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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Konstruktion und Charakterisierung eines L-Arabinose fermentierenden Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hefestammes

Becker, Jessica. January 2003 (has links) (PDF)
Düsseldorf, Universiẗat, Diss., 2003.
2

Synthesis physicochemical and biological studies on oligonucleotides containing D-arabinose

Noronha, Anne Marietta January 1999 (has links)
Note:
3

Isolamento e seleção de leveduras nativas dos biomas brasileiros com habilidade em fermentar a etanol açucares não convencionais / Selection of native yeasts isolated from Brazilian biomes capable of fermenting non-conventional sugars to ethanol

Rossi, Raquel Andrade de 14 August 2018 (has links)
Orientador: Lucia Regina Durrant / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-14T14:31:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rossi_RaquelAndradede_M.pdf: 2252972 bytes, checksum: c504b3299931a04c688b6e1100f129fb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: O bagaço da cana-de-açúcar é considerado uma biomassa lignocelulósica promissora para a produção de etanol, devido a sua composição em açúcares, grande disponibilidade e baixo custo. A levedura Saccharomyces cerevisiae, embora apresente atributos ideais para o uso industrial, não é capaz de fermentar alguns açúcares presentes nesta biomassa, como xilose e arabinose (açúcares não convencionais). Assim, é interessante a busca por leveduras em nichos ecológicos onde esses açúcares estão presentes. O Brasil apresenta uma rica biodiversidade, qualificada pela diversidade em: ecossistemas, espécies biológicas e endemismos. Utilizar ecossistemas característicos do território brasileiro como fonte de coleta oferece a oportunidade não só de obter novas espécies, mas também de isolar aquelas capazes de fermentar diferentes substratos. De acordo com o exposto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi de isolar, a partir de amostras de biomas brasileiros, leveduras que apresentassem a habilidade em fermentar alguns açúcares, além da glicose e frutose, especialmente os que compõem o hidrolisado do bagaço da cana-de-açúcar (açúcares não convencionais). Os resultados demonstraram que as linhagens isoladas não apresentaram habilidade em fermentar as principais pentoses (xilose e arabinose) presentes no bagaço da cana-de- açúcar. Contudo, 19 foram capazes de assimilar a xilose, e 12 linhagens, a arabinose. Desta forma, como sugestão, o hidrolisado do bagaço da cana-de-açúcar pode ser utilizado para a produção de biomassa protéica (single cell protein) pelas linhagens que assimilaram xilose e arabinose / Abstract: Sugarcane bagasse is considered a promising lignocellulosic biomass for ethanol production, due to its sugar composition, high availability and low price. Although, Saccharomyces cerevisiae has the ideal attributes for industrial use, it is not able to ferment some sugars present in this biomass such as xylose and arabinose (non-convencional sugars). Thus, it is interesting to search for yeasts in ecological niches where these sugars are present. Brazil has a rich biodiversity, qualified for its diversity in: ecosystems, biological species and endemisms. To use the ecosystems characteristics of the Brazilian territory as a source for sample collection offers the opportunity not only to obtain new species, but also to isolate those capable of fermenting diverse substrates. Therefore, the aim of this study was to isolate from samples of Brazilian biomes, yeasts that have the ability to ferment some sugars, besides glucose and fructose, especially those components of the sugarcane bagasse hydrolizate (non-convencional sugars). The results demonstrated that the isolated strains had no ability to ferment the main pentoses (xylose and arabinose) present in sugarcane bagasse. However, 19 strains were able to assimilate xylose, and 12 strains, arabinose. Thus, as suggestion, the sugarcane bagasse hydrolyzate can be used for the production of single cell protein by the strains that assimilate xylose and arabinose / Mestrado / Mestre em Ciência de Alimentos
4

Synthesis of C-phosphonic acid, C-phosphinic acid, and C-sulfone analogs of decaprenolphosphoarabinose inhibitors of mycobacterial arabinosyltransferases /

