Magistro darbe nagrinėjama įvairių Lietuvos mokyklų mokinių slengas. Darbo tikslas: ištirti Lietuvos mokinių slengo vartosenos ypatybes, pagrįsti slengo funkcionavimo priklausomybę nuo visuomenės gyvenimo sąlygų. Lietuvos mokinių slengas lietuvių kalbotyroje nėra plačiau tyrinėtas (parašyta J. Lėgaudaitės disertacija ,,Jaunimo slengas – psichologinis fenomenas“). Apie slengą ir žargoną rašyta E. Jakaitienės ,,Lietuvių kalbos leksikologijoje“ (1980), J. Pikčilingio ,,Lietuvių kalbos stilistikoje“ (1975). Egidijus Zaikauskas parengė straipsnį ,,Bausti negalima pasigailėti“ (2004), kuriame išsako savo požiūrį į slengo ir žargono vartoseną. Šių darbų Lietuvoje trūksta, todėl darbu siekiama detaliau analizuoti Lietuvos mokinių slengą. Pastaruoju metu pasirodo nemaža straipsnių, kuriuose linkstama aptarti jaunimo kalbą ir ne taip kritiškai vertinti žargoninę leksiką. Ši kalba – vienas iš svarbiausių jaunuolių saviraiškos būdų, tai neatsiejama kalbos sistemos dalis, įeinanti į visuomenės kalbos sudėtį ir vartojama 4 – 12 klasių mokinių. Aptarti mokinių slengą svarbu todėl, kad šiame amžiaus tarpsnyje dar tik formuojasi paauglių vertybinės nuostatos, požiūris į kalbą, kalbėjimą. Slengas yra neatsiejama mokinių kalbos dalis, užimanti savitą vietą paauglių kalbos sistemoje. Viena iš jaunimo dialektų formavimosi vietų yra mokykla ir jos aplinka, todėl pasirinkta nagrinėti būtent mokinių slengą. Medžiaga darbui rinkta anketavimo būdu. Anketos pildytos įvairių Lietuvos regionų mokyklose:... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The Master’s Thesis deals with pupils’ slang from various schools of Lithuania. The aim of this paper is to analyze the peculiarities of the usage of slang by pupils from Lithuania, to explain the rely of slang functionality on the circumstances of living conditions. The slang of the Lithuanian students is not searched at length in the language study. This topic has been slightly touched by E.Jakaitienė in ‘Lietuvių kalbos leksikologija’ (1980) and by J.Pikčilingis in ‘Lietuvių kalbos stilistika’ (1975). Egidijus Zaikauskas has published the article ‘Bausti negalima pasigaileti’ (2004) on the topic of slang and jargons. Because of the lacking works on slang in Lithuania, this paper will go deeper into the slang of Lithuanian pupils. It is necessarily expected to talk on this topic because more often we hear slang from children, adolescents, young people. It is impossible to deny these deviations from the language unambiguously. Though linguists are of contradictory opinion about the jargons still this phenomenon is concurrent from the society. Any school is the place for making up new dialects among the young. That is why this paper will study the pupils’ slang. This work will lead specialists of other fields such as psychologists, sociologists. The material is compiled using the questionnaire method. The forms have been filled by pupils from Kėdainiai, Labūnava, Biržai, Širvintos, Noreikiškės, Varėna, Klaipėda, Vilnius schools. While making up the research 3520 slang words... [to full text]

Over sixty years of oceanographic observations from Ocean Station Papa (OSP) in the northeast Pacific indicate the region is losing dissolved oxygen faster than the average global rate. The greatest negative trends in oxygen concentration occur on isopycnals in the upper water column (σθ = 26.1–26.8 kg m−3) but have considerable uncertainty due to natural variability near the surface. In this thesis, I use eight Argo profiling floats equipped with oxygen optode sensors to assess the 2008—2016 interannual variability of subsurface dissolved oxygen near OSP. I developed a method to implement a time-lag correction to the optode profiles using high frequency CTD data and used reference profiles from the OSP time series to calibrate the dissolved oxygen observations. The time-lag correction markedly improves subsurface bias caused by slow optode response time. The analysis of isopycnal properties indicates that episodic shoaling of the isopycnals can cause rapid reduction of the dissolved oxygen concentration. Changes in