Unlike other Confederate armies at the conclusion of the Civil War, General Edmund Kirby Smith's Trans-Mississippi Army disbanded, often without orders, rather than surrender formally. Despite entreaties from military and civilian leaders to fight on, for Confederate soldiers west of the Mississippi River, the surrender of armies led by Generals Robert E. Lee and Joseph E. Johnston ended the war. After a significant decline in morale and discipline throughout the spring of 1865, soldiers of the Confederate Trans-Mississippi Department chose to break-up and return home. As compensation for months of unpaid service, soldiers seized both public and private property. Civilians joined the soldiers to create disorder that swept many Texas communities until the arrival of Federal troops in late June.

Approved for public release, distribution is unlimited / This thesis develops an integer linear program called MSAMT (Model to Schedule Army Maneuver Training) to schedule an Army installation's maneuver training. We demonstrate MSAMT using a data set containing 261 platoon-level, 67 company-level and 18 battalion-level units, and 7 major training areas located at Fort Hood, Texas. Using a typical near-term planning horizon from 6 to 8 weeks, MSAMT schedules daily training for a randomly selected set of the stationed units and training requirements. For a 6-week time period and almost 65% (63 platoons 16 companies and 5 battalions) of the units there are 151 platoon-level, 51 company-level and 11 battalion-level required tasks of which MSAMT can schedule 93%. When the subset of units is increased to 80% (75 platoons, 20 companies, 6 battalions), there are 187 platoon-level, 62 company-level and 11 battalion-level tasks of which MSAMT can schedule only 85%. Maintaining the 80% unit level but having an 8 weekperiod increases required training achieved to 94%. Such results can help determine the ability of an Army installation to satisfy training requirements of its stationed units as well as identify a shortage or excess in available training land. It can show the training impact of changing the quantity of units at an installation and thereby aid in base realignment and closure decisions. / First Lieutenant, Turkish Army

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have shown a high injury rate in the lower extremities among military recruits. A correlation has been shown between female gender or a low level of physical activity prior to basic military training and a higher risk of injury. AIM: To investigate the self-reported injury rate in the lower extremities among Swedish recruits and the difference in injury rate between men and women. Another aim was to investigate correlation between self-reported injury rate in the lower extremities and self-reported physical activity, and to study this correlation for both men and women. METHOD: A quantitative study with a prospective, descriptive, comparative and correlative design. Data from two different questionnaires were answered by 177 recruits. RESULTS: 26% of the recruits reported injury in lower extremities after completing the basic training. There was a significant difference (p=0.006) in self-reported injury between female and male recruits. The level of prior physical activity and the injury rate amongst the recruits had a low correlation. CONCLUSION: The results indicate a high injury rate among Swedish recruits, especially among the female recruits. No correlation between self-reported physical activity and the injury rate in lower extremities was found. / BAKGRUND: Tidigare studier visar på hög skadeprevalens i nedre extremiteter hos militära rekryter under grundläggande militär utbildning. Samband har setts mellan kvinnligt kön eller låg fysisk aktivitetsnivå före utbildningsstart och ökad skaderisk. SYFTE: Undersöka den självrapporterade skade-/besvärsprevalensen i nedre extremitet hos svenska rekryter efter avslutad grundläggande militär utbildning (GMU), samt studera skillnader mellan könen i detta avseende. Syftet var också att undersöka sambandet mellan självrapporterad fysisk aktivitetsnivå inför GMU och skade-/besvärsprevalensen i nedre extremiteter efter genomförd utbildning samt studera sambandet för män respektive kvinnor. METOD: En kvantitativ studie med prospektiv, deskriptiv, komparativ och korrelerande design. Data från två olika enkäter besvarades av 177 rekryter. RESULTAT: 26% av rekryterna rapporterade skada/besvär i nedre extremitet vid avslutad utbildning. Signifikant skillnad (p=0,006) kunde ses i självrapporterad skade-/besvärsprevalens mellan kvinnliga (42%) och manliga (21%) rekryter. Nivå av fysisk aktivitet och skade-/besvärsprevalensen hos rekryterna hade inget signifikant samband och låg korrelation. KONKLUSION: Resultaten tyder på hög skadeprevalens inom GMU, framförallt hos kvinnliga rekryter. Något samband mellan självskattad nivå av fysisk aktivitetsnivå och skade-/besvärsprevalens i nedre extremitet fanns inte hos rekryterna. Sambandet fanns varken för män eller kvinnor på gruppnivå.