Centrone, Charla Anne. January 2003 (has links)
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2003. / Document formatted into pages; contains xvi, 371 p.; also contains graphics. Includes bibliographical references. Abstract available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center; full text release delayed at author's request until 2005 May 5.
5

Heat processing of galactomannans

Koek, Mehmet Samil January 1999 (has links)
No description available.
6

An investigation of the sulfonic acids derived from xylose and arabinose

Cordingly, Richard H. 01 January 1959 (has links)
No description available.
7

Caracterização físico-química do bagaço de cana-de-açúcar pré-tratado com sulfito alcalino, extração enzimática da hemicelulose e sacarificação dos polissacarídeos residuais / Physicochemical characterization of alkaline-sulfite pretreated sugarcane bagasse, enzymatic hemicellulose extraction and saccharification of residual polysaccharides

Reinoso, Felipe Andres Montoya 27 October 2017 (has links)
No presente trabalho o bagaço de cana-de-açúcar foi pré-tratado quimiotermomecanicamente (QTM) com três concentrações de solução sulfito alcalino (g/100 g de bagaço): 2,5% Na2SO3 e 1,25% NaOH (QTM2,5%); 5% Na2SO3 e 2,5% NaOH (QTM5%), 10% Na2SO3 e 5% NaOH (QTM10%), e posteriormente refinado num refinador de discos, visando incrementar a acessibilidade da parede celular para extrair enzimaticamente as hemiceluloses. O bagaço também foi pré-tratado com clorito ácido por 2 horas (D2) e 4 horas (D4), para gerar um substrato modelo com baixo teor de lignina. A composição original do bagaço de cana-de-açúcar foi de 32,3% de celulose, 28,5% de hemicelulose e 22,0% de lignina (g/100 g de bagaço original). Depois de pré-tratados, as remoções de lignina foram de 18%; 31% e 48% para os bagaços QTM2,5%, QTM5% e QTM10%, respectivamente. Parte das hemiceluloses foi removida, em níveis de 22% para os bagaços QTM2,5% e QTM5% e 17% para o QTM10%. O pré-tratamento clorito ácido removeu lignina em níveis de 55% e 75% para os bagaços D2 e D4, respectivamente; e 10% da hemicelulose no bagaço D4. As hemiceluloses de todos os bagaços pré-tratados foram extraídas com 3 diferentes preparados de endo-xilanases comerciais, usando 20UI/g de bagaço, em pH=8.0 (tampão fosfato 50 mM), 50°C e uma relação sólido:líquido de 1:20. Após 24h de reação, a xilanase Luminase apresentou os melhores rendimentos de extração de xilana com valores de: 4%, 7% e 32% para os bagaços QTM2,5%, QTM5% e QTM10%, respectivamente; e de: 34% e 55% para os bagaços D2 e D4, respectivamente. A extração se correlacionou linearmente com a remoção de lignina (R2=0,97) e ácidos hidroxicinâmicos (R2=0,88 para ácido ferúlico; R2=0,80 para ácido p-coumárico), e com o aumento da área superficial accessível de celulose (R2=0,95). Não foi observada a produção de açúcares monoméricos nas xilanas extraídas. Aumentando a carga enzimática em 20 vezes (100 UI) no bagaço QTM10% e em 12 vezes (60 UI) no bagaço D4 a extração da xilana aumentou 29% e 21%, respectivamente, sugerindo que além da lignina e ácidos hidroxicinâmicos, existem outros impedimentos a extração. O bagaço QTM10% foi extraído sequencialmente duas vezes com 100UI de Luminase por grama de bagaço, e posteriormente sacarificado com celulases comerciais. Os resultados mostraram que primeiro são extraídas as xilanas mais substituídas com arabinose e que a extração da xilana favorece a sacarificação da celulose residual, quando comparado com um material simplesmente pré-tratado. Entretanto, para aceder a toda a xilana do bagaço, é necessário hidrolisar parte da celulose, indicando que o pré-tratamento QTM10% não consegue quebrar por completo a alta interação celulose-hemicelulose. A pré-incubação do bagaço QTM10% por 8h com endoglucanase, seguida