A presente pesquisa, partiu de uma problemática relacionada ao conceito de cadeias operatórias e propôs avaliar a existência de conexões entre os vasilhames e as fontes de matéria prima, além de constatar o emprego de tempero enquanto dado cultural na pasta cerâmica, buscando suporte para obtenção de respostas numa ampla gama de análises arqueométricas. Desenvolvida nos sítios Inhazinha e Rodrigues Furtado, localizados no município de Perdizes no Triângulo Mineiro, a pesquisa evidenciou uma nova zona arqueológica para o sítio Inhazinha, que se caracteriza por um sistema de produção cerâmica composto por três fornos escavados, associado a um horizonte cultural (agricultores ceramistas históricos) até então desconhecido para a região de estudo. Datada em 212±19 anos AP (AMS-CENA-USP/SP), e 190±30 anos AP (C14-BETA/EUA), tal assentamento, se constitui de uma nova ocupação relacionada aos Cayapós Meridionais que viveram na região do Triângulo Mineiro até o final do século XIX. Os vestígios encontrados, revelam não só as características socioculturais do grupo, mas também demonstram processos de \"interação\" decorrentes do inevitável contato com o homem branco. Os resultados obtidos por meio de estudos arqueométricos demonstram que os vasilhames cerâmicos não possuem correlação com as fontes argilosas evidenciadas no entorno de cada um dos sítios arqueológicos. Constatou-se a ocorrência de tempero enquanto dado cultural na cerâmica da Zona 02 do sítio Inhazinha, constituído pela inserção de materiais granulados de formas hexagonais e retangulares, aparentando ossículos de peixe que ao serem analisadas por meio da microscopia eletrônica de varredura - MEV, confirmou se tratar de material orgânico calcinado com alto teor de carbono. / This research started from a problem related to the concept of operational chains and proposed to evaluate the existence of connections between the ancient pottery and the sources of raw materials, apart from finding employment seasoning as cultural data in ceramic slurry, seeking support for obtaining responses in a wide range of archeometric analysis. Developed in Inhazinha and Rodrigues Furtado sites, located in the Perdizes municipality in Minas Triangle, the research showed a new archaeological zone for the site Inhazinha, which is characterized by a ceramic production system consists of three excavated ovens, associated with a cultural horizon (Historic potters farmers) hitherto unknown to the study region. Dated at 212 ± 19 years BP (AMS-CENA-USP/SP), and 190 ± 30 years BP (C14-BETA/USA), such settlement, constitutes a new occupation related to Southern Cayapós who lived in the Triangle Mineiro region until the late nineteenth century. The remains found, reveal not only the sociocultural characteristics of the group, but also demonstrate processes of \"interaction\" resulting from unavoidable contact with the colonizer man. The results obtained by archaeometric studies show that ceramic pottery have no correlation with clay sources highlighted in the vicinity of each of the archaeological sites. It was found the occurrence of temper as cultural data on ceramics Zone 02 Inhazinha site, consisting of the insertion of granular materials of hexagonal and rectangular shapes, looking fish ossicles that when analyzed by scanning electron microscopy - SEM confirmed it is calcined organic material with high carbon content.

The Etruscan civilization was rich in local and interregional trade. Its exchange networks were vital in establishing relationships with other societies, importing exotic materials and goods, as well as disseminating and assimilating information. However, there is little understanding of the participation of smaller inland settlements in the act of exchange. This research answers questions pertaining to the purpose of trade within these self-sustaining communities, the reliability of identifying geographic locations of the clay used in ancient ceramics through the use of non-destructive X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry without sampling current regional clay sources, and the materiality of the ceramics being exchanged in order to establish major forms of production for each settlement. The analyses of trace elements contained within the ceramic materials previously excavated from two remote Etruscan sites (La Piana and Cetamura) can provide a greater understanding of both the trade practices of the Etruscan culture and the reliability of the sourcing methods. Over 100 ceramics ranging from storage containers, bricks and roofing tiles, amphorae, loom weights, and tableware (including red and black gloss) from Cetamura and La Piana were selected to represent a sample base for local and non-local crafted ceramics. The artifacts were analyzed non-destructively using a Bruker Tracer III-SD portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (pXRF), which has been shown to be highly successful in other archaeological studies. Six trace elements (rubidium, strontium, yttrium, zirconium, niobium and thorium) of each artifact were recorded and analyzed using principal component analysis to create a comparable data set. The results confirm that while these Etruscan settlements were self-sustaining, they were still participating in long-distance exchanges.

