Orientador: Vera Nisaka Solferini / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T20:50:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Peres_ElenArroyo_D.pdf: 4419188 bytes, checksum: 1e99ff3fa29d44a021ecf49304ad863b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: Neste trabalho estudamos os padrões filogeográficos de duas espécies de aranhas do gênero Araneus (Araneidae) visando contribuir para o entendimento da biogeografia da região Neotropical. Para as duas espécies, realizamos estimativas de diversidade e estrutura genética, redes de haplótipos, inferências filogenéticas e análises demográficas utilizando um marcador mitocondrial (Citocromo Oxidase I, COI) e um nuclear (Internal Transcribed Subunit II, ITS2); e apresentamos os resultados em dois manuscritos. No primeiro, "Pleistocene niche stability and lineage diversification in the subtropical spider Araneus omnicolor", testamos a influência das oscilações climáticas do Quaternário sobre a demografia de A. omnicolor, uma espécie restrita à porção subtropical da América do Sul. Modelagens paleoclimáticas indicaram que a distribuição de A. omnicolor permaneceu estável ao longo do Pleistoceno tardio. Além disso, a comparação entre 14 modelos demográficos por meio de Approximate Bayesian Computation (ABC) apontou como mais provável o modelo de panmixia com estabilidade, embora as demais análises demográficas tenham indicado expansão recente, sugerindo um cenário complexo para a espécie. No segundo manuscrito, "Conexões entre Amazônia e Mata Atlântica reveladas por Araneus venatrix", analisamos os padrões filogeográficos de A. venatrix, que ocorre em ambientes úmidos em toda a região Neotropical (Amazônia, Mata Atlântica e matas de galeria localizadas na diagonal seca entre esses biomas). Detectamos uma profunda divergência entre um clado restrito ao sul da Mata Atlântica e outro distribuído em todo o restante do Brasil datada do Mioceno tardio. Os resultados indicam que a expansão do Cerrado e consequente separação das florestas úmidas coincidem com um progressivo esfriamento e ressecamento ao longo do Terciário, ainda que certa conectividade entre esses biomas tenha permanecido. As análises mostraram que as populações da porção norte na Mata Atlântica são geneticamente mais semelhantes às da Amazônia do que às da porção sul, indicando que os processos ligados à diversificação de linhagens desses dois biomas não são completamente independentes. Este trabalho mostrou que estudos com táxons de ampla ocorrência geográfica contribuem com informações importantes sobre a história das florestas úmidas Neotropicais. Os dois manuscritos sugeriram cenários intrigantes para a América do Sul e revelam a importância de mais trabalhos com organismos como as aranhas, muito abundantes e ainda pouco explorados nos Neotrópicos. Nossos resultados contribuem para o conhecimento geral do grupo e também a compreensão da história biogeográfica da região Neotropical / Abstract: In this work, we have studied the phylogeographic patterns of two spiders of the genus Araneus (Araneidae) to contribute to the knowledge about the biogeography of the Neotropical region. For both species, we estimated the genetic diversity, the population structure, haplotype networks, phylogenetic inferences and the demographic history using one mitochondrial (Cytochrome Oxidase I, COI) and one nuclear (Internal Transcribed Subunit II, ITS2) marker; and presented the results in two separate manuscripts. In the first, "Pleistocene niche stability and lineage diversification in the subtropical spider Araneus omnicolor", we have tested the influence of the Quaternary climatic oscillations on the demography of A. omnicolor, a species restricted to South American subtropical region. The paleoclimatic modeling indicated that A. omnicolor¿s distribution remained stable during the Late Pleistocene. Besides, the comparison among 14 demographic models through an Approximate Bayesian Computation (ABC) approach pointed to panmixia with stability as the most probable model, although the other demographic analyses had indicated recent expansion, suggesting a complex scenario for this species. In the second manuscript, "Conexões entre Amazônia e Mata Atlântica reveladas por Araneus venatrix", we have analyzed the patterns of A. venatrix, a species that occurs in humid Neotropical environments (Amazonia, Atlantic Forest and gallery forests located in the dry diagonal between