Title: Athletic condition training for components of the integrated rescue system and the Army of the Czech Republic. Objectives: Description of the individual components of the Integrated Rescue System and the Army of the Czech Republic, establish their current state of condition training and design my own training model. Methods: Study of acquired materials and their organization. Factual analysis of the state of athletic condition training for components of the integrated rescue system and the Army of the Czech Republic. Results: Description of the current state of athletic condition training for components of the integrated rescue system and the Army of the Czech Republic and draft of my own training model for them. Keywords: Integrated rescue system, Army of the Czech Republic, Army sport, Athletics, Condition training, Competence.

A presente pesquisa trata de esforço hermenêutico com o objetivo de historiar o Exército como corpo institucional a partir do período de constituição da corporação como entidade moderna ao da estruturação da República Militar. Com a intenção de expor as filigranas políticas e culturais que ao longo da república brasileira qualificaram as identidades na caserna. Com o olhar voltado às práticas sóciomilitares para enfim compreender a mentalidade hegemônica que consolidou na instituição uma visão conservadora de mundo. Esse olhar, no entanto, não negligencia, ainda, a importância do social da sociedade brasileira para a constituição do Exército como força militar e política na república brasileira. Fundamentalmente, as forças armadas não se apresentam deslocadas da sociedade, mesmo que o confinamento esteja na ordem do dia institucional, verdadeiramente, trata-se de uma entidade burocrática antes totalizante do que totalitária. Sendo assim, a história do Exército não está deslocada da vida ordinária brasileira nem da formação do Estado moderno no país. Sempre é bom lembrar que a matéria-prima o corpo a ser militarizado é antes de tudo produto da sociedade civil. Dessa forma, a escritura revela a intenção de explicar e relacionar, com a modernização do Exército, o processo de normalização militar da caserna com a efetivação da corporação como ator político nacional. No limite, num quadro conjuntural de tensão intramilitar e de consenso, meticulosamente, construído ao longo da república brasileira. Por fim, o contexto societal brasileiro no qual o Exército modernizou-se revela a produção de um poder militar naturalizado, por isso respeitado e autônomo tentamos aqui desnaturalizar esse poder com a historicização das práticas sócio-militares. / The present research represents a hermeneutical effort on approaching the Brazilian Armys history as an institutional corps since its formation period as a modern entity to the Military Republics structurization. Having as a goal to expose the political and cultural contexts that have qualified the military environment all through Brazilian Republic. Aiming the social military practices to finally comprehend the hegemonial mentality that have consolidated in the institution a conservative view of the world. Notwithstanding, that view does not leave apart the importance of the social of brazilian society to the constitution of the Army as a military and political force in the Brazilian Republic. Fundamentally, the Armed Forces are not detached from the society, even though confining is the institutional daily order, actually, it is a bureaucratical entity much more totalizing than totalitarian. Thus, the Armys history is not detached from brazilian ordinary life nor from the formation of the modern State in the country. It is always worth to remind that the raw material the corps to be militarized is above all a product from the civil society. This way, the deed reveals an intention to explain an relate to the Armys modernization, the military normalization of the environment with the corps effectivation as a national political actor. In a conjunctural set of intramilitary tension and consensus, meticulously built all through Brazilian Republic. The brazilian societal context in which the Army modernized itself reveals the production of a naturalized military power, therefore respected and autonomous we try herein to make this power unnatural with the historicization of the social military practices.