da reação com xilanase por 24h, aumentou a extração de xilana em 17,6%. As xilanas extraídas podem ser recuperadas por precipitação com etanol. Análises de ressonância magnética nuclear mostraram que a xilana extraída corresponde a glucurono-arabinoxilana, sendo detectados também ácido pcoumárico, baixas quantidades de lignina e proteínas, derivados do processo de extração. / In the present work, the sugarcane bagasse was pretreated with a chemithermomechanically (CTM) process using three concentrations alkaline-sulfite solution (g/100 g of bagasse): 2,5% Na2SO3 e 1,25% NaOH (QTM2,5%); 5% Na2SO3 e 2,5% NaOH (QTM5%), 10% Na2SO3 e 5% NaOH (QTM2,5%), and disk refining with the aim of increasing cell wall accessibility for subsequent extraction of the hemicellulose fraction. Besides, bagasse was delignified with acidic sodium chlorite for 2 hours (D2) and 4 hours (D4), to produce a model with low lignin content. The original composition of sugarcane bagasse was 38.3% of cellulose, 28.5% of hemicellulose and 22.0% of lignin (g/100 g of original bagasse). After pretreatment, the lignin removal were 18%; 31% e 48% for the bagasse CTM2,5%, CTM5% e CTM10%, respectively. A part of the hemicellulose was removed at levels of 22% for the bagasse CTM2,5%, CTM5% and 17% for QTM10%. Acid chlorite pretreatment removed lignin at 55% and 75% levels for D2 and D4, respectively; and 10% of hemicellulose in D4 bagasse. Hemicelluloses from all pre-treated bagasses were extracted with 3 different commercial endoxylanases preparations using 20UI/g of bagasse, at pH 8.0 (phosphate buffer 50 mM), 50°C and solid:liquid ratio of 1:20. After 24h of reaction, Luminase xylanase showed the best xylan extraction yields of: 4%, 7% and 32% for QTM2,5%, QTM5% and QTM10%, respectively; and of: 34% and 55% for D2 and D4, respectively. The xylan extraction correlated linearly with lignin (R2=0.97) and hidroxicinamic acid (R2=0.88 for ferulic acid; R2=0.80 for p-coumaric acid) removal, and with the increase of accessible surface area of the cellulose (R2=0.95). The production of monomeric sugars in the extracted xylan was not observed. Increasing enzimatic loading by 20 times (100 UI) for the bagasse CTM10% and 12 times (60 UI/) for the D4 bagasse, the xylan extraction was increased 29% and 21%, respectively, suggesting that besides lignin and hydroxycinnamic acids, there are other impediments to enzymatic extraction. The QTM10% bagasse was extracted sequentially twice with 100UI of Luminase per gram of bagasse, and then saccharified with commercial cellulases. The results showed that the xylanes most substituted with arabinose are extracted first and that the extraction of the xylan favors the saccharification of the residual cellulose as compared to a simply pretreated material. However, to access all the bagasse xylan, it is necessary to hydrolyze part of the cellulose, because the QTM10% pretreatment was not enough to completely disintegrate the high cellulose-hemicellulose interaction. Pre-incubation of the QTM10% bagasse for 8h with endoglucanase, followed by xylanase reaction for 24h, increased the xylan extraction by 17.6%. Extracted xylans were recovered by precipitation with ethanol and characterized. Chemical and nuclear magnetic resonance analysis showed that extracted xylan corresponds to a glucurono-arabinoxylan with residues of p-coumaric acid and low amounts of lignin and proteins, derived from the extraction process.
8

Caracterização físico-química do bagaço de cana-de-açúcar pré-tratado com sulfito alcalino, extração enzimática da hemicelulose e sacarificação dos polissacarídeos residuais / Physicochemical characterization of alkaline-sulfite pretreated sugarcane bagasse, enzymatic hemicellulose extraction and saccharification of residual polysaccharides