these biomes). We have detected a deep divergence between a clade restricted to Southern Atlantic Forest and the other, distributed in all other Brazilian regions, on Late Miocene. These results suggest that the expansion of Cerrado biome and the consequent split of rainforests are coincident with a progressive cooling and dryness that occurred during the Tertiary, although some degree of connectivity between these biomes had remained until today. The analyses showed that the northern Atlantic Forest populations are genetically more similar to Amazonian populations than to the ones from southern Atlantic Forest, indicating that the processes related to the lineages diversification in these biomes are not completely independent. This work has showed that studies focused on widely distributed taxa contribute with important information regarding the history of Neotropical Rainforests. Both manuscripts suggest intriguing scenarios for South America and reveal the importance of more research with organisms as spiders, which are abundant but scarcely explored in Neotropics. Our results contribute to the general knowledge of the group and also to a better comprehension of the biogeographic history of Neotropical region / Doutorado / Genetica Animal e Evolução / Doutora em Genética e Biologia Molecular

<i>Sorex araneus</i> L., the common shrew, has a basal metabolic rate higher than predicted by allometry. This study investigates how such a small insectivore is able to respond to the extra energy expenditures associated with both reproduction and winter survival. A comparison is also made with the reproductive costs in a tropical insectivore with a low BMR, <i>Echinops telfairi</i> Martin. The daily energy expenditure of <i>S. araneus</i>, estimated using both indirect calorimetry (IC) and doubly-labelled water (DLW), increased during pregnancy and lactation. The energy expenditures estimated using IC were however lower than the estimates made using DLW. During gestation this was explained by the physical confinement and the higher ambient temperatures within the respirometry chambers. During lactation however 30% of the maternal energy expenditure could not be explained by such factors and was probably due to the entry of unlabelled CO₂ into the female. The increase in energy expenditure during reproduction was associated with an increase in food consumption. Both the resting and the daily energy expenditure of <i>S. araneus</i> increased in response to falls in ambient temperature, reflecting the cost of thermoregulation during winter. Homeothermy was always maintained at low temperatures. Prey availability did not decline during the winter months however, so that the increase in thermo-regulatory costs were not compounded by a decrease in the potential intake of energy. In winter, thermoregulatory costs were reduced by a drop in body mass and size, a consequence of which was a decrease in lower critical temperature. Further adaptations included a reduction in activity in cold temperatures, involving long periods spent within the nest. Habitat selection was also important during winter, since shrews remaining within sheltered microclimates would conserve up to 15% of the total daily energy budget. The increase in body mass in <i>Echinops</i> during gestation was attributed to both the growth of the foetuses and the deposition of fat. The lipid stores were carried over into lactation. Both daily and resting energy expenditure increased throughout pregnancy, but there was no further increase in expenditure throughout lactation. Whilst the body temperature (T_b) of adult males and juveniles was dependent upon ambient temperature (T_a), body temperature in pregnant and lactating females was independent of T_a. The females maintained homeothermy during reproduction. Despite the increase in energy expenditure there was no increase in the temperature differential (T_b-T_a) prior to parturition in these females, and this was attributed to an increase in conductance, a consequence of behavioural thermoregulation ('spread-eagling') during late gestation. These behavioural changes included a reduction in activity and hence compensation in the respiratory energy budget, leading to a decrease in food consumption from mid to late gestation. During early to mid gestation and also throughout lactation the increased energy demands were associated with an increase in food consumption.

No description available.