Constructions of memory, myth and legend relating to Gallipoli have dominated the academic assumption which suggests that this dimension alone has allowed for the reawakening of the exceptional interest in the Anzac tradition; a tradition that has converged at the physical site in modern day Turkey. While these intangible constructions have waxed, waned, and re-emerged over the Twentieth Century, possessing the site to commence the construction of an Anzac Battlefield Cemetery has been ignored in academic enquiry. This significant series of events from 1916 to 1965 were indispensable to memory perpetuation and essential to the commemorative primacy that this preserved headland now enjoys. The desire to repossess, and then own in perpetuity the battlefield in order to attach the appropriate masonry adornments, is in itself unique. This dimension has not been academically scrutinised by any historian until now. Nor has the deliberate desire to construct an Anzac shrine that would someday attract pilgrims from the Antipodes been studied. Present day site-sacralisation by rite-of-passage pilgrims, thoroughly emersed in the Anzac tradition, suggests the convergence of the two dimensions is complete. To counteract this problem of the �hegemony of the intangibles� this thesis explores primary sources, gleaned largely from archival records, then evaluates the significance of the history of �physical Gallipoli.� Thematic approaches based upon the lines of possession, preservation and pilgrimage argue that this parallel dimension has played an indispensable role in shaping the end result today. Tens of thousands Australasian travellers now flock to this preserved battlefield to encounter the actual physicality of the tradition. The battlefield cemetery, complete with botanical emblems of ownership, had been out of the reach of the very generation who had created, acquired and constructed the battlefield landscape. The New Zealand public had to be content with assorted forms of vicarious pilgrimage coupled with widespread domestic memorialisation. New Zealand�s post-evacuation experience at Gallipoli became a story completely distinctive from that of Australia or Great Britain. The deliberately constructed Anzac Battlefield Cemetery is a unique landscape artefact that a proud but mournful generation set out to create. They eventually achieved this end by a complicated mixture of conquest, occupation, careful preservation, and commemorative ownership. These efforts were assisted by the vagaries of economic happenstance and international politics that left this remote Peninsula isolated and off-limits to human encounter. Fortuitously frozen in time, this landscape artefact, so steeped in Classical history, has emerged as one of the most sacred, and perhaps the most recognisable, geographic features associated with Australasia. Overriding these plans for shrine construction had been the stated goal of securing a reverent final resting place for those who fell during the creation of the Anzac legend in 1915. Sepulture perpetuelle became the post-evacuation catchphrase that propelled this Great War generation to go almost to the brink of war to secure the principles of this phrase. This lofty goal of permanence, by passage of time and the re-appropriation of nature, had mercifully been completed before the current �second invasion� that commenced in the 1980s. The Anzac Battlefield Cemetery is now a victim of its own very successful physical preservation.

This essay presents a comparative study of the Swedish articles of war of year 1621 and 1683 which aims to, through analysis, assess the extent of the development in Swedish army legislature during the 17th century and to derive the likely underlying causes for this development. The study is in large comprised by a detailed comparison of the two collections of articles of war in order to determine the practical changes to the legislature that occurred between the years that they came into force. / Denna uppsats presenterar en komparativ studie av de svenska krigsartiklarna av år 1621 och 1683 och ämnar att genom analys avgöra vad som förändrades inom svensk krigslagstiftning under 1600-talet samt att härleda denna utveckling till de förhållanden som kan förmodas ha framkallat denna. Studien utgörs till stor del av en detaljjämförelse av de två uppsättningarna krigsartiklar för att avgöra de praktiska förändringar i lagstiftningen som tagit plats emellan de år de trädde i kraft.

Constructions of memory, myth and legend relating to Gallipoli have dominated the academic assumption which suggests that this dimension alone has allowed for the reawakening of the exceptional interest in the Anzac tradition; a tradition that has converged at the physical site in modern day Turkey. While these intangible constructions have waxed, waned, and re-emerged over the Twentieth Century, possessing the site to commence the construction of an Anzac Battlefield Cemetery has been ignored in academic enquiry. This significant series of events from 1916 to 1965 were indispensable to memory perpetuation and essential to the commemorative primacy that this preserved headland now enjoys. The desire to repossess, and then own in perpetuity the battlefield in order to attach the appropriate masonry adornments, is in itself unique. This dimension has not been academically scrutinised by any historian until now. Nor has the deliberate desire to construct an Anzac shrine that would someday attract pilgrims from the Antipodes been studied. Present day site-sacralisation by rite-of-passage pilgrims, thoroughly emersed in the Anzac tradition, suggests the convergence of the two dimensions is complete. To counteract this problem of the �hegemony of the intangibles� this thesis explores primary sources, gleaned largely from archival records, then evaluates the significance of the history of �physical Gallipoli.� Thematic approaches based upon the lines of possession, preservation and pilgrimage argue that this parallel dimension has played an indispensable role in shaping the end result today. Tens of thousands Australasian travellers now flock to this preserved battlefield to encounter the actual physicality of the tradition. The battlefield cemetery, complete with botanical emblems of ownership, had been out of the reach of the very generation who had created, acquired and constructed the battlefield landscape. The New Zealand public had to be content with assorted forms of vicarious pilgrimage coupled with widespread domestic memorialisation. New Zealand�s post-evacuation experience at Gallipoli became a story completely distinctive from that of Australia or Great Britain. The deliberately constructed Anzac Battlefield Cemetery is a unique landscape artefact that a proud but mournful generation set out to create. They eventually achieved this end by a complicated mixture of conquest, occupation, careful preservation, and commemorative ownership. These efforts were assisted by the vagaries of economic happenstance and international politics that left this remote Peninsula isolated and off-limits to human encounter. Fortuitously frozen in time, this landscape artefact, so steeped in Classical history, has emerged as one of the most sacred, and perhaps the most recognisable, geographic features associated with Australasia. Overriding these plans for shrine construction had been the stated goal of securing a reverent final resting place for those who fell during the creation of the Anzac legend in 1915. Sepulture perpetuelle became the post-evacuation catchphrase that propelled this Great War generation to go almost to the brink of war to secure the principles of this phrase. This lofty goal of permanence, by passage of time and the re-appropriation of nature, had mercifully been completed before the current �second invasion� that commenced in the 1980s. The Anzac Battlefield Cemetery is now a victim of its own very successful physical preservation.

