This thesis studies the effects of colonization in Asia Minor on the cult of the Hellenic Artemis, as the Greek goddess comes into contact with and is influenced by her Asian counterparts. The result of this contact is a goddess whose nature both remains unchanged and is changed, being at the same time both Greek and Oriental, and whose new image, reshaped after the Asiatic Mother Goddess, reflects the religious needs of her new worshippers, who were themselves a mixture of Greek and indigenous peoples. / The first part of this work investigates the nature and functions of Artemis in Greece, exploring in the greater detail the goddess' connections with nature, childbirth, and the different transitions undergone by individuals and communities. The second part looks at the cult of Artemis in the four major centres of the goddess' worship in Asia: Ephesos, Sardis, Magnesia on the Maiander and Perge. In order to explore more closely Artemis' connections with the Mother Goddess, whom the former replaces, a survey of the Asiatic precursors of Artemis was necessary. Consequently, this study attempts to analyse the nature and functions of other goddesses in Asia, related to the Mother Goddess, namely Kubaba-Kybele, Ma, Atargatis (a conflation of Anat, Astart and Asherah), Anahita and Ishtar, goddesses who share various features not only with each other, but with the Hellenic Artemis as well. The study of these goddesses follows the order in which Greek colonists encountered them. / The thesis concludes with a synthesis and summary of the particular features of the Hellenic Artemis which facilitated her identification with various examples of the Asiatic mother goddess.

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This dissertation is a comparative study of the relationship between the sanctuaries and cults of Artemis in Lakonian and Messenia, after the liberation of Messenia from Lakonia (370 BCE). Four hypotheses are explored in order to answer the central question of whether the sanctuaries and cults of Artemis in Messenia after the liberation were mimeses of those in Lakonia: essential religious similarity from the fourth century onwards, post-liberation Messenian revival of pre-conquest religious practices, conscious Messenian determination of religious difference from Lakonia and independent evolution of Messenian sanctuaries and cults of Artemis. From literary, archaeological, epigraphic and numismatic evidence as well as observations made during personal visits to sites and museums in Greece, relevant data on the physical and historical landscape, This dissertation is a comparative study of the relationship between the sanctuaries and cults of Artemis in Lakonia and Messenia, after the liberation of Messenia from Lakonia (370 BCE). Four hypotheses are explored in order to answer the central question of whether the sanctuaries and cults of Artemis in Messenia after the liberation were mimeses of those in Lakonia: essential religious similarity from the fourth century onwards, post-liberation Messenian revival of pre-conquest religious practices, conscious Messenian determination of religious difference from Lakonia and independent evolution of Messenian sanctuaries and cults of Artemis. From literary, archaeological, epigraphic and numismatic evidence as well as observations made during personal visits to sites and museums in Greece, relevant data on the physical and historical landscape, epicleseis, sanctuary components, relevant myths and cult practices of all Artemisia in the southern Peloponnese are assembled into two comprehensive catalogues, one for each polity. A synthesis and analysis of that data is then conducted to establish patterns for purposes of comparison. The emergent patterns demonstrate that sanctuaries and cults of Artemis in post-liberation Messene are not essentially Lakonian mimeses. This study advances our collective understanding of sanctuaries and cults of Artemis in Lakonia and Messenia. It points to unknowns which could provide fertile avenues for future research into the complexity and diversity of ancient Greek religion in the Peloponnese.

This dissertation is a comparative study of the relationship between the sanctuaries and cults of Artemis in Lakonian and Messenia, after the liberation of Messenia from Lakonia (370 BCE). Four hypotheses are explored in order to answer the central question of whether the sanctuaries and cults of Artemis in Messenia after the liberation were mimeses of those in Lakonia: essential religious similarity from the fourth century onwards, post-liberation Messenian revival of pre-conquest religious practices, conscious Messenian determination of religious difference from Lakonia and independent evolution of Messenian sanctuaries and cults of Artemis. From literary, archaeological, epigraphic and numismatic evidence as well as observations made during personal visits to sites and museums in Greece, relevant data on the physical and historical landscape, This dissertation is a comparative study of the relationship between the sanctuaries and cults of Artemis in Lakonia and Messenia, after the liberation of Messenia from Lakonia (370 BCE). Four hypotheses are explored in order to answer the central question of whether the sanctuaries and cults of Artemis in Messenia after the liberation were mimeses of those in Lakonia: essential religious similarity from the fourth century onwards, post-liberation Messenian revival of pre-conquest religious practices, conscious Messenian determination of religious difference from Lakonia and independent evolution of Messenian sanctuaries and cults of Artemis. From literary, archaeological, epigraphic and numismatic evidence as well as observations made during personal visits to sites and museums in Greece, relevant data on the physical and historical landscape, epicleseis, sanctuary components, relevant myths and cult practices of all Artemisia in the southern Peloponnese are assembled into two comprehensive catalogues, one for each polity. A synthesis and analysis of that data is then conducted to establish patterns for purposes of comparison. The emergent patterns demonstrate that sanctuaries and cults of Artemis in post-liberation Messene are not essentially Lakonian mimeses. This study advances our collective understanding of sanctuaries and cults of Artemis in Lakonia and Messenia. It points to unknowns which could provide fertile avenues for future research into the complexity and diversity of ancient Greek religion in the Peloponnese.

