizar, e implícitamente nos eleva el nivel de exigencia en la calidad de la tarea y/o producto obtenido. Sociedad destinada al consumo, en el que la competitividad y la innovación van unidas y en constante desarrollo; en la que las normativas que regulan todos los ámbitos se multiplican y actualizan constantemente, en la que las adaptaciones a las coyunturas dan paso a nuevas circunstancias que deben normativizarse casi diariamente. Esa sociedad de profundo desarrollo, se encuentra en vías de generación de un futuro más próspero, y ha comprendido, que éste no puede establecerse al completo sin antes entender su pasado. Por ello, nuestra sociedad, ha ido otorgando importancia al análisis de los vestigios por ella creada, mediante el estudio profuso de todos los fondos que ha ido coleccionando. El estudio de la cartografía, de mapas y atlas, de fotogrametría, de grabados, y libros de viajes establece el escenario en el que hemos ubicado la presente tesis doctoral. La Fundación Luis Giménez Lorente, su marco. Fundación de carácter educativo, cultural, científico y de fomento de la investigación, sin ánimo de lucro, bajo la tutela de la Generalidad Valenciana que tiene por objeto el estudio e investigación de fondos cartobibliográficos, sita en la Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, universidad tecnológica por excelencia, en aras de ofrecer un producto acorde al sello de excelencia de la Universidad, se plantea establecer un Sistema de Gestión de Calidad según la norma ISO 9001:2008. Sistema de gestión orientado a aumentar la satisfacción del cliente con un producto competitivo, distintivo de los restantes, de elevada calidad. Por ello, se generó el sistema a implementar, se analizaron las causas para su establecimiento, se establecieron los procedimientos, se articularon los controles, los ítems o valores a cuantificar, los procedimientos de satisfacción¿ y si el sistema funciona, ¿hay precedentes? ¿Por qué no extrapolarlo? Había que analizar si existían casos previos, o al menos, debíamos ser conocedores del escenario en el que nos encontrábamos. Para ello se realizó una búsqueda de instituciones, a nivel nacional, que gestionaban fondos cartobibliográficos. Una vez obtenida una visión al completo, procedimos a analizar, con mayor hincapié aquellas que a priori destacaban en el panorama nacional (aún a sabiendas íbamos a dejar en el caminos otras muchas de igual relevancia). Teníamos que conocer de primera mano el sistema de gestión que tenían establecido, para así poder analizar la viabilidad de implantar nuestro sistema de gestión de calidad propuesto manteniendo siempre la idiosincrasia de cada una de las instituciones analizadas. Por su relevancia en nuestra área de conocimiento nos decantamos por analizar la Biblioteca Nacional, la Biblioteca del Palacio Real, el Archivo General de Simancas y la Universidad de València. Analizadas las instituciones, sus fines, objetivos y sistemas de gestión implantados, y generado un sistema de gestión ISO 9001:2008 en la Fundación Luis Giménez Lorente, concluiremos la presente tesis determinando la viabilidad de la implantación del mismo y estableciendo líneas de investigación futuras. / [CA] Vivim en una societat de continu canvi i adaptació, en la qual la tecnologia avança per moments en totes les àrees de coneixement, tecnologia facilitzadora per a tots de les tasques a realitzar, i implícitament ens eleva el nivell d'exigència en la qualitat de la tasca i/o producte obtingut. Societat destinada al consum, en el qual la competitivitat i la innovació van unides i en constant desenvolupament.; en la qual les normatives que regulen tots els àmbits es multipliquen i actualitzen constantment, en la qual les adaptacions a les conjuntures donen pas a noves circumstàncies que han de normativitzarse quasi diàriament. Aqueixa societat de profund desenvolupament, es troba en vies de generació d'un futur més pròsper, i ha comprès, que aquest no pot establir-se al complet sense abans entendre el seu passat. Per açò, la nostra societat, ha anat atorgant importància a l'anàlisi dels vestigis per ella creada, mitjançant l'estudi profús de tots els fons que ha anat col·leccionant. L'estudi de la cartografia, de mapes i atles, de fotogrametria, de gravats, i llibres de viatges estableix l'escenari en el qual hem situat la present tesi doctoral. La Fundació Luis Giménez Lorente, el seu marc. Fundació de caràcter educatiu, cultural, científic i de foment de la recerca, sense ànim de lucre, sota la tutela de la Generalitat Valenciana que té per objecte l'estudi i recerca de fons cartobibliográfics, situada en la Universitat Politècnica de València, universitat tecnològica per excel·lència, en honor d'oferir un producte concorde al segell d'excel·lència de la Universitat, es planteja establir un Sistema de Gestió de Qualitat segons la norma ISO 9001:2008. Sistema de gestió orientat a augmentar la satisfacció del client amb un producte competitiu, distintiu dels restants, d'elevada qualitat. Per açò, es va generar el sistema a implementar, es van analitzar la causes per al seu establiment, es van establir els procediments, es van articular els controls, els ítems o valors a quantificar, els procediments de satisfacció¿¿..i si el sistema funciona, hi ha precedents? per què no extrapolar-ho? Calia analitzar si existien casos previs, o almenys, havíem de ser coneixedors de l'escenari en el qual ens trobàvem. Per a açò es va realitzar una cerca d'institucions, a nivell nacional, que gestionaven fons cartobibliográfics. Una vegada obtinguda una visió al complet, vam procedir a analitzar, amb major recalcament aquelles que a priori destacaven en el panorama nacional (encara a gratcient anàvem a deixar en el camins moltes altres d'igual rellevància). Havíem de conèixer de primera mà el sistema de gestió que tenien establit, per a així poder analitzar la viabilitat d'implantar el nostre sistema de gestió de qualitat proposat mantenint sempre la idiosincràsia de cadascuna de les institucions analitzades. Per la seua rellevància en la nostra àrea de coneixement ens decantem per analitzar la Biblioteca Nacional, la Biblioteca del Palau Real, l'Arxiu General de Simancas i la Universitat de València. Analitzades les institucions, les seues finalitats, objectius i sistemes de gestió implantats, i generat un sistema de gestió ISO 9001:2008 en la Fundació Luis Giménez Lorente, conclourem la present tesi determinant la viabilitat de la implantació del mateix i establint línies de recerca futures / Font Villanueva, RM. (2016). Implantación del Sistema de Gestión de Calidad según UNE en ISO 9001:2008. Fundación Luis Giménez Lorente, en el ámbito de la cartografía y la gestión de sus fondos. Comparativa con otras instituciones cartográficas a nivel nacional [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/62152

