Comment reconnaît –on que l'apprentissage est efficace ? C’est une de nos questions à laquelle nous cherchons à répondre dans notre fonction de conseillère pédagogique. Bon nombre d'enseignants se plaignent que les élèves ne font pas l'unité des connaissances qu'ils acquièrent. Nous soulignons en particulier les mathématiques et les sciences physiques qui restent des vases étanches. Ce sont des îlots qu'il faut découvrir un à un sans se soucier de leur complémentarité. Certaines questions nous retiennent, est-ce que la présentation du programme et des contenus favorise l'articulation transdisciplinaire des connaissances ? Est-ce que la méthode de l'enseignant guide l'élève à articuler les connaissances acquises ? Est-ce que l'élève lui-même est capable de faire le transfert des connaissances acquises ? A l'exemple de la notion de proportionnalité, dans quelle mesure la présentation des contenus relatifs à la proportionnalité dans les disciplines des mathématiques et sciences physiques, favorise-t-elle l'articulation par les élèves des connaissances et des compétences ? Notre étude va essayer d'expliciter et de comprendre comment les élèves conceptualisent les connaissances, car la première difficulté tient au fait que la capacité de transfert des connaissances de l'élève dépend de sa méthode d'intégration. Une des conditions de transfert est la construction de sens. Le transfert de compétences n'est pas l'affaire de l'élève seul bien que la plus grande partie s'impose au dernier. Chacun a son propre rapport au savoir, ce qui nous invite à tenir compte de la place de la culture malgache dans l'apprentissage. L’élève est partagé entre différents cadres. De ce fait, le cadre de rationalité est important dans l'analyse des ruptures et les filiations des connaissances et des compétences dans les disciplines. / How can we assess the way we teach is efficient? This is one of the many questions. I’ll try to answer as a teacher trainer. Many teachers complain that students are unable to unify their knowledge. We wish to emphasize the fact this particularly true of mathematics and physics which still remain as subjects taught in class as “insulated vessels”. They’re like isolated islands one has to explore one after the other, indifferent to their complementary. Various questions arise at this stage. Does the layout of curriculum and its contents help link up the knowledge, the skills developed in various subjects? Does the teacher’s approach offer the students the necessary guidance to link up the knowledge acquired in various disciplines? Are the students capable of transferring the knowledge they have acquired we’ll take the example of proportionality. To what extent the layout of the content concerning proportionality help students to link up knowledge and skill? The present work aims at explicating and analyzing how students conceptualize knowledge: the main difficulty lies in the student’s ability to transfer to transfer knowledge this depends on how the students integrate this. One of the conditions for transferring efficiently is making sense. Transferring skill doesn’t only depend on the student’s abilities although the greater part lies on the latter. Each student develops his own perception of knowledge, we have take Madagascar culture into account the process of learning students remain divided between different frameworks. Consequently the framework of rationality remains essential in the analysis of breaks and links in the knowledge and skill developed in the discipline.

Lorsque le cartilage est altéré, la réponse des chondrocytes est insuffisante pour stopper ce processus et réparer le tissu. Les thérapies non chirurgicales actuelles sont basées sur les anti-inflammatoires pour soulager la douleur. Cependant, certaines molécules thérapeutiques ne sont pas utilisées en raison d'une faible biodisponibilité ou d'effets secondaires importants. Le but est de préparer des particules polymère pour améliorer la biodisponibilité dans l'articulation de principes actifs (PA). Ceci est obtenu par le recouvrement des particules par des dérivés de l'acide hyaluronique (HA), naturellement présent dans le cartilage et qui possède une affinité pour un récepteur (CD44) à la surface des chondrocytes. Ce ciblage actif permet de concentrer les PA à proximité ou dans (internalisation) ces cellules et donc, d'obtenir un effet à des concentrations plus faibles en PA. Le HA est estérifié par des groupements hydrophobes pour obtenir des propriétés tensio-actives. Puis ces dérivés servent de stabilisant pour la formulation d'émulsions conduisant à l'obtention de particules polymère. Elles sont alors caractérisées: taille, distribution et quantité de HA modifié en surface. L'encapsulation de traceurs fluorescents démontre une internalisation in vitro et l'administration par injection intra-articulaire (ia) chez le rat n'engendre pas d'inflammation. L'encapsulation de PA (HA, chondroïtine sulfate) est possible, avec des tailles de particules plus importantes. Ceci ouvre de nouvelles approches dans le traitement des atteintes articulaires: l'injection ia de particules polymère recouvertes de HA permet un adressage des molécules qu'elles contiennent dans les cellules / A defect in articular cartilage yield to a biological response of the chondrocytes but it is not sufficient to stop the damage or heal the tissue. The non-chirurgical therapies available are based on anti-inflammatory, to relieve the pain. But, many molecules which might have therapeutic effects are not used because of poor bioavailability or severe side effects. Here, we described the elaboration of polymeric nanoparticles that can enhance articular bioavailability of entrapped drugs. One can reach this goal by using HA derivatives at the surface of such particles. HA is a polysaccharide naturally present in the joint, with a strong affinity for one receptor expressed by the chondrocytes: CD44. Such an active targeting will allow the accumulation of drugs near or in the cells (internalization) and therefore, lead to biological effects with lower concentration. We chemically modified the HA by esterification with hydrophobic chains to confer tensio-actives properties. Then, those derivatives were used to stabilize the formulation of polymeric particles and the characterization (size, distribution and amount of HA derivatives present) was determined. The encapsulation of fluorescent probes proved in vitro an internalization by the chondrocytes. Moreover, intra-articular (ia) injection of particles in healthy rats did not generate any inflammation. Entrapment of molecules (HA or Chondroitin Sulfate) was possible but the size was higher and the encapsulated amount could not be precisely measured. This work is promising for new therapies in articular diseases, the ia injection of polymeric particles covered by HA derivatives allow an active targeting of the entrapped drugs