No description available.

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo caracterizar e identificar a natureza de recursos cerâmicos brasileiros utilizando métodos físicos não destrutivos. O estudo está inserido na área interdisciplinar da Arqueometria e envolve a participação de pesquisadores do Museu de Arqueologia e Etnografia da Universidade de São Paulo (MAE-USP). As amostras analisadas são de grande interesse arqueológico, pois foram coletadas em uma região do Pantanal sul-matogrossense que possui um complexo processo de ocupação envolvendo diversas tradições culturais, entre as quais a tradição Guarani e a tradição Pantanal. Os fragmentos cerâmicos foram caracterizados através das técnicas de Emissão de Raios X Induzido por Partícula (PIXE) e Fluorescência de Raios X (XRF) para a determinação da composição da matriz da pasta cerâmica e através da técnica de Radiografia Computadorizada para a investigação da estrutura interna das peças. A técnica PIXE permitiu uma caracterização dos elementos majoritários encontrados na matriz cerâmica (Z<26), usados na previsão do valor da densidade da matriz. A técnica XRF foi utilizada para determinar as concentrações elementares com destaque para os elementos minoritários (Z>26, wt%<5%) presentes na pasta cerâmica. Essas técnicas, quando associadas a métodos de análise estatísticos permitiram um melhor entendimento do conjunto de amostras. Os resultados encontrados apontam uma clara diferença na composição elementar das amostras encontradas nos diferentes sítios arqueológicos e pertencentes às diferentes tradições. Com a aplicação da técnica de Radiografia as amostras foram separadas de acordo com a presença de tempero em sua estrutura e através da análise das imagens radiográficas foi determinada a densidade dos fragmentos. Neste trabalho foi possível estabelecer uma relação entre os fragmentos cerâmicos estudados às suas tradições, assim como aos sítios arqueológicos nos quais foram coletados. / The present work aims to characterize and identify the nature of Brazilian ceramics using non-destructive physical methods. The study is inserted in the interdisciplinary area of the Archaeometry and involves the participation of researchers from the Museum of Archaeology and Ethnography of the University of São Paulo (MAE-USP). The analyzed samples are of great archaeological interest, as they have been collected in a region of Pantanal in the state of Mato Grosso do sul with a complex settlement process that involves different cultural traditions like the Guarani tradition and the tradition Pantanal. The ceramic fragments were characterized through the techniques of X-ray Emission Particle-Induced (PIXE) and X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) to determine the composition of the matrix of the ceramic paste and using the technique of Computed Radiography for the investigation of internal structure of the sherds. PIXE technique allowed a characterization of majoritarian elements found in ceramic matrix (Z < 26) and was used in the prediction of the density of the paste. XRF technique was used to determine the elemental concentration with emphasis on the minority elements (Z> 26, wt% < 5%) presents in ceramic paste. These techniques, when associated with statistical methods of analysis allow a better understanding of the sample set. The results show a clear difference in the elemental composition of the samples found in different archaeological sites and from different cultural traditions. By applying the technique of X-ray samples were separated according to the presence of temper in its structure and through images was obtained the density of fragments. In this work it was possible to establish a link between the studied ceramic fragments to their traditions, as well as the archaeological sites in which they were collected.

