Because of its geographical location, the Arctic environment is considered as pristine. However, expanding industrial activities in the Arctic require assessment of the toxicity of chemicals at low temperature. Biomarkers defined as "biological responses to a chemical or chemicals that give a measure of exposure or toxic effect" were shown to be relevant to measure in situ impact of oil discharges. Most biomarker studies have been performed with temperate organisms. The Arctic is characterised by low stable temperature, strong seasonality in light, resulting in a short primary production in Spring. Therefore, indigenous organisms have developed specific adaptations to live with a hmited food supply in water near freezing point. Conversely, physical properties of petroleum hydrocarbons are affected by low temperature (i.e. reduced solubility). Consequently, the biological adaptation of cold-water organisms together with the altered oil behaviour, may affect typical biomarker responses. Because oil compounds are strongly prooxidant, the research strategy of this work was based on oxidative stress. The antioxidant defences were investigated by measuring the total oxyradical scavenging capacity (TOSC). The impact of reactive oxygen species was investigated by measuring the stability of the cell membranes. Finally, the physiology of the organisms was considered by looking at heart and respiration rates. Invertebrates were selected for study owing to their abundance in the polar ecosystem. They were sampled using dredges and Scuba diving from the research vessel Jan Mayen (University of Tromso) in May and August 1999, and during May and September 2000 in the l^ords of Svalbard and in Antarctica as well in January 2000. In the Arctic, two bivalves, Mya tnincata and Chlamys islandicus, and two crustaceans, Hyas araneus and Sclerocrangon boreas were selected. In this work, the ecophysiology of Arctic and Antarctic marine invertebrates was investigated and compared to temperate organisms. Polar marine invertebrates are characterised by low respiration and heart rates and a high TOSC. The elevated level of antioxidant defences is thought to reflect the oxidative pressure of the polar marine ecosystem; however, it suggested that a high TOSC may help to protect biomolecules from oxidative damage as repair mechanisms are limited due to the lack of food for 9 months. Organisms were exposed to poly aromatic hydrocarbons either dissolved, dispersed injected or via sediment. TOSC, cell membrane stabiHty and heart rate were valid biomarkers to monitor the impact of poly aromatic hydrocarbons in Arctic marine organisms. The biomarker responses obtained in this study provide essential background information for monitoring the potential impact of oil and gas activities in the Arctic.

The purpose of the project was to design and test the components of a potential package sewage treatment plant suitable for the Arctic environment. The designed treatment plant was simplistic in concept while utilizing the advantages of both biological and physical-chemical treatment. The system was tested over a ten-week period. The emphasis of the testing was on treatment of high-strength wastes. In addition the effects of temperatures and system start-up-shutdown conditions were assessed. The results indicated that the system operated well under most of the conditions tested. Both the physical-chemical and biological processes complemented each other with the former providing the necessary treatment at start-up and the latter providing low cost treatment once the system had been in. operation for a month. With the high degree of treatment performance achieved, it was felt the process was feasible for Arctic application. However, further testing was recommended to develop the complete package unit. / Thesis / Master of Engineering (ME)

No Abstract / Thesis / Bachelor of Arts (BA)

The aim of this report was to investigate the potential effects of sulfide oxidation in sediments of an arctic lake, N Luossajärvi, induced by lowered water level. Lake water, potentially contaminated by metals, was pumped into a mine tailings impoundment. The water quality in the receiving water was evaluated to see if the drainage have had an effect on the water quality. Six sediment profiles were sampled. Each profile were divided into 5 cm sections and analyzed for major elements and trace metals. Water chemistry were analyzed at six sites. As, Ni and Cu had high concentrations within undrained sediments, where As levels were classified as highly contaminated (> 27 mg kg-1 dw). Trace metals had strong statistical correlation to each other indicating a common source. The PCA analyzes performed suggests that trace metals are controlled by a common factor and drained sediments showed two additional factors controlling the variance of metals. Water chemistry had overall good status, but As, Cd, Ni and Cu exceeded natural background values. Historical data on the other hand showed no statistical difference from measured values. No effects on water quality could therefore be seen after draining of the lake, proposing high precipitation of metals within the tailing or that metals is still prevailing in the drained sediments. Metal mobility were seen within the drained sediments, where only As and Cd were presumed connected to chemical weathering and where erosion and soil properties seems to be responsible for most metal mobility.