A presente pesquisa trata de esforço hermenêutico com o objetivo de historiar o Exército como corpo institucional a partir do período de constituição da corporação como entidade moderna ao da estruturação da República Militar. Com a intenção de expor as filigranas políticas e culturais que ao longo da república brasileira qualificaram as identidades na caserna. Com o olhar voltado às práticas sóciomilitares para enfim compreender a mentalidade hegemônica que consolidou na instituição uma visão conservadora de mundo. Esse olhar, no entanto, não negligencia, ainda, a importância do social da sociedade brasileira para a constituição do Exército como força militar e política na república brasileira. Fundamentalmente, as forças armadas não se apresentam deslocadas da sociedade, mesmo que o confinamento esteja na ordem do dia institucional, verdadeiramente, trata-se de uma entidade burocrática antes totalizante do que totalitária. Sendo assim, a história do Exército não está deslocada da vida ordinária brasileira nem da formação do Estado moderno no país. Sempre é bom lembrar que a matéria-prima o corpo a ser militarizado é antes de tudo produto da sociedade civil. Dessa forma, a escritura revela a intenção de explicar e relacionar, com a modernização do Exército, o processo de normalização militar da caserna com a efetivação da corporação como ator político nacional. No limite, num quadro conjuntural de tensão intramilitar e de consenso, meticulosamente, construído ao longo da república brasileira. Por fim, o contexto societal brasileiro no qual o Exército modernizou-se revela a produção de um poder militar naturalizado, por isso respeitado e autônomo tentamos aqui desnaturalizar esse poder com a historicização das práticas sócio-militares. / The present research represents a hermeneutical effort on approaching the Brazilian Armys history as an institutional corps since its formation period as a modern entity to the Military Republics structurization. Having as a goal to expose the political and cultural contexts that have qualified the military environment all through Brazilian Republic. Aiming the social military practices to finally comprehend the hegemonial mentality that have consolidated in the institution a conservative view of the world. Notwithstanding, that view does not leave apart the importance of the social of brazilian society to the constitution of the Army as a military and political force in the Brazilian Republic. Fundamentally, the Armed Forces are not detached from the society, even though confining is the institutional daily order, actually, it is a bureaucratical entity much more totalizing than totalitarian. Thus, the Armys history is not detached from brazilian ordinary life nor from the formation of the modern State in the country. It is always worth to remind that the raw material the corps to be militarized is above all a product from the civil society. This way, the deed reveals an intention to explain an relate to the Armys modernization, the military normalization of the environment with the corps effectivation as a national political actor. In a conjunctural set of intramilitary tension and consensus, meticulously built all through Brazilian Republic. The brazilian societal context in which the Army modernized itself reveals the production of a naturalized military power, therefore respected and autonomous we try herein to make this power unnatural with the historicization of the social military practices.

In 1945, as the Second World War ended, British troops serving under 5 Corps in southern Austria encountered a number of critical problems which hindered their ability to occupy the region and enact the policy of repatriation as set out in the Yalta Agreement. Fragile lines of supply and communication, and the need to feed and house diverse groups of hundreds of thousands of prisoners of war and refugees impeded British attempts to administer the area. Further complicating the situation was the infiltration of Yugoslav Partisans, supposed allies, fighting under Josip Broz Tito who claimed northern Italy and southern Austria as part of a “Greater Yugoslavia.” In preparation of an anticipated forceful ejection of these Partisans, the British military prioritized the fighting effectiveness of its troops over a consistent application of repatriation. The British military issued orders which interpreted Soviet citizenship, and therefore liability for repatriation, in very broad terms. This resulted in an inconsistent application of the policy, in which non-Soviets were either retained or handed over, with both courses of action seemingly in keeping with orders. While subsequent authors, most notably Nikolai Tolstoy and Christopher Booker, have written on this topic, none have yet recognized the connection between the chaotic circumstances in the region and the haphazard application of repatriation. By re-examining archival records of communications between military units involved, this thesis rectifies that lacuna and acknowledges for the first time the irregular and inconsistent nature of these repatriations. / Graduate / 2018-08-11