Em arqueometria e nas ciências aplicadas, metodologias físicas e químicas são de grande utilidade para estudar diferentes materiais e objetos do patrimônio cultural como pinturas de cavalete, murais, cerâmicas, metais, etc. No caso particular de pinturas, tais análises podem auxiliar na compreensão do processo criativo, dos materiais utilizados pelo artista e do estado de conservação desta obra. No contexto deste último item, podem ser caracterizados sinais de degradação, como a alteração de cores. Dentro do objetivo de compreender a degradação de alguns pigmentos por exposição luminosa, estudaram-se os pigmentos amarelo de cádmio (CdS), amarelo de cromo (PbCrO4), azul de cobalto (CoAl2O4) e cerúleo (Co2SnO4), sendo estes dois últimos também misturados ao branco de zinco (ZnO). Tais estudos foram realizados através de três ensaios com amostras padrões preparadas com estes pigmentos: fotodegradação induzida na linha TGM (Toroidal Grating Monochromator) do Laboratório Nacional de Luz Síncrotron; exposição à luz ultravioleta no simulador solar SOL-UV; e exposição às radiações ultravioleta, visível e infravermelha em uma câmara projetada neste mestrado. Os resultados apontaram para indicativos de alteração em todas as amostras, em especial mudanças no espectro de reflectância na região do visível. Por fim, analisaram-se amostras de tintas obtidas de obras do pintor Candido Portinari que possuíam indícios de alteração cromática. A partir destes fragmentos, construíram-se modelos estratigráficos dos materiais utilizados pelo artista nestas pinturas. / In archeometry and applied sciences, physical and chemical methodologies are very useful for studying different materials and objects of cultural heritage such as easel paintings, murals, ceramics, metals, etc. In the particular case of paintings, such analyses can help in understanding the creative process, the materials used by the artist and the conservation status of this work. In the context of this latter item, signs of degradation, such as color change, can be characterized. In order to understand the degradation of some pigments by light exposure, the cadmium yellow (CdS), chrome yellow (PbCrO4), cobalt blue (CoAl2O4) and cerulean blue (Co2SnO4) pigments were studied, the latter two being also mixed with zinc white pigment (ZnO). Such studies were carried out through three experiments prepared with these pigments: photodegradation induced in the TGM (Toroidal Grating Monochromator) line of the National Laboratory of Synchrotron Light; exposure to ultraviolet light in the SOL-UV solar simulator; and exposure to ultraviolet, visible and infrared radiation in a chamber designed in this master\'s degree. The results pointed out changes in all samples, especially in their reflectance spectrum in the visible region. Finally, samples obtained from works by the painter Candido Portinari that had signs of chromatic alteration were analyzed. Based on these fragments, stratigraphic models of the materials used by the artist in these paintings could be constructed.

A presente pesquisa, partiu de uma problemática relacionada ao conceito de cadeias operatórias e propôs avaliar a existência de conexões entre os vasilhames e as fontes de matéria prima, além de constatar o emprego de tempero enquanto dado cultural na pasta cerâmica, buscando suporte para obtenção de respostas numa ampla gama de análises arqueométricas. Desenvolvida nos sítios Inhazinha e Rodrigues Furtado, localizados no município de Perdizes no Triângulo Mineiro, a pesquisa evidenciou uma nova zona arqueológica para o sítio Inhazinha, que se caracteriza por um sistema de produção cerâmica composto por três fornos escavados, associado a um horizonte cultural (agricultores ceramistas históricos) até então desconhecido para a região de estudo. Datada em 212±19 anos AP (AMS-CENA-USP/SP), e 190±30 anos AP (C14-BETA/EUA), tal assentamento, se constitui de uma nova ocupação relacionada aos Cayapós Meridionais que viveram na região do Triângulo Mineiro até o final do século XIX. Os vestígios encontrados, revelam não só as características socioculturais do grupo, mas também demonstram processos de \"interação\" decorrentes do inevitável contato com o homem branco. Os resultados obtidos por meio de estudos arqueométricos demonstram que os vasilhames cerâmicos não possuem correlação com as fontes argilosas evidenciadas no entorno de cada um dos sítios arqueológicos. Constatou-se a ocorrência de tempero enquanto dado cultural na cerâmica da Zona 02 do sítio Inhazinha, constituído pela inserção de materiais granulados de formas hexagonais e retangulares, aparentando ossículos de peixe que ao serem analisadas por meio da microscopia eletrônica de varredura - MEV, confirmou se tratar de material orgânico calcinado com alto teor de carbono. / This research started from a problem related to the concept of operational chains and proposed to evaluate the existence of connections between the ancient pottery and the sources of raw materials, apart from finding employment seasoning as cultural data in ceramic slurry, seeking support for obtaining responses in a wide range of archeometric analysis. Developed in Inhazinha and Rodrigues Furtado sites, located in the Perdizes municipality in Minas Triangle, the research showed a new archaeological zone for the site Inhazinha, which is characterized by a ceramic production system consists of three excavated ovens, associated with a cultural horizon (Historic potters farmers) hitherto unknown to the study region. Dated at 212 ± 19 years BP (AMS-CENA-USP/SP), and 190 ± 30 years BP (C14-BETA/USA), such settlement, constitutes a new occupation related to Southern Cayapós who lived in the Triangle Mineiro region until the late nineteenth century. The remains found, reveal not only the sociocultural characteristics of the group, but also demonstrate processes of \"interaction\" resulting from unavoidable contact with the colonizer man. The results obtained by archaeometric studies show that ceramic pottery have no correlation with clay sources highlighted in the vicinity of each of the archaeological sites. It was found the occurrence of temper as cultural data on ceramics Zone 02 Inhazinha site, consisting of the insertion of granular materials of hexagonal and rectangular shapes, looking fish ossicles that when analyzed by scanning electron microscopy - SEM confirmed it is calcined organic material with high carbon content.