<p>The common shrew, <i>Sorex araneus</i>, has one of the most variable karyotypes among mammals, displaying numerous chromosomes races throughout its distribution, which can be categorized into different karyotypic groups. The objective of this thesis was to examine the postglacial population history of Fennoscandian common shrews using autosomal microsatellites, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and a Y chromosome specific microsatellite (L8Y).</p><p>Autosomal microsatellites and mtDNA revealed weak genetic structure over a hybrid zone between the karyotypically divergent Northern and Western karyotypic groups. However, the genetic structure displayed by the Y chromosome microsatellite was orders of magnitude higher. Hence, considerable chromosomal differences between the groups do not prevent female gene flow, while male gene flow is reduced (cf. Haldane's rule). Further, the results suggest that the Haldane effect may be caused by the chromosomal differences between the karyotypic groups.</p><p>No mtDNA differentiation was observed either between chromosome races or between the Northern and Western karyotypic groups in Fennoscandia. The combined pattern of karyotypic and mtDNA variation of Fennoscandian common shrews, suggest bi-directional postglacial recolonisation from a single refugium in Europe. The variation of the Y-linked microsatellite supported this conclusion. In contrast, significant mtDNA structure, discordant with the karyotypic variation, revealed that common shrews in southern Finland belong to a different lineage than remaining Fennoscandian regions, implying postglacial recolonisation from a different source.</p><p>MtDNA variation of the chromosome races in Sweden supports the hypothesis that three races of the Western karyotypic group have been formed through whole arm reciprocal translocations (WARTs), as suggested by their mutual karyotypic variation. The variation of the molecular markers supports the theory of rapid karyotypic evolution in the common shrew.</p>

The common shrew, Sorex araneus, has one of the most variable karyotypes among mammals, displaying numerous chromosomes races throughout its distribution, which can be categorized into different karyotypic groups. The objective of this thesis was to examine the postglacial population history of Fennoscandian common shrews using autosomal microsatellites, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and a Y chromosome specific microsatellite (L8Y). Autosomal microsatellites and mtDNA revealed weak genetic structure over a hybrid zone between the karyotypically divergent Northern and Western karyotypic groups. However, the genetic structure displayed by the Y chromosome microsatellite was orders of magnitude higher. Hence, considerable chromosomal differences between the groups do not prevent female gene flow, while male gene flow is reduced (cf. Haldane's rule). Further, the results suggest that the Haldane effect may be caused by the chromosomal differences between the karyotypic groups. No mtDNA differentiation was observed either between chromosome races or between the Northern and Western karyotypic groups in Fennoscandia. The combined pattern of karyotypic and mtDNA variation of Fennoscandian common shrews, suggest bi-directional postglacial recolonisation from a single refugium in Europe. The variation of the Y-linked microsatellite supported this conclusion. In contrast, significant mtDNA structure, discordant with the karyotypic variation, revealed that common shrews in southern Finland belong to a different lineage than remaining Fennoscandian regions, implying postglacial recolonisation from a different source. MtDNA variation of the chromosome races in Sweden supports the hypothesis that three races of the Western karyotypic group have been formed through whole arm reciprocal translocations (WARTs), as suggested by their mutual karyotypic variation. The variation of the molecular markers supports the theory of rapid karyotypic evolution in the common shrew.

Insgesamt 1746 Kleinsäuger aus den Familien Muridae (Murinae, Arvicolinae) und Soricidae aus dem Naturschutzgebiet ”Großer Hakel” (Sachsen-Anhalt) und der Tagebaufolgelandschaft ”Phönix-Ost und Rusendorf” Meuselwitz (Thüringen) wurden auf einen Befall mit Capillaria hepatica und Metazestoden von Bandwürmern (Cyclophyllida) untersucht. Das Tiermaterial stammte aus genehmigten faunistischen Untersuchungen aus den Jahren 1993 bis 1997 in Zusammenarbeit mit der Universität Halle und dem Naturkundemuseum "Mauritianum" Altenburg. Alle Mäuse wurden seziert und der Brust- und Bauchraum einschließlich aller Organoberflächen, der Subkutis, des Gehirns und der Leber untersucht. Eine Altersbestimmung der Wirte erfolgte bei den untersuchten Rötelmäusen (Clethrionomys glareolus). Erstmals in Deutschland konnte im Hakel ein stabiles Endemiegebiet von Capillaria