Thesis (doctoral)--Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 1990. / Extra t.p. with thesis statement inserted. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hong Kong, 1998. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 146-160).

Les violences conjugales affectent la santé des individus, influent sur leurs comportements au travail, et impactent les organisations. Outre les pertes financières,elles contribuent à accentuer les inégalités entre les sexes, notamment au sein de la sphère professionnelle. Au travers d’une typologie des incidences des violences conjugales, la présente recherche exploratoire examine les processus à l’oeuvre dans l’interaction des victimes avec l’univers professionnel, et la manière dont les organisations peuvent répondre aux manifestations de ce phénomène familial. Elle repose sur un double cadre conceptuel : les violences conjugales et l’articulation famille-travail. L’accès au terrain s’appuie sur une combinaison de méthodologies qualitatives : 47 entretiens (individuels et collectifs semi-directifs, récits de vie),menés auprès de victimes et de membres d’organisations non-marchandes(associations, Fondation Kering, conseil général de l’Essonne) et marchandes (PSA Peugeot Citroën, BPI group).Outre l’ancrage théorique novateur, les résultats ont permis l’émergence d’un modèle qui articule le déterminant familial (les violences physiques, psychologiques,économiques), la relation famille-travail (débordement, conflit, compensation), ainsi que trois principales incidences organisationnelles (baisse de concentration,changement de comportement, surinvestissement au travail). Parmi ces 3manifestations, la baisse de concentration (débordement négatif) et le surinvestissement au travail (compensation) sont des éléments significatifs en termes de nombre de personnes concernées ; le changement de comportement(débordement négatif) constitue une variable marquante pour son caractère inexploré. Dans des logiques d’intégration ou de respect, les organisations sont susceptibles de contribuer à réduire les difficultés posées par ces interférences,obtenant ainsi des bénéfices économiques et managériaux.Les apports de l’étude se situent à plusieurs niveaux : d’une part, elle importe en France la problématique des incidences organisationnelles des violences conjugales,et d’autre part, elle l’inscrit dans le cadre théorique de la relation famille-travail. / Domestic violence affects the health of individuals, influences their behaviour in the workplace, and impacts organisations. In addition to financial loss, it contributes to emphasize gender inequalities, especially within the professional sphere. Througha typology of the implications of domestic violence, this exploratory research examines the processes in motion during the interactions of victims with their professional environment, and how organisations can respond to the manifestations of this phenomenon which occurs within the family sphere. It is based on a double conceptual framework: domestic violence and work-family articulation. Field access relies on a combination of qualitative methods: 47 interviews (semi-directive individual and collective interviews, life histories) lead with victims as well as with representatives of non-mercantile organisations (associations, Kering Foundation,conseil général de l’Essonne) and businesses (PSA Peugeot-Citroën, BPI group).Besides this innovative theoretical anchoring, the results have allowed the emergence of a model that articulates the family determinant (acts of physical,psychological, and economic violence), the work-family relationship (spill over,conflict, and compensation) as well as the three main organisational effects (decrease in concentration, change in behaviour, and over investment in work). Amongst those three manifestations, the decrease in concentration (negative spill over) and the over investment in work (compensation) are significant elements in terms of the number of people concerned; the change in behaviour (negative spill over) represents a remarkable variable because of its unexplored character. Following logics of integration or respect, the organisations are likely to contribute to reducing the difficulties posed by these interferences, thus receiving economic and managerial benefits.The contributions of the study are found on several levels: on one hand it imports into France the issue of the organisational implications of domestic violence,and on the other, it positions it within the theoretical framework of the work-family relationship.