Parmi les matériaux qui ont été exploités dans l'Antiquité, les substances organiques sont probablement les plus difficiles à étudier en raison de leur altération partielle ou totale en raison de leur nature organique. Issus de biomatériaux organiques tels que les résines, la cire d'abeille, les graisses animales ou les huiles végétales, ils sont conservés en faible quantité comme résidus organiques amorphes et sont souvent difficiles à détecter sur le terrain archéologique. Ils témoignent de l'utilisation de produits d'origine animale, végétale et fossile qui ont une grande importance pour divers aspects de la vie humaine, notamment l'alimentation, la médecine, les rituels funéraires, ainsi que les activités économiques et techniques. Comme ils n'ont pas d'attributs morphologiques reconnaissables, la seule façon de déterminer leur nature et leur origine repose sur l'élaboration de stratégies analytiques qui permettent d'élucider leur composition chimique. Ces substances ont des caractéristiques communes dans le domaine de l'archéologie et de la chimie : elles sont constituées de mélanges moléculaires complexes qui sont souvent conservés en faible quantité. Dans certains cas, ces matériaux ont été mélangés avec divers adjuvants tels que la cire d'abeille, les huiles végétales, les graisses animales, l'argile et l'ocre, entre autres, qui devront également être pris en considération pour la caractérisation des objets qui appartiennent au patrimoine culturel. Nous concentrons nos recherches sur les exsudats et les goudrons de plantes frais et fossiles qui ont été largement utilisés depuis la préhistoire en Europe. Concernant l'étude des substances organiques fraîches, des recherches ethnoarchéologiques ont été menées en collaboration avec le projet ONGUENT (Goudrons végétaux à usage médicinal en Méditerranée : passés et présents. Burri, Sylvain/Traces, Toulouse) afin d'identifier et de caractériser la composition chimique et d'établir les biomarqueurs des goudrons de conifères ethnoarchéologiques de Cupressaceae et Taxaceae (Juniperus oxycedrus, Juniperus thurifera, Taxus baccata, Tetraclinis articulata) provenant de techniques anciennes du Haut Atlas au Maroc. En comprenant les méthodes de fabrication des échantillons ethnoarchéologiques et en évaluant les différentes techniques employées dans leur production, il est possible d'obtenir des données de référence sur les matériaux contemporains. D'autre part, des échantillons archéologiques ont été analysés sur différents sites entre l'Europe et l'Asie au moyen des méthodes FTIR, SEM, DI-MS, et GC-MS. La caractérisation biomoléculaire de produits naturels tels que le goudron d'écorce de bouleau et la résine de pin a été soulevée. Par ailleurs, des mélanges de résine de pin avec du goudron d'écorce de bouleau et de résine de pin avec une espèce appartenant à la famille des Burseraceae ont été identifiés. / Among the materials that have been exploited in ancient periods, organic substances are probably the most challenging to study due to their partial or total alteration in consequence of their organic nature. Issued from organic biomaterials such as resins, beeswax, animal fats or plant oils, they are preserved in low amount as amorphous organic residues and are often difficult to detect at the archaeological field. They give evidence for the use of animal, plant and fossil products that were of great importance for various aspects of human life, including diet, medicine, funerary rituals, as well as economic and technical activities. Because they lack recognizable morphological attributes, the only way to determine their nature and origin relies on the development of analytical strategies that allow elucidation of their chemical composition. These substances share common features in the field of archaeology and chemistry: they are made of complex molecular mixtures which are often preserved at low amount. In some cases, these materials were mixed with various adjuvants such as beeswax, plant oils, animal fats, clay, and ochre, among others, that will also need to be considered for the characterization of the objects that belong to the Cultural Heritage. We focus our research on fresh and fossil plant exudates and tars that have been largely used since prehistory onwards in Europe. Concerning the study of fresh organic substances, ethnoarchaeological research has been carried out in collaboration with the ONGUENT project (Goudrons végétaux à usage médicinal en Méditerranée: passés et présents. Burri, Sylvain/Traces, Toulouse) in order to identify and characterize the chemical composition and establishing the biomarkers of the ethnoarchaeological conifer tars from Cupressaceae and Taxaceae (Juniperus oxycedrus, Juniperus thurifera, Taxus baccata, Tetraclinis articulata) obtained from antique techniques in the High Atlas, Morocco. By understanding the manufacturing methods of ethnoarcheological samples and to assess the different techniques employed in their production, it is possible to obtain a reference data on contemporary materials.On the other hand, archaeological samples were analyzed from different sites between Europe and Asia by means of FTIR, SEM, DI-MS, and GC-MS methods. Biomolecular characterization of natural products such as birch bark tar and pine resin were raised. Besides, mixtures between pine resin with birch bark tar and pine resin with a species belonging to the family of Burseraceae were identified.