<p>Detta arbete handlar om den tekniska utbildningen i Försvarsmakten, närmare beskrivet hur en kursbeskrivning för systemmekaniker och tornmekaniker genomförs praktiskt och hur den skall genomföras teoretiskt. Uppsatsen kommer inte att behandla hela utbildningen. Den kommer bara behandladen minsta delen av utbildningen - den del som innefattar soldatutbildningen. Syftet med att skriva detta arbete är att komma fram till om den tekniska utbildningen genomförs på ett kvalitativt sätt och kontrollera om en mekaniker kan agera i subarktisk miljö efter sin genomförda utbildning. Denna uppsats är uppbyggd på följande sätt. Först genomförde jag en kvalitativ innehållsanalys för att få en grundstomme i arbetet. Detta följdes av kvalitativa intervjuer för att få veta hur utbildningen genomförs i praktiken. Avslutningsvis diskuterades de frågor jag ställde för att kunna avrunda arbetet ur mina egna synvinklar samt att göra subjektiva bedömningar. Slutsatserna som dragits i denna uppsats är att det finns brister i utbildningen och i kursplaner av tornsystemmekaniker. Bristerna i utbildningen som blev uppenbara är att utbildare inte alltid utbildar på det som skall utbildas som är i detta fall ”kallt väder” utbildning. Detta på grund av att utbildare ser denna del av utbildning som tidstjuv och hellre fokuserar på den tekniska utbildningen. De brister i kursbeskrivningen som kom fram under min rapport är att torn- och systemmekanikerutbildningarna inte är i synk med varandra. Det innebär att utbildningarna inte alltid strävar mot samma mål. Tornmekanikerna genomför enligt kursplan en ”kall väder”-utbildning men inte systemmekanikerna och på grund av detta kan det vara svårt för dessa att samarbeta efter sin genomförda utbildning.</p> / <p>This work is about the technical training of the Armed Forces. It is a closer description how a course description for system mechanics and turret mechanics are implemented in practice and how it should be done theoretically. The essay will not treat the full training, it will only deal with the smaller part of the training, the soldier training. The purpose of writing this work is to show how the technical training is conducted in a qualitative way and check whether a mechanic can operate in a subarctic environment after the training is completed. This paper will be structured as follows. First, I conduct a qualitative content analysis to provide a foundation, this will be followed by qualitative interviews to discover how training is conducted in practice. Finally, I will discuss the issues I have set out, from my own points of view. The conclusions which have been drawn from this paper are that there are gaps in training and in curricula of turret-system mechanics. The shortcomings of the education that became obvious are that educators do not always deliver, "cold weather". This is because the trainer views this part of the training as taking away time, and would rather focus on the technical training. The shortcomings in the course description that developed from my report are that the turret and system mechanic training are not in sync with each other, it means that courses are not always pursuing the same objectives. Turret mechanics implement curriculum as a "cold weather" training, but not the system mechanics and for this reason it may be difficult for them to cooperate after their education is complete.</p>

Detta arbete handlar om den tekniska utbildningen i Försvarsmakten, närmare beskrivet hur en kursbeskrivning för systemmekaniker och tornmekaniker genomförs praktiskt och hur den skall genomföras teoretiskt. Uppsatsen kommer inte att behandla hela utbildningen. Den kommer bara behandladen minsta delen av utbildningen - den del som innefattar soldatutbildningen. Syftet med att skriva detta arbete är att komma fram till om den tekniska utbildningen genomförs på ett kvalitativt sätt och kontrollera om en mekaniker kan agera i subarktisk miljö efter sin genomförda utbildning. Denna uppsats är uppbyggd på följande sätt. Först genomförde jag en kvalitativ innehållsanalys för att få en grundstomme i arbetet. Detta följdes av kvalitativa intervjuer för att få veta hur utbildningen genomförs i praktiken. Avslutningsvis diskuterades de frågor jag ställde för att kunna avrunda arbetet ur mina egna synvinklar samt att göra subjektiva bedömningar. Slutsatserna som dragits i denna uppsats är att det finns brister i utbildningen och i kursplaner av tornsystemmekaniker. Bristerna i utbildningen som blev uppenbara är att utbildare inte alltid utbildar på det som skall utbildas som är i detta fall ”kallt väder” utbildning. Detta på grund av att utbildare ser denna del av utbildning som tidstjuv och hellre fokuserar på den tekniska utbildningen. De brister i kursbeskrivningen som kom fram under min rapport är att torn- och systemmekanikerutbildningarna inte är i synk med varandra. Det innebär att utbildningarna inte alltid strävar mot samma mål. Tornmekanikerna genomför enligt kursplan en ”kall väder”-utbildning men inte systemmekanikerna och på grund av detta kan det vara svårt för dessa att samarbeta efter sin genomförda utbildning. / This work is about the technical training of the Armed Forces. It is a closer description how a course description for system mechanics and turret mechanics are implemented in practice and how it should be done theoretically. The essay will not treat the full training, it will only deal with the smaller part of the training, the soldier training. The purpose of writing this work is to show how the technical training is conducted in a qualitative way and check whether a mechanic can operate in a subarctic environment after the training is completed. This paper will be structured as follows. First, I conduct a qualitative content analysis to provide a foundation, this will be followed by qualitative interviews to discover how training is conducted in practice. Finally, I will discuss the issues I have set out, from my own points of view. The conclusions which have been drawn from this paper are that there are gaps in training and in curricula of turret-system mechanics. The shortcomings of the education that became obvious are that educators do not always deliver, "cold weather". This is because the trainer views this part of the training as taking away time, and would rather focus on the technical training. The shortcomings in the course description that developed from my report are that the turret and system mechanic training are not in sync with each other, it means that courses are not always pursuing the same objectives. Turret mechanics implement curriculum as a "cold weather" training, but not the system mechanics and for this reason it may be difficult for them to cooperate after their education is complete.