ventilation, horizontal mixing, and water mass age were assessed and deemed unlikely drivers for the rapid O2 loss events examined. The dissolved oxygen loss during shoaling events is linked to organic matter export, due to higher concentrations of organic matter and greater respiration rates at shallower depths. Reduced net community production during the “Blob” marine heatwave may have reduced the impact of the second shoaling event examined. Studying the natural variability of dissolved oxygen in these layers can provide context for the uncertainty in the long-term trends, as well as provide insight towards the future potential for extreme oxygen minima from the combined impacts of the long-term trend and natural variability. / Graduate / 2022-09-13

Ondas de Rossby longas são ondas de larga escala que se propagam para o oeste com escala espacial de algumas centenas a vários milhares de quilômetros e desempenham um papel crítico na regulação da circulação do oceano. Sua propagação promove deslocamentos verticais da termoclina, muitas vezes da ordem de dezenas de metros, e causa variações de altura da superfície do mar que podem ser observadas através de dados de satélites altimétricos. A hipótese deste estudo é que existe uma fração significativa da variabilidade da velocidade geostrófica na superfície, associada a sinais propagantes para oeste. Para testá-la avaliamos a variabilidade da velocidade geostrófica meridional na superfície induzida pela passagem dessas ondas. Filtros digitais são necessários para distinguir sinais propagantes dos não-propagantes e permitiu a seleção da componente propagante para oeste com período aproximado de 12 meses. Velocidade de fase cp, período P, comprimento de onda λ, amplitude quadrática média A e o percentual de variância explicada σ2 desta componente foram estimados nos locais onde identificamos ondas de Rossby longas do primeiro modo baroclínico. Selecionamos perfis Argo posicionados em diferentes fases da mesma onda para averiguar a influência da sua propagação nos campos de temperatura, salinidade e densidade. Os resultados revelaram que a onda de Rossby anual de 237 mm de altura pode alterar o campo de densidade com valores de até 0,3 kg m-3 numa faixa de 240 m ao nível picnoclina. A variância explicada da componente meridional da velocidade geostrófica propagante para oeste em relação ao sinal original revelou que de 40% a 71% do sinal se propaga para oeste, corroborando a hipótese. / Long Rossby waves are large-scale waves which propagate westward with spatial scale ranging from a few hundred to several thousand kilometers. These waves play a critical role in the adjustment of ocean circulation. Their propagation cause vertical displacements of the thermocline, often of tens meters, and cause variations of sea surface height that can be observed on satellite altimeters data. The hypothesis of this study is that there is a significant fraction of surface geostrophic velocity variability associated with westward propagating signals. To test it, we assessed the variability of the meridional geostrophic velocity at the surface induced by the passage of these waves. Digital filters are necessary to distinguish the propagating from non-propagating signals and allowed for the selection of the westward propagating component with an approximate period of about 12 months. Phase speed cp, period P, wavelength λ, mean square amplitude A and percentage of explained variance σ2 of this component were estimated where long Rossby waves from the first baroclinic mode were identified. We selected Argo profiles data positioned at different phases of the same wave to verify the influence of its propagation on temperature, salinity and density fields. The results showed that the annual Rossby wave of 237 mm height can change the density field with values up to 0.3 kg m-3 about 240 m at pycnoclin level. The explained variance of the westward meridional component of geostrophic velocity relative to the original signal revealed that 40% to 71% of the signal propagates westward, supporting the hypothesis.