hepatica bei Wildmäusen nachgewiesen werden. Die aus dem ”Großen Hakel” stammenden Gelbhals- (Apodemus flavicollis) und Rötelmäuse wiesen Befallshäufigkeiten von 8,5 bzw. 15,1 % auf, die Eizahlen pro Leber lagen zwischen 67 und 3 600 000. Weibliche Mäuse zeigten eine höhere Befallshäufigkeit als männliche Mäuse. Bei den Rötelmäusen konnte ein Anstieg der Befallshäufigkeit von 5,8 % der bis zu 3 Monate alten bis auf 28,6 % der bis zu einem Jahr alten Tiere beobachtet werden. Patente Infektionen waren erst in der Altersgruppe 3-6 Monate nachzuweisen. In dem Untersuchungsgebiet Meuselwitz war Capillaria hepatica bei den untersuchten 1069 Muridae und Soricidae nicht nachweisbar. Eine aktuelle Übersicht der weltweit in 53 Ländern festgestellten 137 Wirtsarten aus 25 Säugetierfamilien von Capillaria hepatica wurde zusammengestellt. Die Familie Muridae stellt mit 83 Arten die bedeutendste Wirtsgruppe dar. Bisher wurde über 56 Capillaria-hepatica-Infektionen beim Menschen (davon 39 Kinder) aus 18 Ländern berichtet. Die Leitsymptome der Erkrankung beim Menschen sind intermittierendes Fieber, Hepatomegalie, Leukozytose mit hochgradiger, persistierender Eosinophilie, Anämie, Hypergammaglobulinämie und Hypoalbuminämie. Die Serumaktivitäten von AST, ALT und LDH sind erhöht. Die Diagnose der zum Teil tödlich verlaufenden Erkrankung ist intra vitam bisher nur durch Leberbiopsie oder Laparotomie möglich. Einzelne Versuche mit serologischen Tests scheinen erfolgversprechend. Die Einzelnachweise von Capillaria hepatica bei Mensch, Hase und Sumpfbiber in Deutschland (Bayern, Sachsen und Sachsen-Anhalt) sind als Hinweise auf bestehende Endemiegebiete zu werten. Aufgrund der weiteren Verbreitung und der diagnostischen Probleme kann von einer höheren Gefährdung des Menschen (insbesondere Kleinkinder) und der Haustiere durch den Zoonoseerreger Capillaria hepatica ausgegangen werden. Bei 10,5 % aller untersuchten Mäuse wurden Metazestoden gefunden. Die Rötelmaus wies insgesamt mit durchschnittlich 23,5 % (Meuselwitz 30,2 %, Hakel 15,1 %) die signifikant höchsten Befallshäufigkeiten mit Metazestoden auf. Insgesamt konnten bei Muridae und Soricidae in Sachsen-Anhalt und Thüringen Metazestoden von 8 Bandwurmgattungen bzw. -arten (Cladotaenia globifera, Mesocestoides spp., T. crassiceps, T. martis martis, T. martis americana, T. mustelae, T. polyacantha, T. taeniaeformis) nachgewiesen werden. Die breiteste Metazestodenfauna mit insgesamt 7 Arten wurde bei der Feldmaus (Microtus arvalis), nur jeweils eine Metazestodenart dagegen bei Brandmaus (Apodemus agrarius), Zwergmaus (Micromys minutus), Feldspitzmaus (Crocidura leucodon) und Waldspitzmaus (Sorex araneus) gefunden. Die Zwergspitzmaus (Sorex minutus) war nicht von Metazestoden befallen. Eine deutliche Wirtsspezifität (Feldmaus) konnte für T.-crassiceps- und T.-polyacantha-Metazestoden festgestellt werden. Im Gebiet Meuselwitz dominierten bei Muridae Metazestoden von T. mustelae (Befallshäufigkeit 9,3 %) sowie von T. martis martis (Befallshäufigkeit 6,4 %), im Hakel von T. martis martis (Befallshäufigkeit 2,5 %) sowie T. mustelae (Befallshäufigkeit 2,2 %). Während in Meuselwitz die höchsten Befallshäufigkeiten mit Metazestoden von T. mustelae (24,7 %) bei der Rötelmaus und von T. martis martis (13 %) bei der Gelbhalsmaus vorlagen, waren im Hakel die Rötelmäuse am häufigsten mit T.-mustelae- (8,2 %) und T.-martis-martis- Metazestoden (4,8 %) befallen. Mit zunehmendem Alter der Rötelmäuse stieg die Befallshäufigkeit mit Metazestoden bei dieser Tierart an. Rötelmäuse unter einem Alter von 2 Monaten waren noch nicht von Metazestoden befallen. Infektionen mit 2 Metazestodenarten traten erstmals bei 4 Monate alten Rötelmäusen auf, bei zwei Tieren im Alter von 9 bzw. 12 Monaten wurden Infektionen mit 3 Metazestodenarten (Cladotaenia globifera + T. martis americana + T. mustelae; Cladotaenia globifera + T. martis martis + T. mustelae) nachgewiesen. Bei insgesamt 10 Muriden konnten Mischinfektionen mit Capillaria hepatica und Metazestoden von Bandwürmern festgestellt werden. Bei Mäusen der Familie Soricidae sind ausschließlich Metazestoden von Cladotaenia globifera gefunden worden. Erstnachweise für Deutschland stellen Funde der Metazestoden von Cladotaenia globifera bei der Feldspitzmaus, T. martis americana bei der Rötelmaus, T. mustelae bei Erd- und Zwergmaus und T. polyacantha bei der Waldmaus dar. Das erste Mal in Europa konnten T.