Felipe Andres Montoya Reinoso 27 October 2017 (has links)
No presente trabalho o bagaço de cana-de-açúcar foi pré-tratado quimiotermomecanicamente (QTM) com três concentrações de solução sulfito alcalino (g/100 g de bagaço): 2,5% Na2SO3 e 1,25% NaOH (QTM2,5%); 5% Na2SO3 e 2,5% NaOH (QTM5%), 10% Na2SO3 e 5% NaOH (QTM10%), e posteriormente refinado num refinador de discos, visando incrementar a acessibilidade da parede celular para extrair enzimaticamente as hemiceluloses. O bagaço também foi pré-tratado com clorito ácido por 2 horas (D2) e 4 horas (D4), para gerar um substrato modelo com baixo teor de lignina. A composição original do bagaço de cana-de-açúcar foi de 32,3% de celulose, 28,5% de hemicelulose e 22,0% de lignina (g/100 g de bagaço original). Depois de pré-tratados, as remoções de lignina foram de 18%; 31% e 48% para os bagaços QTM2,5%, QTM5% e QTM10%, respectivamente. Parte das hemiceluloses foi removida, em níveis de 22% para os bagaços QTM2,5% e QTM5% e 17% para o QTM10%. O pré-tratamento clorito ácido removeu lignina em níveis de 55% e 75% para os bagaços D2 e D4, respectivamente; e 10% da hemicelulose no bagaço D4. As hemiceluloses de todos os bagaços pré-tratados foram extraídas com 3 diferentes preparados de endo-xilanases comerciais, usando 20UI/g de bagaço, em pH=8.0 (tampão fosfato 50 mM), 50°C e uma relação sólido:líquido de 1:20. Após 24h de reação, a xilanase Luminase apresentou os melhores rendimentos de extração de xilana com valores de: 4%, 7% e 32% para os bagaços QTM2,5%, QTM5% e QTM10%, respectivamente; e de: 34% e 55% para os bagaços D2 e D4, respectivamente. A extração se correlacionou linearmente com a remoção de lignina (R2=0,97) e ácidos hidroxicinâmicos (R2=0,88 para ácido ferúlico; R2=0,80 para ácido p-coumárico), e com o aumento da área superficial accessível de celulose (R2=0,95). Não foi observada a produção de açúcares monoméricos nas xilanas extraídas. Aumentando a carga enzimática em 20 vezes (100 UI) no bagaço QTM10% e em 12 vezes (60 UI) no bagaço D4 a extração da xilana aumentou 29% e 21%, respectivamente, sugerindo que além da lignina e ácidos hidroxicinâmicos, existem outros impedimentos a extração. O bagaço QTM10% foi extraído sequencialmente duas vezes com 100UI de Luminase por grama de bagaço, e posteriormente sacarificado com celulases comerciais. Os resultados mostraram que primeiro são extraídas as xilanas mais substituídas com arabinose e que a extração da xilana favorece a sacarificação da celulose residual, quando comparado com um material simplesmente pré-tratado. Entretanto, para aceder a toda a xilana do bagaço, é necessário hidrolisar parte da celulose, indicando que o pré-tratamento QTM10% não consegue quebrar por completo a alta interação celulose-hemicelulose. A pré-incubação do bagaço QTM10% por 8h com endoglucanase, seguida da reação com xilanase por 24h, aumentou a extração de xilana em 17,6%. As xilanas extraídas podem ser recuperadas por precipitação com etanol. Análises de ressonância magnética nuclear mostraram que a xilana extraída corresponde a glucurono-arabinoxilana, sendo detectados também ácido pcoumárico, baixas