Ondas de Rossby longas são ondas de larga escala que se propagam para o oeste com escala espacial de algumas centenas a vários milhares de quilômetros e desempenham um papel crítico na regulação da circulação do oceano. Sua propagação promove deslocamentos verticais da termoclina, muitas vezes da ordem de dezenas de metros, e causa variações de altura da superfície do mar que podem ser observadas através de dados de satélites altimétricos. A hipótese deste estudo é que existe uma fração significativa da variabilidade da velocidade geostrófica na superfície, associada a sinais propagantes para oeste. Para testá-la avaliamos a variabilidade da velocidade geostrófica meridional na superfície induzida pela passagem dessas ondas. Filtros digitais são necessários para distinguir sinais propagantes dos não-propagantes e permitiu a seleção da componente propagante para oeste com período aproximado de 12 meses. Velocidade de fase cp, período P, comprimento de onda λ, amplitude quadrática média A e o percentual de variância explicada σ2 desta componente foram estimados nos locais onde identificamos ondas de Rossby longas do primeiro modo baroclínico. Selecionamos perfis Argo posicionados em diferentes fases da mesma onda para averiguar a influência da sua propagação nos campos de temperatura, salinidade e densidade. Os resultados revelaram que a onda de Rossby anual de 237 mm de altura pode alterar o campo de densidade com valores de até 0,3 kg m-3 numa faixa de 240 m ao nível picnoclina. A variância explicada da componente meridional da velocidade geostrófica propagante para oeste em relação ao sinal original revelou que de 40% a 71% do sinal se propaga para oeste, corroborando a hipótese. / Long Rossby waves are large-scale waves which propagate westward with spatial scale ranging from a few hundred to several thousand kilometers. These waves play a critical role in the adjustment of ocean circulation. Their propagation cause vertical displacements of the thermocline, often of tens meters, and cause variations of sea surface height that can be observed on satellite altimeters data. The hypothesis of this study is that there is a significant fraction of surface geostrophic velocity variability associated with westward propagating signals. To test it, we assessed the variability of the meridional geostrophic velocity at the surface induced by the passage of these waves. Digital filters are necessary to distinguish the propagating from non-propagating signals and allowed for the selection of the westward propagating component with an approximate period of about 12 months. Phase speed cp, period P, wavelength λ, mean square amplitude A and percentage of explained variance σ2 of this component were estimated where long Rossby waves from the first baroclinic mode were identified. We selected Argo profiles data positioned at different phases of the same wave to verify the influence of its propagation on temperature, salinity and density fields. The results showed that the annual Rossby wave of 237 mm height can change the density field with values up to 0.3 kg m-3 about 240 m at pycnoclin level. The explained variance of the westward meridional component of geostrophic velocity relative to the original signal revealed that 40% to 71% of the signal propagates westward, supporting the hypothesis.

La Méditerranée est caractérisée par des concentrations en nutriments parmi les plus faibles au monde, et qui montrent des valeurs décroissantes d’ouest en est. A l’échelle climatologique, le bassin est dominé par un régime subtropical, à l’exception de certaines zones spécifiques, qui présentent une dynamique typique des régions tempérées. Malgré l’importance des nutriments pour ces cycles, on connaı̂t peu de chose sur leur variabilité temporelle car les données disponibles sont souvent insuffisantes à l’échelle du bassin. L’objectif principal de ce travail est d’aborder cette question à différentes échelles de temps. L’exploitation de la série temporelle DYFAMED a d’abord permis de décrire le cycle saisonnier et les tendances décennales des concentrations en nutriments en Méditerranée nord-occidentale. L’analyse des données d’apports atmosphériques de la station du Cap Ferrat à complété ce travail, en évaluant l’importance relative des processus d’approvisionnement en nutriments des eaux de surface. Pour élargir l’étude à l’ensemble du bassin, nous avons par la suite considéré des mesures acquises par des flotteurs Bio-Argo (déployés dans le cadre de l’EQUIPEX