Reproduction de : Mémoire d'orthophonie : Médecine : Nantes : 2009. / Bibliogr.

Reproduction de : Thèse d'exercice : Médecine vétérinaire : Toulouse 3 : 2007. / Titre provenant de l'écran titre. Bibliogr. p. 91-99.

Thesis (M.A.), Memorial University of Newfoundland, 2000. / Bibliography: leaves 111-117.

Thesis (M.A.)--Memorial University of Newfoundland, 2002. / Bibliography: leaves 60-62.

Thesis (M.A.)--Memorial University of Newfoundland, 2002. / Bibliography: leaves 63-66.

This paper discusses the ways in which Hofstede’s model of ‘dimensions of (‘national’) culture’ – and similar models developed in a functionalist paradigm – are problematically used to classify people. It briefly surveys critiques of Hofstede’s research method, but focusses on the dangers of attempting to develop models of culture within a functionalist paradigm. Although such models may be parsimonious and rapidly applied, I argue that they are a poor fit for CATaC investigations of the dynamic and reciprocal interactions between human cultures and technology. Instead, I contend, we must abandon this paradigm, and embrace methodologies that permit meaningfully explorations of the multiple and dynamic conditions influencing the field of cultural practices in human societies. I discuss the merits of ‘articulation’ as theory and method, and offer Hacking’s theory of “dynamic nominalism” as one example.

Magistro darbe buvo atlikta teorinė mokslinės literatūros analizė apie kalbą ir jos sutrikimus, bendrosios ir smulkiosios motorikos raidos svarbą, artikuliaciją ir jos reikšmę kalbai. Taip pat nagrinėti autorių darbai apie motorikos įtaką kalbos sutrikimams. Prieš atliekant tyrimą, buvo iškelta hipotezė, jog 4-6 metų vaikų motorinės sistemos išlavėjimas gali turėti įtakos vaikų kalbos sutrikimams. Testavimo metodu buvo atliktas tyrimas, kurio tikslas – atskleisti 4-6 metų vaikų kalbos ir motorinės sistemos sutrikimų sąsajas. Atlikta kiekybinė ir kokybinė duomenų analizė, kuri leido nustatyti, ar vaikų motorinės sistemos išlavėjimo lygis daro įtakos jų kalbai. Tyrime dalyvavo 106 ketverių – šešerių metų vaikai, turintys fonologinių kalbos sutrikimų ir įvairaus laipsnio kalbos neišsivystimą. Tyrimas vyko keturiuose Mažeikių lopšeliuose – darželiuose: Delfinas, Kregždutė, Pasaka ir Žilvitis. Empirinėje dalyje buvo nagrinėjamas bendrosios ir smulkiosios motorikos išlavėjimo lygis, analizuojamas testų užduočių atlikimas. Taip pat buvo siekiama atskleisti oralinės motorikos paslankumą ir artikuliacijos organų anatominius pakitimus. Išanalizavus šias sritis, aptariama motorinės sistemos sutrikimų įtaka vaikų kalbai. Svarbiausios empirinio tyrimo išvados: Nustatyta, kad ketverių – šešerių metų vaikų, turinčių įvairių kalbos sutrikimų bendroji ir smulkioji motorika yra išlavėjusi nepakankamai; atskleista, jog oralinės motorikos sutrikimai turi didelės įtakos vaikų kalbai, nes... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Master thesis performed a theoretical analysis of scientific literature on language and its disorders, general and the importance of fine motor development, articulation and the importance of speech. Analyzed the influence of motor speech disorders. Before the investigation, hypothesis that 4-6 years of motor system may have an impact on children's language disorders. The study was conducted testing method. Research Destination - disclosure of 4-6 years children's language and motor disorders interface. Conducted a quantitative and qualitative data analysis, which allowed to determine whether the motor system of children affects their speech. The study included 106 four - six-year-old children with phonological speech disorders, and varying degrees of underdevelopment of the speech. The study took place in four Mažeikiai kindergarten: Delfinas, Kregždutė, Pasaka and Žilvitis. The empirical part of the issue in general and fine motor level, analysis of test tasks. It was also intended to reveal the oral motor agility and articulation organs anatomical lesions. These areas, the analysis helps to determine motor the impact of speech. The main findings of the investigation: It was found that the four - six year old children with speech disorders, general and fine motorics is insufficient; revealed that oral motor disorders have a significant impact on children's speech, because paying a targeted movement, can not correctly articulate speech sounds; found that... [to full text]