Thesis (Doctoral)--Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 1983.

Artemis was a cruel and wild goddess. Her mythological apparatus was replete with blood and death. Her cults displayed awe-inspiring elements of primitivism. Together with Dionysus, to whom she is mythologically and ritually related, she presents a riddle for the student who tries to understand her place in the Greek pantheon. In accordance with the modern alertness to the dangers of oversimplification lurking behind sweeping general accounts, I have chosen six particular Artemisian cults in three places of mainland Greece (at Sparta, Athens and Patras) upon which to focus my attention. In the aetiological legends of their foundations the Spartan and Athenian cults share a common origin (located by ancient writers in the distant Black Sea), the supervising deity being identified as Artemis Taurike. They also display remarkable signs of remote antiquity or, as has been proposed, of an archaizing process. Cruel rituals and beliefs associated with primitive magic are conspicuous in these cults but also feature prominently in the two cults in Achaia. The cult of Artemis Ortheia is comprehensively studied. All the existing ancient evidence, both literary and archaeological, is taken into account in an attempt to give a unified picture of the goddess without neglecting the di versity of disperse elements. By contrast, in the exploration of the three Attic cults selectivity prevails. Here again the emphasis is on what was common among the rituals enacted and the aetiological myths of their foundation, but not all ancient testimonies are considered to be of equal value. Consequently some sources are omitted and others overlooked in the discussion, for the additional reason that the Attic cults have been satisfactorily explored in recent publications. From the aforementioned local cults the focus is then shifted to the Homeric epics. The distinctive feature of Homeric religion is found in the endowment of divine powers with precise Forms and in the understanding of divine forms in anthropomorphic terms of Beauty. The contrast with the Artemisian cults at Patras is striking. There are of course signs in Homer showing that the gods are conceived as Powers, but the heroic epic tradition seems to have opted for the adoration of beauty as an indication of Excellence. How are we to combine the adorable divine maiden of the Homeric epics with the wild power manifested in local cults? Artemis vacillates between virginity conceived as maidenly exquisiteness and celibacy symbolizing natural wilderness. My hypothesis is that in the eyes of the Greeks, virginity, far from being 'absence' or lack of sexuality (as has often been supposed), was indeed the precondition of fertility. The dynamism of procreation was considered to reside in virginity; hence the strengthening of virginity was regarded as the intensification of procreative power, in much the same way as, in an image drawn from applied physics, the energy to be gathered from a water-stream is enhanced by the use of a dam that arrests the stream's natural course. Such a hypothesis may well be supported by the ancient evidence, and may also account for the second characteristic trait of the Archaic Artemis, namely her wildness. For in wildness, symbolically crystallized in 'forests' and 'hunting-activities', the ancient mind saw, rather than merely a stage antecedent to, and indispensable for, 'civilization' (as the most popular theory assumes), awe-inspiring powerfulness and mighty detachment calling for religious veneration. In the diptych of the complementary Contrariety between the Heavenly and the Earthly, the local cults, with their special emphasis on ritual enactment, stressed the maternal side of existence, whereas the Homeric m.vthology chose to emphasize the masculine principle that is operative in the world. This latter principle when applied to a pre-existing feminine deity, assumes the form of potential fecundity, hence of virginity, as opposed to the actual fertility of motherhood. The most recent theory on Artemis is that of 1.-P. Vernant (and his so-called Paris School). The French scholar claims that Artemis is a goddess of marginality, a deity at home where ambivalence, ambiguity and liminality prevail. This, however, relates more to the modern milieu where marginality and the concomitant ambiguity are conceptual missiles of great heuristic value than to the goddess herself. Artemis was primarily manifested as natural Dynamism. Given the amoral character of natural dynamism she could be munificent or malevolent depending on the circumstances of her manifestation (implied intervention orfully-fIedged epiphany). But such a duality does not entitle us to speak of marginality in her case, because in the eyes of the worshippers themselves her being was perfectly well circumscribed and very clearly defined. In contrast to the modern deeply-felt insecurity vis-a.-vis the clarity of beings, a distinctive feature of ancient polytheism was the clear-cut delineation of the beings aspiring to the divine order.