quantidades de lignina e proteínas, derivados do processo de extração. / In the present work, the sugarcane bagasse was pretreated with a chemithermomechanically (CTM) process using three concentrations alkaline-sulfite solution (g/100 g of bagasse): 2,5% Na2SO3 e 1,25% NaOH (QTM2,5%); 5% Na2SO3 e 2,5% NaOH (QTM5%), 10% Na2SO3 e 5% NaOH (QTM2,5%), and disk refining with the aim of increasing cell wall accessibility for subsequent extraction of the hemicellulose fraction. Besides, bagasse was delignified with acidic sodium chlorite for 2 hours (D2) and 4 hours (D4), to produce a model with low lignin content. The original composition of sugarcane bagasse was 38.3% of cellulose, 28.5% of hemicellulose and 22.0% of lignin (g/100 g of original bagasse). After pretreatment, the lignin removal were 18%; 31% e 48% for the bagasse CTM2,5%, CTM5% e CTM10%, respectively. A part of the hemicellulose was removed at levels of 22% for the bagasse CTM2,5%, CTM5% and 17% for QTM10%. Acid chlorite pretreatment removed lignin at 55% and 75% levels for D2 and D4, respectively; and 10% of hemicellulose in D4 bagasse. Hemicelluloses from all pre-treated bagasses were extracted with 3 different commercial endoxylanases preparations using 20UI/g of bagasse, at pH 8.0 (phosphate buffer 50 mM), 50°C and solid:liquid ratio of 1:20. After 24h of reaction, Luminase xylanase showed the best xylan extraction yields of: 4%, 7% and 32% for QTM2,5%, QTM5% and QTM10%, respectively; and of: 34% and 55% for D2 and D4, respectively. The xylan extraction correlated linearly with lignin (R2=0.97) and hidroxicinamic acid (R2=0.88 for ferulic acid; R2=0.80 for p-coumaric acid) removal, and with the increase of accessible surface area of the cellulose (R2=0.95). The production of monomeric sugars in the extracted xylan was not observed. Increasing enzimatic loading by 20 times (100 UI) for the bagasse CTM10% and 12 times (60 UI/) for the D4 bagasse, the xylan extraction was increased 29% and 21%, respectively, suggesting that besides lignin and hydroxycinnamic acids, there are other impediments to enzymatic extraction. The QTM10% bagasse was extracted sequentially twice with 100UI of Luminase per gram of bagasse, and then saccharified with commercial cellulases. The results showed that the xylanes most substituted with arabinose are extracted first and that the extraction of the xylan favors the saccharification of the residual cellulose as compared to a simply pretreated material. However, to access all the bagasse xylan, it is necessary to hydrolyze part of the cellulose, because the QTM10% pretreatment was not enough to completely disintegrate the high cellulose-hemicellulose interaction. Pre-incubation of the QTM10% bagasse for 8h with endoglucanase, followed by xylanase reaction for 24h, increased the xylan extraction by 17.6%. Extracted xylans were recovered by precipitation with ethanol and characterized. Chemical and nuclear magnetic resonance analysis showed that extracted xylan corresponds to a glucurono-arabinoxylan with residues of p-coumaric acid and low amounts of lignin and proteins, derived from the extraction process.
9