-martis-americana-Metazestoden bei der Feldmaus gefunden werden. Eine wichtige Einflußgröße auf die Metazestodenfauna war das Aufeinandertreffen von End- und Zwischenwirt in bestimmten Biotopen. / The occurrence of Capillaria hepatica and metacestodes of Cyclophillida was investigated in 1746 small mammals of the families Muridae (Murinae, Arvicolinae) and Soricidae from the nature reserve ”Grosser Hakel” (Saxony-Anhalt) and the former open-cast mining area "Phoenix-Ost and Rusendorf" Meuselwitz (Thuringia). The animals came from approved faunistic surveys in co-operation with the University of Halle and the natural history museum ”Mauritianum” Altenburg. All mice were sectioned and the thoracic as well as the abdominal cavity including all organ surfaces, subcutaneous tissue, brain and liver were examined. The age of all bank voles (Clethrionomys glareolus) was determined. In the nature reserve "Grosser Hakel"an stable endemic area of Capillaria hepatica in wild mice could be detected for the first time in Germany. The percentage of yellow-necked mice (Apodemus flavicollis) infected with Capillaria hepatica in that area was 8.5 %, the percentage of bank voles infected with Capillaria hepatica in that area reached 15.1 % respectively. The number of eggs per liver ranged from 67 to 3,600,000. The proportion of infected mice was higher in female than in male mice. In bank voles the frequency of infection increased with age (from 5.8 % in the age of 3 months to 28.6 % in the age of one year). Patent infections were first detected in the age group of 3 to 6 month. No Capillaria hepatica could be found in 1069 Muridae and Soricidae examined in the Meuselwitz area. A current survey of the world-wide occurrence of Capillaria hepatica in 137 hosts of 25 mammal families was prepared. The family of Muridae (with 83 species) is the most important host group. Up to now 56 Capillaria-hepatica-infections in humans (including 39 children) from 18 different countries were reported. Major symptoms in humans are intermittent fever, hepatomegaly, leucocytosis with severe, persistent eosinophilia, anaemia, hypergammaglobulinaemia and hypoalbuminaemia. The serum activities of AST, ALT and LDH are elevated. Intra-vitam diagnosis of this partly lethal disease is only possible by liver biopsy or laparatomy. First serological tests are promising. Sporadic detection of Capillaria hepatica in humans, hares and nutria in Germany (Bavaria, Saxony and Saxony-Anhalt) can be regarded as an indication of existing endemic areas. A higher risk of Capillaria-hepatica-infection in humans (especially in small children) and domestic animals can be assumed on the basis of the wide distribution and the diagnostic problems. Metacestodes were found in 10.5 % of all examined mice. The bank voles showed the significantly highest rate of infection with 23.5 % (Meuselwitz 30.2 % and Hakel 15.1 %). Altogether metacestodes of 8 tapeworm genuses (Cladotaenia globifera, Mesocestoides spp., T. crassiceps, T. martis martis, T. martis americana, T. mustelae, T. polyacantha, T. taeniaeformis) could be detected in Muridae and Soricidae in Saxony-Anhalt and Thuringia. The broadest metacestode-fauna (with 7 species) was found in the common vole (Microtus arvalis). Only one metacestode-species was detected in the stripped field mouse (Apodemus agrarius), the harvest mouse (Micromys minutus), the bicoloured whitetoothed shrew (Crocidura leucodon) and the eurasion common shrew (Sorex araneus). The pygmy shrew (Sorex minutus) was not infected by metacestodes. A distinct host specificity (in the common vole) could be established for T. crassiceps and T. polyacantha. Metacestodes of T. mustelae (infection rate 9.3 %) and T. martis martis (infection rate 6.4 %) dominated in Muridae of the Meuselwitz area. In the Hakel area T. martis martis (infection rate 2.5 %) and T. mustelae (infection rate 2.2 %) dominated as well. Whereas metacestodes of T. mustelae occurred in the bank vole with an infection rate of 24.7 % and T. martis martis in yellow-necked mice with an infection rate of 13.0 % in the Meuselwitz area, T. mustelae occurred in bank voles with an infection rate of 8.2 % and T. martis martis in yellow-necked mice with an infection rate of 4.8 % in the Hakel area. The infection rate of bank voles with metacestodes increased with age. No metacestodes were found in bank voles younger than 2 month of age. Infection with 2 different metacestode-species occurred in bank voles for the first time at the age of 4 month. 3 metacestode-species were found in 2 animals at the age of 9 to 12 months (Cladotaenia globifera + T. martis americana + T. mustelae; Cladotaenia globifera + T. martis martis + T. mustelae). In 10 Muridae occurred a mixed infection with Capillaria hepatica and metacestodes of tapeworms. In mice of the Soricidae-family only metacestodes from Cladotaenia globifera could be found. For the first time in Germany were detected metacestodes of Cladotaenia globifera in the bicoloured whitetoothed shrew, of T. martis americana in bank voles, of T. mustelae in the common field vole and the harvest mouse and of T. polyacantha in the wood mouse. For the first time in Europe T. martis americana-metacestodes could be detected in the common vole. Of high importance to the metacestode-fauna was the encounter of final host and intermediate host in certain biotopes.