The present thesis explores how interaction is initiated in multi-party meetings in Adobe Connect, 7.0, with a particular focus on how co-presence and mutual availability are established through the preambles of 18 meetings held in Spanish without a moderator. Taking Conversation Analysis (CA) as a methodological point of departure, this thesis comprises four different studies, each of them analyzing a particular phenomenon within the interaction of the preambles in a multimodal environment that allows simultaneous interaction through video, voice and text-chat. The first study (Artículo I) shows how participants solve jointly the issue of availability in a technological environment where being online is not necessarily understood as being available for communicating. The second study (Artículo II) focuses on the beginning of the audiovisual interaction; in particular on how participants check the right functioning of the audiovisual mode. The third study (Artículo III) explores silences within the interaction of the preamble. It shows that the length of gaps and lapses become a significant aspect the preambles and how they are connected to the issue of availability.  Finally, the four study introduces the notion of modal alignment, an interactional phenomenon that systematically appears in the beginnings of the encounters, which seems to be used and understood  as a strategy for the establishment of mutual availability and negotiation of the participation framework. As a whole, this research shows how participants, in order to establish mutual co-presence and availability, adapt to a particular technology in terms of participation management, deploying strategies and conveying successive actions which, as it is the case of the activation of their respective webcams, seem to be understood as predictable within the intricate process of establishing mutual availability before the meeting starts.

The present thesis explores how interaction is initiated in multi-party meetings in Adobe Connect, 7.0, with a particular focus on how co-presence and mutual availability are established through the preambles of 18 meetings held in Spanish without a moderator. Taking Conversation Analysis (CA) as a methodological point of departure, this thesis comprises four different studies, each of them analyzing a particular phenomenon within the interaction of the preambles in a multimodal environment that allows simultaneous interaction through video, voice and text-chat. The first study (Artículo I) shows how participants solve jointly the issue of availability in a technological environment where being online is not necessarily understood as being available for communicating. The second study (Artículo II) focuses on the beginning of the audiovisual interaction; in particular on how participants check the right functioning of the audiovisual mode. The third study (Artículo III) explores silences within the interaction of the preamble. It shows that the length of gaps and lapses become a significant aspect the preambles and how they are connected to the issue of availability.  Finally, the four study introduces the notion of modal alignment, an interactional phenomenon that systematically appears in the beginnings of the encounters, which seems to be used and understood  as a strategy for the establishment of mutual availability and negotiation of the participation framework. As a whole, this research shows how participants, in order to establish mutual co-presence and availability, adapt to a particular technology in terms of participation management, deploying strategies and conveying successive actions which, as it is the case of the activation of their respective webcams, seem to be understood as predictable within the intricate process of establishing mutual availability before the meeting starts.