This dissertation is a comparative study of the relationship between the sanctuaries and cults of Artemis in Lakonian and Messenia, after the liberation of Messenia from Lakonia (370 BCE). Four hypotheses are explored in order to answer the central question of whether the sanctuaries and cults of Artemis in Messenia after the liberation were mimeses of those in Lakonia: essential religious similarity from the fourth century onwards, post-liberation Messenian revival of pre-conquest religious practices, conscious Messenian determination of religious difference from Lakonia and independent evolution of Messenian sanctuaries and cults of Artemis. From literary, archaeological, epigraphic and numismatic evidence as well as observations made during personal visits to sites and museums in Greece, relevant data on the physical and historical landscape, This dissertation is a comparative study of the relationship between the sanctuaries and cults of Artemis in Lakonia and Messenia, after the liberation of Messenia from Lakonia (370 BCE). Four hypotheses are explored in order to answer the central question of whether the sanctuaries and cults of Artemis in Messenia after the liberation were mimeses of those in Lakonia: essential religious similarity from the fourth century onwards, post-liberation Messenian revival of pre-conquest religious practices, conscious Messenian determination of religious difference from Lakonia and independent evolution of Messenian sanctuaries and cults of Artemis. From literary, archaeological, epigraphic and numismatic evidence as well as observations made during personal visits to sites and museums in Greece, relevant data on the physical and historical landscape, epicleseis, sanctuary components, relevant myths and cult practices of all Artemisia in the southern Peloponnese are assembled into two comprehensive catalogues, one for each polity. A synthesis and analysis of that data is then conducted to establish patterns for purposes of comparison. The emergent patterns demonstrate that sanctuaries and cults of Artemis in post-liberation Messene are not essentially Lakonian mimeses. This study advances our collective understanding of sanctuaries and cults of Artemis in Lakonia and Messenia. It points to unknowns which could provide fertile avenues for future research into the complexity and diversity of ancient Greek religion in the Peloponnese.

Den svenska veteranutredningen lyfter upp mediabilden från Sveriges deltagande i internationella insatser som ett problem. Syftet med uppsatsen är att kartlägga skillnaderna i rapporteringen av händelserna under Operation Artemis i Kongo 2003 utifrån Försvarsmakten och de fyra största dagstidningarna (Aftonbladet, Dagens Nyheter, Expressen och Svenska Dagbladet) samt att undersöka om rapporteringen skiljer sig beroende av om det är en morgontidning eller kvällstidning. Analysen har gjorts utifrån ett narrativt perspektiv och tidningarna har analyserats utifrån kategorierna dagstidningsekonomi, sensationsjournalistik, objektivitet, vinkling och förenkling. Uppsatsen visar på att det finns skillnader i hur både Försvarsmakten och dagstidningarna rapporterade från Operation Artemis. Uppsatsen visar också på att rapporteringen skiljer sig om det är en morgontidning eller kvällstidning som skriver artikeln. Det finns även likheter i rapporteringen då samtliga tidningar vinklar artiklarna till sitt egna och förenklar vissa delar för att läsaren lättare skall kunna begripa innehållet. Försvarsmakten visar på en objektivitet och vill tydligt förklara händelseförloppet. Försvarsmakten erbjuder fördjupning inom ämnet för läsaren och erbjuder läsaren ofta tydlighet med faktarutor intill sina skriva artiklar. / The Swedish veteran investigation brings attention to the problem of the media image of Sweden's participation in international missions. The purpose of this paper is to identify differences between the Swedish Armed Forces’ and the four major newspapers’ (Aftonbladet, Dagens Nyheter, Expressen and Svenska Dagbladet) reports of the events of Operation Artemis in Congo in 2003, and to investigate whether the reporting is different depending on whether it is a morning newspaper or tabloid. The analysis is made based on a narrative perspective and the newspapers have been analyzed according to categories of newspaper economics, sensationalist journalism, objectivity, bias and simplification. The paper shows that there are differences in how the Armed Forces and the newspapers reported from Operation Artemis. The essay also shows that reporting is different between newspapers and tabloids. There are also similarities in the reports on which all the newspapers have a bias and simplify some parts to help the reader understand the content. The Armed Forces show an objectivity and to clearly explain the sequence of events. The Armed Forces offer depth knowledge of the topic to the reader and offers the reader clarity with the help of fact boxes next to the articles.

Ο ρόλος της Αρτέμιδος στον Ιππόλυτο και στις δυο Ιφιγένειες. Αναφορά σε σποραδικές εμφανίσεις στις υπόλοιπες τραγωδίες. Άρτεμη πολυσύνθετη θεότητα. Θεά των ορίων, γεωγραφικών και ψυχολογικών. / The role of Artemis in Hippolitos and the two Iphigenias. Reference to her minor appearances in the other tragedies. Artemis, the multifaceted goddess. Goddess of limits, both geographical and psychological.

Zugl.: Giessen, Univ., Diss., 2004