Insgesamt 1746 Kleinsäuger aus den Familien Muridae (Murinae, Arvicolinae) und Soricidae aus dem Naturschutzgebiet ”Großer Hakel” (Sachsen-Anhalt) und der Tagebaufolgelandschaft ”Phönix-Ost und Rusendorf” Meuselwitz (Thüringen) wurden auf einen Befall mit Capillaria hepatica und Metazestoden von Bandwürmern (Cyclophyllida) untersucht. Das Tiermaterial stammte aus genehmigten faunistischen Untersuchungen aus den Jahren 1993 bis 1997 in Zusammenarbeit mit der Universität Halle und dem Naturkundemuseum "Mauritianum" Altenburg. Alle Mäuse wurden seziert und der Brust- und Bauchraum einschließlich aller Organoberflächen, der Subkutis, des Gehirns und der Leber untersucht. Eine Altersbestimmung der Wirte erfolgte bei den untersuchten Rötelmäusen (Clethrionomys glareolus). Erstmals in Deutschland konnte im Hakel ein stabiles Endemiegebiet von Capillaria hepatica bei Wildmäusen nachgewiesen werden. Die aus dem ”Großen Hakel” stammenden Gelbhals- (Apodemus flavicollis) und Rötelmäuse wiesen Befallshäufigkeiten von 8,5 bzw. 15,1 % auf, die Eizahlen pro Leber lagen zwischen 67 und 3 600 000. Weibliche Mäuse zeigten eine höhere Befallshäufigkeit als männliche Mäuse. Bei den Rötelmäusen konnte ein Anstieg der Befallshäufigkeit von 5,8 % der bis zu 3 Monate alten bis auf 28,6 % der bis zu einem Jahr alten Tiere beobachtet werden. Patente Infektionen waren erst in der Altersgruppe 3-6 Monate nachzuweisen. In dem Untersuchungsgebiet Meuselwitz war Capillaria hepatica bei den untersuchten 1069 Muridae und Soricidae nicht nachweisbar. Eine aktuelle Übersicht der weltweit in 53 Ländern festgestellten 137 Wirtsarten aus 25 Säugetierfamilien von Capillaria hepatica wurde zusammengestellt. Die Familie Muridae stellt mit 83 Arten die bedeutendste Wirtsgruppe dar. Bisher wurde über 56 Capillaria-hepatica-Infektionen beim Menschen (davon 39 Kinder) aus 18 Ländern berichtet. Die Leitsymptome der Erkrankung beim Menschen sind intermittierendes Fieber, Hepatomegalie, Leukozytose mit hochgradiger, persistierender Eosinophilie, Anämie, Hypergammaglobulinämie und Hypoalbuminämie. Die Serumaktivitäten von AST, ALT und LDH sind erhöht. Die Diagnose der zum Teil tödlich verlaufenden Erkrankung ist intra vitam bisher nur durch Leberbiopsie oder Laparotomie möglich. Einzelne Versuche mit serologischen Tests scheinen erfolgversprechend. Die Einzelnachweise von Capillaria hepatica bei Mensch, Hase und Sumpfbiber in Deutschland (Bayern, Sachsen und Sachsen-Anhalt) sind als Hinweise auf bestehende Endemiegebiete zu werten. Aufgrund der weiteren Verbreitung und der diagnostischen Probleme kann von einer höheren Gefährdung des Menschen (insbesondere Kleinkinder) und der Haustiere durch den Zoonoseerreger Capillaria hepatica ausgegangen werden. Bei 10,5 % aller untersuchten Mäuse wurden Metazestoden gefunden. Die Rötelmaus wies insgesamt mit durchschnittlich 23,5 % (Meuselwitz 30,2 %, Hakel 15,1 %) die signifikant höchsten Befallshäufigkeiten mit Metazestoden auf. Insgesamt konnten bei Muridae und Soricidae in Sachsen-Anhalt und Thüringen Metazestoden von 8 Bandwurmgattungen bzw. -arten (Cladotaenia globifera, Mesocestoides spp., T. crassiceps, T. martis martis, T. martis americana, T. mustelae, T. polyacantha, T. taeniaeformis) nachgewiesen werden. Die breiteste Metazestodenfauna mit insgesamt 7 Arten wurde bei der Feldmaus (Microtus arvalis), nur jeweils eine Metazestodenart dagegen bei Brandmaus (Apodemus agrarius), Zwergmaus (Micromys minutus), Feldspitzmaus (Crocidura leucodon) und Waldspitzmaus (Sorex araneus) gefunden. Die Zwergspitzmaus (Sorex minutus) war nicht von Metazestoden befallen. Eine deutliche Wirtsspezifität (Feldmaus) konnte für T.