ObtenÃÃo de um catalisador insolÃvel para a produÃÃo de D-tagatose por L-arabinose isomerase / Obtaining an insoluble catalyst for production of D-tagatose by L-arabinose isomerase

Marylane de Sousa 04 May 2015 (has links)
FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Dentro das possibilidades terapÃuticas atuais para o tratamento de pacientes com problemas congÃnitos de metabolismo, a dieta constitui o pilar mais importante e a D-tagatose tem atraÃdo uma grande atenÃÃo nos Ãltimos anos devido a seus benefÃcios à saÃde humana, bem como à semelhanÃa de suas propriedades com a sacarose. Dentre as suas muitas aplicaÃÃes, ressalta-se o potencial em auxiliar no controle de peso, uma preocupaÃÃo crescente no Brasil, uma vez que a obesidade cresce a ritmos alarmantes. No entanto, a L-arabinose isomerase, enzima que catalisa isomerizaÃÃo de D-galactose em D-tagatose, ainda nÃo està disponÃvel comercialmente e, portanto, estudos visando à obtenÃÃo deste biocatalisador se fazem necessÃrios de maneira a viabilizar a implantaÃÃo do processo industrial. Portanto neste trabalho, estudou-se a obtenÃÃo da enzima L-arabinose isomerase utilizando uma cepa de Enterococcus faecium. A enzima produzida por fermentaÃÃo foi caracterizada e imobilizada em suportes a base de quitosana. Os resultados de estabilidade tÃrmica, operacional e de estocagem obtidos para a enzima imobilizada covalentemente sobre quitosana em meio alcalino (pH 10), confirmou a importÃncia do controle do pH durante a imobilizaÃÃo, uma vez que a formaÃÃo de uniÃes multipontuais à favorecida quando comparado ao pH 7,0. No entanto, baixas concentraÃÃes de proteÃna eram obtidas na etapa de fermentaÃÃo, portanto, estudou-se a produÃÃo da enzima L-AI de forma heterÃloga em Escherichia coli. As proteÃnas recombinantes expressas foram purificadas por cromatografia de afinidade em uma Ãnica etapa, e visualizadas em SDS-PAGE. O sucesso na construÃÃo do gene e na clonagem em vetores de expressÃo em E. coli resultou em quantidade satisfatÃria de expressÃo das proteÃnas recombinantes, pois apresentaram-se na forma solÃvel, facilmente purificadas e ativas, permitindo suas caracterizaÃÃes. Por ultracentrifugaÃÃo analÃtica foi possÃvel descobrir que a enzima L-AI recombinante tem uma tendÃncia para formaÃÃo de estruturas com maior tamanho (oligÃmeros). A seguir, suportes multifuncionais foram preparados para a imobilizaÃÃo da L-AI e observou-se uma rÃpida imobilizaÃÃo, apresentando um elevado rendimento de imobilizaÃÃo, superior a 75%. Devido à baixa estabilidade tÃrmica dos derivados, estudos futuros serÃo necessÃrios para a estabilizaÃÃo da estrutura quaternÃria desta enzima. / Within the current therapeutic options for treatment of patients with congenital metabolic problems, diet is the most important pillar and D-tagatose has attracted great attention in recent years because of its benefits to human health and due to its similarities with sucrose. Among its many applications, it emphasizes the potential to assist in weight management, a growing concern in Brazil, since obesity is growing at alarming rates. However, L-arabinose isomerase, the enzyme that catalyses the isomerization of D-galactose into D-tagatose, is not yet commercially available and therefore studies in order to obtain this biocatalyst are necessary in order to enable the implementation of the industrial process. Therefore, in this work, the production of L-arabinose isomerase by Enterococcus faecium was investigated. The produced enzyme was characterized and immobilized onto chitosan. Results of thermal, operational stability and self-life obtained by using L-AI, covalently immobilized onto chitosan in an alkaline medium (pH 10), confirmed the importance of the pH during immobilization, since multipunctuality is favored compared to pH 7.0. Nevertheless, enzyme concentration after fermentation was low and, therefore, we have studied the production of heterologous enzyme in Escherichia coli. The expressed recombinant proteins were purified by affinity chromatography by a single step, and displayed as a single band on SDS-PAGE. The successful construction of the gene and cloning into expression vectors in E. coli resulted in higher amount of the recombinant proteins, which are soluble, easily purified and active, allowing their characterization. Through analytical ultracentrifugation, it was possible to find that the recombinant L-AI has a tendency to form larger structures (oligomers). Multifunctional supports were prepared to L-AI immobilization, allowing achieving high yields (more than 75%) at short contact times. Due to the low thermal stability of the immobilized enzyme, future studies will be needed to stabilize its quaternary structure.
10