The opening of Peru to foreign markets in the past 20 years is a consequence of the signature of several Free Trade Agreements (FTA) with our main partners in business, both on a bilateral and multilateral level. In this article, on the one hand, important changes to customs regulations concerning obligations arose from the signature of several FTA will be analyzed and, on the other hand, a comparative analysis regarding regulations about facilitation of commerce and customs procedures contained in FTA signed with our main Asian partners in business will be developed. / La política de apertura comercial que el Perú ha venido impulsando desde hace más de 20 años ha originado la suscripción de sendos acuerdos comerciales con nuestros principales socios comerciales tanto a nivel bilateral como multilateral. En el presente artículo, de un lado, se desarrollan los importantes cambios generados en la normativa aduanera con ocasión de las obligaciones emanadas de la suscripción por parte del Perú de diversos TLC; y, de otro, se efectúa un análisis comparativo de las disposiciones en materia de facilitación del comercio y procedimientos aduaneros contenidas en los TLC suscritos con nuestros principales socios comerciales del Asia.

The aim of the master thesis is to sum up theoretical information about beamforming methods of microphone arrays and to verify their functionality. At the beginning of this work there are simulated different varietes of linear uniform and nonuniform microphone arrays and circular arrays. The results are verificated by a practical measurement in ideal conditions. Then I will focuse on implementation of the DAS(Delay And Sum), SAB(Sub Array Beamforming), CDB(Constant Directivity Beamforming), CDB-CA(CDB-Circular Arrays) beamformer including theoretical and practical verification of the functionality in ideal conditions. At the end of this thesis are all beamforming methods compared with each other at SNR(signal to Noise Ratio) and directivity parameters.

Tato diplomová práce pojednává o charakteristikách laserových diod, difrakcí a o vlastnostech gausovského svazku. Je určen útlum vazby vysílací dioda - vysílací apertura v závislosti na velikostech apertury a na velikosti svazku v programu MATLAB. Jsou stanoveny optimální parametry vazby apertura-dioda.

La presente investigación tiene como objetivo principal analizar los factores que influyeron en el desarrollo de la demanda turística de los principales países para el Perú, durante el periodo 1996-2018. El objetivo principal es confirmar si el PBI per cápita de los turistas internacionales, la apertura comercial y el tipo de cambio real, influyen positivamente en los turistas internacionales al momento de realizar un viaje al Perú. Para ello se ha realizado un análisis de los principales países que representan la mayor demanda turística para el Perú, los cuales representan más del 60%. Asimismo, se ha usado un modelo de data panel dinámico; sometiéndose el mismo a pruebas previas de verificación de datos, para dar veracidad al modelo. El presente trabajo de investigación posee un enfoque cuantitativo, basado en información de fuentes secundarias. Por otra parte, como forma complementaria, se realizaron entrevistas a expertos en el turismo para poder tener un panorama más amplio sobre el tema y así realizar un trabajo más enriquecedor. Según los resultados obtenidos del modelo, se evidencia que existe una relación estructural obtenida, lo cual brinda una relación positiva y estadísticamente significativa entre las variables explicativas PBI per cápita y apertura comercial. Finalmente, la variable tipo de cambio real si bien es cierto no constituye una variables explicativa, si adopta al modelo en su rol de forma logarítmica como una variable determinística, es decir es excluida de las elasticidades a largo plazo pero cumple su rol de establecer tendencia que siguen las demás variables. / The main objective of this research is to analyze the factors that influenced the development of tourism demand in the main countries for Peru during the period 1996-2018. The main objective is to confirm whether the GDP per capita of international tourists, trade opening and the real exchange rate, positively influence international tourists when making a trip to Peru. To this end, an analysis has been carried out of the main countries representing the highest tourism demand for Peru, which represent more than 60 %. A dynamic data panel model has also been used; it is submitted to previous data verification tests to give the model accuracy. This research has a quantitative approach, based on information from secondary sources. Moreover, as a complementary form, interviews were conducted with tourism experts in order to have a broader picture on the subject and thus to carry out a more enriching work. According to the results obtained from the model, it is evident that there is a structural relationship obtained, which provides a positive and statistically significant relationship between the explanatory variables GDP per capita and trade opening. Finally, the real exchange rate variable while true does not constitute an explanatory variable, if it adopts the model in its role logarithmically as a deterministic variable, that is, it is excluded from long-term elasticities but fulfills its role in establishing trends that follow the other variables. / Tesis

Despote the indisputable advantages of fine-pitch components, is need to calculate with a few trouble during production, especially increased requirements for accuracy of mounting and solder printing. In this work I’m concerned with problems of solder printing for these components and evaluation using SPC. For the evaluation I used 3D paste inspection based on laser scanning of the surface. The output of this work is to describe the principles of solder printing and elaborating of GR&R, SPC analysis and histograms of solder printing for some outputs. I focused in my master thesis on motive design change of problematic components and economic evaluation of the adjustments.