-crassiceps- und T.-polyacantha-Metazestoden festgestellt werden. Im Gebiet Meuselwitz dominierten bei Muridae Metazestoden von T. mustelae (Befallshäufigkeit 9,3 %) sowie von T. martis martis (Befallshäufigkeit 6,4 %), im Hakel von T. martis martis (Befallshäufigkeit 2,5 %) sowie T. mustelae (Befallshäufigkeit 2,2 %). Während in Meuselwitz die höchsten Befallshäufigkeiten mit Metazestoden von T. mustelae (24,7 %) bei der Rötelmaus und von T. martis martis (13 %) bei der Gelbhalsmaus vorlagen, waren im Hakel die Rötelmäuse am häufigsten mit T.-mustelae- (8,2 %) und T.-martis-martis- Metazestoden (4,8 %) befallen. Mit zunehmendem Alter der Rötelmäuse stieg die Befallshäufigkeit mit Metazestoden bei dieser Tierart an. Rötelmäuse unter einem Alter von 2 Monaten waren noch nicht von Metazestoden befallen. Infektionen mit 2 Metazestodenarten traten erstmals bei 4 Monate alten Rötelmäusen auf, bei zwei Tieren im Alter von 9 bzw. 12 Monaten wurden Infektionen mit 3 Metazestodenarten (Cladotaenia globifera + T. martis americana + T. mustelae; Cladotaenia globifera + T. martis martis + T. mustelae) nachgewiesen. Bei insgesamt 10 Muriden konnten Mischinfektionen mit Capillaria hepatica und Metazestoden von Bandwürmern festgestellt werden. Bei Mäusen der Familie Soricidae sind ausschließlich Metazestoden von Cladotaenia globifera gefunden worden. Erstnachweise für Deutschland stellen Funde der Metazestoden von Cladotaenia globifera bei der Feldspitzmaus, T. martis americana bei der Rötelmaus, T. mustelae bei Erd- und Zwergmaus und T. polyacantha bei der Waldmaus dar. Das erste Mal in Europa konnten T.-martis-americana-Metazestoden bei der Feldmaus gefunden werden. Eine wichtige Einflußgröße auf die Metazestodenfauna war das Aufeinandertreffen von End- und Zwischenwirt in bestimmten Biotopen. / The occurrence of Capillaria hepatica and metacestodes of Cyclophillida was investigated in 1746 small mammals of the families Muridae (Murinae, Arvicolinae) and Soricidae from the nature reserve ”Grosser Hakel” (Saxony-Anhalt) and the former open-cast mining area "Phoenix-Ost and Rusendorf" Meuselwitz (Thuringia). The animals came from approved faunistic surveys in co-operation with the University of Halle and the natural history museum ”Mauritianum” Altenburg. All mice were sectioned and the thoracic as well as the abdominal cavity including all organ surfaces, subcutaneous tissue, brain and liver were examined. The age of all bank voles (Clethrionomys glareolus) was determined. In the nature reserve "Grosser Hakel"an stable endemic area of Capillaria hepatica in wild mice could be detected for the first time in Germany. The percentage of yellow-necked mice (Apodemus flavicollis) infected with Capillaria hepatica in that area was 8.5 %, the percentage of bank voles infected with Capillaria hepatica in that area reached 15.1 % respectively. The number of eggs per liver ranged from 67 to 3,600,000. The proportion of infected mice was higher in female than in male mice. In bank voles the frequency of infection increased with age (from 5.8 % in the age of 3 months to 28.6 % in the age of one year). Patent infections were first detected in the age group of 3 to 6 month. No Capillaria hepatica could be found in 1069 Muridae and Soricidae examined in the Meuselwitz area. A current survey of the world-wide occurrence of Capillaria hepatica in 137 hosts of 25 mammal families was prepared. The family of Muridae (with 