Two plazas at Cobá, Mexico, may have been the place of market activity during the classic Maya period. The intense decomposition in the warm, moist soils of the Yucatan Peninsula precludes the identification of organic artifacts in archaeological contexts, but phosphorus and trace elements accumulation in soils may provide evidence of marketing activities. The spatial patterns of P and trace element concentrations were used to elucidate the types of ancient Maya activities that took place in those plazas. Phosphorus concentrations are highly correlated (p-value <0.01) with Fe, Mn, and Zn levels in both Plaza B and D. Although the soil geochemistry of Plaza B does not show a marketplace pattern in comparison with previous studies, the elemental concentrations and distributions within Plaza D join other lines of evidence to support the premise that marketplace activities took place at that location. Soil samples were analyzed using DTPA extraction, Mehlich II, Olsen, and Portable X-Ray Fluorescence (PXRF). Experiments were performed to study the suitability of PXRF for field studies. Aspects that were studied include granule size, soil moisture content, protective plastic films that could interfere with the X-Ray signal when placing the samples on top of the analyzer, and a comparison of certified soil standards to the PXRF elemental concentration readings. The results suggest that a field laboratory could be set up to air-dry and sieve soil samples to a minimum mesh size of #10 (> 2 mm).

No / Raman spectroscopic analysis of the pigments on an Italian painting described as a “Full Length Portrait of a Gentleman”, known also as the “Malatesta”, and attributed to the Renaissance period has established that these are consistent with the historical research provenance undertaken earlier. Evidence is found for the early 19th Century addition of chrome yellow to highlighted yellow ochre areas in comparison with a similar painting executed in 1801 by Sir Thomas Lawrence of John Kemble in the role of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. The Raman data are novel in that no analytical studies have previously been made on this painting and reinforces the procedure whereby scientific analyses are accompanied by parallel historical research.

Poverty Point is a monumental earthwork center dating to the Late Archaic Period (ca. 3700-3100 Cal BP). The site is well known for its diverse collection of foreign lithic materials indicative of a wide-ranging acquisition network. Among the extra-local items recovered from the site are lithic raw materials that were used for bifaces in the form of projectile points and/or knives (PP/Ks). Here, I determined the atomic and molecular composition of 847 bifaces from the Alexander Collection using Visible/Near-Infrared Reflectance (VNIR) and Fourier-Transform Infrared Reflectance (FTIR) spectroscopy. The combined wavelength spectra datasets were compared to a raw material database to determine the location of the parent formations from which the raw materials were obtained. The PP/K raw materials analyzed were sourced to outcrops stretching across the Southeast, Mid-South and Mid-West.