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Approximately 80% of the population will experience low-back pain within their lifetime. Significant research efforts have focused on compressive loading as an injury mechanism that could lead to low-back pain and injury. However, the influence of shear loading, and its relationship to vertebral tissue tolerances as well as modulating factors for these tolerances have not been studied as extensively. The primary objective of this thesis was to produce a series of investigations that begin to determine the roles of different modulating factors such as posture, compression, bone density, bone morphology, and repetitive load magnitude on measured vertebral joint shear failure tolerances. The thesis comprises four independent studies using in vitro mechanical testing, imaging modalities, and finite element modeling. Each of the in vitro studies within this thesis used a validated porcine cervical model as a surrogate for the human lumbar spine. The first study employed in vitro mechanical testing to investigate the combined roles of flexion/extension postural deviation and compressive load on the measured ultimate shear failure tolerances. Peripheral quantitative computed tomography scans of the pars interarticularis and measurements of vertebral bone morphology were used in the second investigation along with in vitro mechanical testing to identify the morphological characteristics that can be used to predict ultimate shear failure tolerances. The influence of sub-maximal shear load magnitude on the cumulative shear load and number of loading cycles sustained prior to failure were investigated with in vitro mechanical testing in the third study. Finally, a finite element model of the porcine C3-C4 functional spinal unit was used to investigate the plausibility of hypotheses, developed from previous research and the findings of the first investigation for this thesis, surrounding alterations in measured ultimate shear failure tolerances as a function of changes in facet interaction. Results from the first investigation showed that there was no statistically significant interaction between postural deviation and compressive force on ultimate shear failure tolerance. However, ultimate shear failure tolerance was reduced (compared to neutral) by 13.2% with flexed postures, and increased (compared to neutral) by 12.8% with extended postures. Each 15% increment (up to a maximum of 60% of predicted compressive failure tolerance) in compressive force was met with an average 11.1% increase in ultimate shear failure tolerance. It was hypothesized that alterations in flexion/extension posture and/or compressive force altered the location for the force centroid of facet contact. These changes in the location of facet contact were hypothesized to produce subsequent changes in the bending moment at the pars interarticularis that altered the measured ultimate shear failure tolerance. The three leading factors for calculating of measured ultimate shear failure tolerance were the pars interarticularis length for the cranial vertebra, the average facet angle measured in the transverse plane, and cortical bone area through the pars interarticularis. A bi-variate linear regression model that used the cranial vertebra’s pars interarticularis length and average facet angle as inputs was developed to nondestructively calculate ultimate shear failure tolerances of the porcine cervical spine. Longer pars interarticularis lengths and facets oriented closer to the sagittal plane were associated with higher measured ultimate shear failure tolerances. Fractures observed in this investigation were similar to those reported for studies performed with human specimens and also similar to reported spondylolitic fractures associated with shear loading in humans. This provided additional evidence that the porcine cervical spine is a suitable surrogate in vitro model for studying human lumbar spine mechanics. Altered sub-maximal shear load magnitude create a non-linear decrease in both the number of cycles and the cumulative shear load sustained prior to failure. These findings suggested that estimates of cumulative shear load should assign greater importance to higher instantaneous shear loads. This was due to an increased injury potential at higher instantaneous shear loads. Cumulative load sustained prior to failure was used to develop a tissue-based weighting factor equation that would apply nonlinearly increased weight to higher shear load magnitudes in estimates of cumulative shear load. A finite element model of the porcine C3-C4 functional spinal unit was created, and simulations were performed using similar boundary conditions as the comparable in vitro tests, to assess the plausibility of the moment arm hypothesis offered within the first investigation of this thesis. Moment arm length between the force centroid of facet contact and the location of peak stress within the pars interarticularis was increased for flexed postures and decreased for extended postures. Alterations in moment arm length were larger for postural deviation than compressive force, suggesting a secondary mechanism to explain the observed increase in shear failure tolerance with higher compressive loads from the first investigation. One such possibility was the increase in the number of contacting nodes with higher compressive forces. Alterations in moment arm length were able to explain 50% of the variance in measured ultimate shear failure tolerances from the first study. Thus, the finite element model was successful in demonstrating the plausibility of moment arm length between the force centroid of facet contact and the pars interarticularis as a modulator of measured ultimate shear failure tolerance. This thesis has developed the basis for understanding how failure of the vertebral joint exposed to shear loading can be modulated. In particular, this thesis has developed novel equations to predict the ultimate shear failure tolerance measured during in vitro testing, and to determine appropriate weighting factors for sub-maximal shear forces in calculations of cumulative shear load. Evidence presented within this thesis also provides support for the long-standing moment arm hypothesis for modulation of shear injury potential.