83 species) is the most important host group. Up to now 56 Capillaria-hepatica-infections in humans (including 39 children) from 18 different countries were reported. Major symptoms in humans are intermittent fever, hepatomegaly, leucocytosis with severe, persistent eosinophilia, anaemia, hypergammaglobulinaemia and hypoalbuminaemia. The serum activities of AST, ALT and LDH are elevated. Intra-vitam diagnosis of this partly lethal disease is only possible by liver biopsy or laparatomy. First serological tests are promising. Sporadic detection of Capillaria hepatica in humans, hares and nutria in Germany (Bavaria, Saxony and Saxony-Anhalt) can be regarded as an indication of existing endemic areas. A higher risk of Capillaria-hepatica-infection in humans (especially in small children) and domestic animals can be assumed on the basis of the wide distribution and the diagnostic problems. Metacestodes were found in 10.5 % of all examined mice. The bank voles showed the significantly highest rate of infection with 23.5 % (Meuselwitz 30.2 % and Hakel 15.1 %). Altogether metacestodes of 8 tapeworm genuses (Cladotaenia globifera, Mesocestoides spp., T. crassiceps, T. martis martis, T. martis americana, T. mustelae, T. polyacantha, T. taeniaeformis) could be detected in Muridae and Soricidae in Saxony-Anhalt and Thuringia. The broadest metacestode-fauna (with 7 species) was found in the common vole (Microtus arvalis). Only one metacestode-species was detected in the stripped field mouse (Apodemus agrarius), the harvest mouse (Micromys minutus), the bicoloured whitetoothed shrew (Crocidura leucodon) and the eurasion common shrew (Sorex araneus). The pygmy shrew (Sorex minutus) was not infected by metacestodes. A distinct host specificity (in the common vole) could be established for T. crassiceps and T. polyacantha. Metacestodes of T. mustelae (infection rate 9.3 %) and T. martis martis (infection rate 6.4 %) dominated in Muridae of the Meuselwitz area. In the Hakel area T. martis martis (infection rate 2.5 %) and T. mustelae (infection rate 2.2 %) dominated as well. Whereas metacestodes of T. mustelae occurred in the bank vole with an infection rate of 24.7 % and T. martis martis in yellow-necked mice with an infection rate of 13.0 % in the Meuselwitz area, T. mustelae occurred in bank voles with an infection rate of 8.2 % and T. martis martis in yellow-necked mice with an infection rate of 4.8 % in the Hakel area. The infection rate of bank voles with metacestodes increased with age. No metacestodes were found in bank voles younger than 2 month of age. Infection with 2 different metacestode-species occurred in bank voles for the first time at the age of 4 month. 3 metacestode-species were found in 2 animals at the age of 9 to 12 months (Cladotaenia globifera + T. martis americana + T. mustelae; Cladotaenia globifera + T. martis martis + T. mustelae). In 10 Muridae occurred a mixed infection with Capillaria hepatica and metacestodes of tapeworms. In mice of the Soricidae-family only metacestodes from Cladotaenia globifera could be found. For the first time in Germany were detected metacestodes of Cladotaenia globifera in the bicoloured whitetoothed shrew, of T. martis americana in bank voles, of T. mustelae in the common field vole and the harvest mouse and of T. polyacantha in the wood mouse. For the first time in Europe T. martis americana-metacestodes could be detected in the common vole. Of high importance to the metacestode-fauna was the encounter of final host and intermediate host in certain biotopes.