NAOS), équipés de capteurs optiques mesurant les concentrations en nitrate (SUNA). Ces flotteurs sont en train de changer fondamentalement la manière dont nous observons les océans, et cette thèse est l’une des premières à documenter cette révolution technologique. Ils ont rendu possible, pour la première fois en Méditerranée, une description des cycles saisonniers des concentrations en nitrate, simultanément en différentes zones du bassin. Ces données ont aussi souligné l’importance de la variabilité temporelle haute fréquence, permettant de réévaluer le rôle de certains processus. / The Mediterranean Sea is characterized by nutrient concentrations among the lowest in the world, and which exhibit decreasing values eastward. At climatological scale, a subtropical-like regime dominates almost the entire basin, except for some areas where temperate like dynamics are found. Despite the importance of nutrients on these cycles, very little is known about their temporal variability, due to the overall data scarcity at basin scale. This work mainly aims to address this issue at various time scales. Data from the DYFAMED time-series were firstly examined, and allowed the description of the seasonal cycle and decadal trends of nutrient concentrations, in the northwestern Mediterranean. The analysis of atmospheric data from the Cap Ferrat station completed this work, and permitted to evaluate the relative contributions of the different processes that provide nutrients in surface. The study was then extended to the whole basin by considering measurements acquired by Bio-Argo floats (deployed in the framework of the NAOS EQUIPEX), equipped with a nitrate sensor (SUNA). These floats are about to fundamentally change the way we observe the ocean, and present work is among the first to document this ongoing technological revolution. They allowed, for the first time in the Mediterranean, the monitoring of seasonal variability of nitrate concentrations, simultaneously in different areas of the basin. This data also highlighted the significance of the high frequency temporal variability, which enables to reevaluate the role of some processes.

The physical oceanography in the northwest Indian Ocean is largely controlled by the seasonal monsoon. The seasonal variability in circulation is complex. Many studies have investigated processes in the Persian (Arabian) Gulf and Arabian Sea, but little is understood about the Sea of Oman. This thesis incorporated observations from Argo floats, surface drifters and satellite imagery to study the deep and surface circulation in the northwest Indian Ocean. An assessment of four independent moorings located in the Sea of Oman and Arabian Sea, as well as a model skill comparison of the Simple Ocean Data Assimilation (SODA) model, contributed to understanding the dynamics in this region. Spatial patterns of surface current velocity produced from surface drifter data from 1995-2009 agreed with previously known surface currents. The Somali Current, East Arabian Current, Equatorial Current, Northeast/Southwest Monsoon Current, Great Whirl and Ras al Hadd Jet were all identified. During the Southwest Monsoon, flow direction was to the east and southeast in the Arabian Sea. The Somali Current flowed northeast along the Somali Coast extending to the East Arabian Current along the Oman coast. During the Northeast Monsoon, evaporation increased over the Arabian Sea, which resulted in a salinity gradient. This imbalance caused low-salinity surface water from the northeast Indian Ocean to flow into the northwest Indian Ocean as the Northeast Monsoon Current. Current direction reversed with the change of wind direction from the Southwest Monsoon to the Northwest Monsoon. Many characteristics seen at the surface were also identified in the subsurface as deep as 1500m. The comparison of moored observations to the Argo observations co-located in space and time showed reasonable agreement with the largest salinity difference of 0.23 and largest temperature difference of 0.78?C. The Murray Ridge mooring had a temperature correlation of 0.97 when compared to Argo observations. Argo observations were compared with SODA model numerical output from 1992-2001, and, after Argo, were assimilated from 2002-2009. With assimilation of Argo data into the SODA model, the temperature and salinity from the model numerical output improved, with most differences between model numerical output and Argo observations falling within one standard deviation.