The Role of Plant Cell Wall Arabinose in Salt Stress Sensing and Adaptation

Omar Mohamed Zayed (6524582) 10 June 2019 (has links)
Plant cell wall is critical for the regulation of cell shape, cell growth, and responses to abiotic stress and pathogen infection. The plant cell wall is composed of several monosaccharides including glucose, galactose, mannose, xylose, fucose, rhamnose, and arabinose. Arabinose-containing polymers account for ~20 % of the total cell wall saccharides in rice and Arabidopsis. Arabinose is a plant-specific monosaccharide that is required for the decoration of several cell wall polysaccharides, including rhamnogalacturonan I (RGI)-arabinan, arabinoxylan, and rhamnogalacturonan II (RGII). Arabinose is also involved in the modification of some cell wall glycoproteins, including arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs), extensins, and leucine-rich repeat extensin (LRX) proteins. In addition, arabinose is conjugated to signaling peptides like CLAVATA3 and some cytoplasmic arabinosylated flavonols, such as quercetin 3-O-l-arabinoside and myricetin. The only known enzyme in the final step of the arabinose de novo biosynthesis pathway is the Golgi-localized UDP-D-xylose 4-epimerase (MUR4), which converts UDP-xylose to UDP-arabinose. There is a 50% reduction of cell wall arabinose in mur4 mutant, indicating that other enzymes may also be involved in the de novo biosynthesis pathway. Under salt stress, mur4 mutant plants exhibit reduced root elongation and abnormal cell-cell adhesion. The roles of three MUR4 paralogs, MURL, DUR, and MEE25, in arabinose biosynthesis and salt stress tolerance are described. Data are also shown regarding the importance of AGPs in salt tolerance. Analysis of higher order mutants of mur4 with its three paralogs reveals that the three proteins also contribute to the biosynthesis of UDP-Ara and are critical for root elongation. The salt-hypersensitivity of the mur4 mutant is rescued by exogenous arabinose or gum Arabic (a commercial AGP product). Taken together, my work reveals the importance of arabinose metabolism in salt stress tolerance and provides new insights into the enzymes involved in UDP-Ara biosynthesis in plants. Plants have evolved cell-wall integrity sensing and signaling pathways to maintain cell-wall homeostasis in response to stress conditions, but the cellular components involved in the perception and transduction of cell-wall signals are largely unknown. I found that the cell wall-localized leucine-rich repeat extensins (LRX) 3/4/5 interact with RAPID ALKALINIZATION FACTOR (RALF) peptides RALF22/23 to transduce cell wall signals. Mature RALF22/23 peptides convey signals to the plasma membrane-localized FERONIA (FER) to induce intracellular stress responses. The lrx345 and fer mutants and RALF22/23 overexpressing transgenic plants display similar phenotypes, including retarded growth and increased sensitivity to salt stress. These results suggest that LRX3/4/5, RALF22/23, and FER function as a module to regulate plant growth and salt stress tolerance. Further analyses show that the LRXs-RALF-FER module negatively regulates the accumulation of the phytohormones jasmonic acid (JA), salicylic acid (SA), and abscisic acid (ABA), and the simultaneous over-accumulation of these stress hormones can be detrimental to plants. Based on genetic and biochemical data, we propose that salt-induced perturbations of the cell wall may be sensed by the LRXs, triggering the release of RALF peptides in the extracellular space; these peptides are then perceived by FER, inducing its internalization and down-regulating its function as part of a homeostatic mechanism to halt growth and to acclimate to salt stress through the activation of ABA, JA and SA signaling. Taken together, my work offers valuable insights into how salt stress is sensed in the apoplast by the LRXs-RALFs-FER signaling module, which subsequently modulates hormone signaling to establish a homeostatic mechanism coordinating growth and stress responses. In brief, my study contributes to the understanding of the role of MUR4 family of enzymes in plant arabinose biosynthesis and the role of arabinose-containing macromolecules in salt stress sensing and adaptation.<br>

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