In the present study we use Argo float data, in-situ shipboard ADCP data,IFREMER wind stress curl data, QuikSCAT wind data and AVISO sea level anomaly data from 2006 to 2010 to investigate hydrographical characteristics and surface and deep currents in the seas surrounding Taiwan. The studied areas consist of the followings: the cyclonic eddy off the northeastern Taiwan coast, flow structure of the Luzon Strait, anticyclonic eddies off the southwestern Taiwan coast and east of Kuroshio. Our results found that some Argo floats drifting northward with the Kuroshio were occasionally intruded to the continental shelf off the northeastern Taiwan at 25¢XN-26¢XN,122¢XE-123¢XE. Statistics indicate that this phenomenon occurs most frequently in winter, and float profiling data reveal a marked upwelling above 150m depth. Temperature drops within this area can reach 5.1¢J and 8¢J, respectively at 50m and 100m depths. A deep southward current with a maximum speed of 30 cms can be found to exist between northeastern Taiwan and Kuroshio. On the other hand, Surface flows have strong seasonal variations in the Luzon strait, i.e., toward the southeastern side of Taiwan in the summer and intrude into the South China Sea (SCS) in the fall and winter. Deep currents in the Luzon Strait, however, flow mostly into the SCS regardless of seasonality. Maximum speed of deep current can reach 6 cms . Mixed-layer depth in the northern SCS is approximately 50m in the spring and summer, and about 110m depth in winter. The third part of this thesis concerns with the anticyclonic circulation off the southwestern Taiwan coast. Float observations show that this circulation exists almost all year round in 2009. Surface currents have a maximum speed in early May, reaching 104 cms , and the wind stress curl attains a maximum negative value. It is conjectured that this anticyclonic eddy is generated primarily due to the restriction of local coast and topography, and the wind stress curl is the secondary mechanism. Surface current derived from Shipboard ADCP is also consistent with the float results. The diameter of this eddy is about 110 km. T-S characteristics of Kuroshio can be observed at 150-210m depth, indicating a close link between this eddy and the Kuroshio. Finally, anticyclonic warm eddies east of Kuroshio are also investigated from the float data. It is found that the eddy flow structure in this region is more obvious in depths than in surface. Temperature distribution below the depth of 200 m also confirms the warm core structure. At an event during which when one float incidentally travelling through a cold eddy and an adjacent warm eddy, the temperature difference can reach 4.5 ¢J at 160m depth. The warm eddies are found to be more stable and more frequently observed than the cold eddies in this region.

Zonal geostrophic velocity fields above 1975 dbar have been estimated for the Southern Ocean from 2004 to 2014 based on sea surface topography observed by Jason altimetry and temperature/salinity measured by Argo autonomous floats. The velocity at 1000 dbar estimated has been validated against Argo drift trajectory at the same pressure level available from the Asia Pacific Data Research Center (APDRC). Errors in mapping of dynamic ocean topography, temperature, and salinity have been quantified using the Southern Ocean State Estimate (SOSE). Analysis of errors reveals significant correlations between depth-dependent and –independent contributions to the integrated transport. Further analysis revealed optimal locations of historical ship casts to compliment the transport time series as observed by Argo. Quantifying the error associated with the historical hydrographic section indicated little benefit in combining hydrographic data obtained from ships. The anticorrelation between depth-dependent and – independent contributions was again significant in sampling by ships. The proposed explanation of the anticorrelation in error is underestimation of reference velocity by attenuation and overestimation of depth-dependent transport by attenuation of the velocity shear.

Deux séries d'OSSEs (Observing System Simulation Experiments) sont menées avec deux systèmes globaux d'assimilation de données au 1/4° et au 1/12°, utilisant des observations altimétriques (satellites) et in situ (flotteurs Argo) simulées à partir d'une simulation libre au 1/12°. Les objectifs sont d'évaluer la capacité des différents jeux d'observations à contraindre un système global d'assimilation de données. L'impact positif de plusieurs satellites est clairement identifié autant sur le niveau de la mer et les courants de surface. L'ajout des flotteurs Argo améliore significativement les champs de température et démontre le rôle essentiel de la flotte Argo associée à l'altimétrie afin de contraindre un système d'assimilation global. Ces résultats issus d'OSSEs sont cohérents avec des résultats obtenus à partir de données réelles (OSEs - Observing System Evaluations) tout en permettant une meilleure description des erreurs faites sur les analyses et les prévisions. / Two series of Observing System Simulation Experiments (OSSEs) are carried out with global data assimilation systems at 1/4° and 1/12° resolution using simulated altimetry (satellite) and in situ (Argo float) data derived from a 1/12° resolution free run simulation. The objectives are to quantify how well different data sets can constrain a global data assimilation system. The positive impact of multiple altimeter data is clearly evidenced on sea level and ocean currents. The addition of Argo has a major impact to improve temperature and demonstrates the essential role of Argo together with altimetry to constrain a global data assimilation system. Results derived from these OSSEs are consistent with those derived from experiments with real data (observing system evaluations/OSEs) but they allow a more detailed characterization of errors on analyses and forecasts.

A Confluência Brasil-Malvinas (CBM) é formada pelo encontro da Corrente do Brasil (CB) com a Corrente das Malvinas (CM) no Atlântico Sul e, por constituir o encontro de correntes de contorno oeste (CCO), é demarcada por um intenso gradiente horizontal de temperatura. A inclinação das isopicnais na porção mais quente de regiões de encontro de duas CCO favorece a formação de águas modais ao final do inverno. O estudo de águas modais subtropicais ainda é incipiente no Atlântico Sul, quando comparado com os diversos trabalhos versando sobre o fenômeno em outras regiões do mundo. A realização do primeiro cruzeiro oceanográfico especificamente planejado para o estudo de águas modais na região da CBM e de retroflexão da CB permitiu verificar a anisotropia desse extenso corpo d\'água, cuja espessura e profundidades máxima e mínima variam mormente com a latitude em que o fenômeno ocorre. Os dados fornecidos pelos perfiladores Argo lançados durante o cruzeiro, e ainda em operação na região da CBM, corroboraram tal observação e revelaram o limite norte da região de formação da água modal subtropical do sudoeste do Atlântico Sul (AMSTAS) em torno da latitude de 34°S. A comparação dos resultados obtidos in situ com os dados do modelo oceânico HYCOM, numa simulação de 4 anos, permitiu observar a mesma anisotropia e limite norte da área de formação. Embora relativamente curta, a série temporal viabilizou a primeira estimativa de volume da AMSTAS e uma avaliação preliminar dos processos envolvidos na dissipação da AMSTAS recém formada. O emprego de dados de satélites altímetros para o cálculo do calor armazenado (CA) na região de estudo permitiu verificar que a instabilidade apresentada na série temporal de dados do modelo HYCOM se deve sobretudo à dinâmica de mesoescala na região mais próxima do encontro das duas CCO. A análise do CA na região onde foi realizado o cruzeiro oceanográfico do estudo, permitiu identificar mais claramente a existência de diferentes padrões de calor armazenado coincidentes com áreas típicas de formação, os quais não ocorreram em áreas que continham AMSTAS apenas afundada. / The Brazil-Malvinas confluence zone (BMCZ) is an energetic region of the South Atlantic Ocean where the Brazilian Current (BC) and the Malvinas Current (MC) meet. As a convergence area of Western Boundary Currents (WBC), it is marked by intense horizontal temperature gradients. The inclination of isopycnals in the warm side of WBC convergence zone enables the formation of mode water at the end of winter. The study of subtropical mode waters in the South Atlantic is still incipient compared to similar investigations conducted in other regions of the world. The first oceanographic cruise specifically dedicated to the study of mode waters in the BMCZ and the BC retroflection helped verify the anisotropy of such extensive water masses, whose maximum and minimum thickness and depth vary mainly with the latitude where these phenomenon occur. Data derived from Argo profilers released during the cruise and currently still operating in the BMCZ, support this observation and indicate the northern limit of the formation region of the Southwestern Atlantic subtropical mode water (SASTMW) near latitude 34°S. Comparison of in situ results with those obtained from a 4-years simulation with the HYCOM ocean model, indicates similar anisotropy and northern limit of the formation area. Despite its relatively small length, this time series enabled the first estimation of the SASTMW volume, and a preliminary validation of the processes involved in the dissipation of newly formed SASTMW. The use of satellite altimetry data for the computation of heat content in the study area helped conclude that the instability observed in the time series of the HYCOM model output is due to mesoscale dynamics near the convergence zone of the BC and the MC. Analysis of heat content in the region where the oceanographic cruise was conducted helped identify the existence of different patterns in heat content, that coincide with typical formation areas but not with areas where SASTMW is already submerged.