Cette recherche se positionne dans un contexte de parrainage d'une cause par une marque, et plus précisément dans le cadre d'une publicité de soutien en faveur d'une cause environnementale. Elle vise notamment à répondre à la problématique suivante : comment améliorer l'efficacité d'une publicité de soutien ? La littérature a mis en exergue le rôle majeur joué par la congruence/incongruence perçue entre le parrain et l'entité parrainée, mais ce concept fait néanmoins débat depuis plus de trente ans dans la littérature marketing (Fleck et Maille, 2010 ; Maille et Fleck, 2011). Les objectifs de la recherche imposent une phase importante de meilleure compréhension du concept et de sa mesure (études 1 et 2). L'étude 3, utilisant de manière originale l'approche tétraclasse, propose une nouvelle conceptualisation basée sur l'identification des éléments de contribution à la congruence et à l'incongruence. Sur la base de ces résultats, deux outils de mesure sont proposés permettant de mieux appréhender la congruence perçue et l'incongruence perçue (étude 4). Puis cette recherche étudie, au moyen d'une expérimentation (étude 5), dans quelle mesure et de quelle manière l'articulation du parrainage (explication du lien entre le parrain et l'entité parrainée) peut influencer les intentions comportementales envers la cause soutenue. Les résultats soulignent que la congruence perçue, l'incongruence perçue et la crédibilité du parrain sont médiatrices de l'effet de l'articulation du parrainage sur les intentions comportementales envers la cause soutenue, mais avec une différence d'effet entre congruence et incongruence. En effet, si l'articulation du parrainage influence positivement la crédibilité du parrain en augmentant la congruence perçue et en diminuant l'incongruence perçue entre la marque et l'organisation non commerciale, l'effet de la congruence perçue sur les intentions comportementales envers la cause n'est pas médiatisé par la crédibilité perçue du parrain, à la différence de l'effet de l'incongruence perçue qui est bien médiatisé par cette crédibilité. / This research takes place in the context of cause sponsoring by a brand, and more precisely within the framework of environmental issue advocacy advertising. It aims in particular at answering the following question: how to improve the efficiency of advocacy advertising? Previous research highlighted the major role played by perceived congruency/incongruency between the sponsor and the sponsored entity, but this concept has been still discussed for more than thirty years in the marketing literature (Fleck and Maille, 2010; Maille and Fleck, 2011). The objectives of this research require to better understand the concept and its measure (studies 1 and 2). Study 3 uses in an original way the tetraclass approach to propose a new conceptualization of the concept based on the identification of elements that contribute to congruency and to incongruency. Based on these results, two measurement tools allowing to separately capture perceived congruency and perceived incongruency are proposed (study 4). Then this research examines through an experiment (study 5) to what extent and how sponsorship articulation (the explanation of the link between the sponsor and the sponsored entity) can influence behavioral intentions toward the supported cause. The results underline that perceived congruency, perceived incongruency and sponsor credibility mediate the effect of sponsorship articulation on behavioral intentions toward the supported cause but throughout a different effect on perceived congruency and on perceived incongruency: 1/sponsorship articulation influences positively sponsor credibility due to an increase in perceived congruency and a decrease in perceived incongruency between the brand and the not commercial organization, 2/ the effect of perceived congruency on behavioral intentions toward the cause is not explained by sponsor credibility while the effect of perceived incongruency is explained by sponsor credibility.

Please read the abstract in the section 02back of this document / Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2009. / Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology / Unrestricted

The purposes of the present study were: 1) to provide descriptions, both phonological and acoustic, of the vowel system of a child who exhibited a phonological disturbance in his vowel system, and 2) to examine the effects that intervention targeting consonants would have on his vowel system. No specific hypotheses were proposed, although it was implied that there would be some effect. The subject, S, was one of six subjects in a doctoral research study investigating the application of non-linear phonological theory to the assessment and remediation of developmental phonological disorders. The data were selected from the initial assessment session and a reassessment after two blocks of intervention. Both phonological and acoustic analyses of the data were performed. Acoustic measurements included the fundamental frequency and the frequencies of the first and second formants for each phone. The data showed that S had a large phonetic inventory of vowels with a high proportion of vowel errors. Phonemes exhibited considerable variability but one primary phone could usually be identified. Significant in the phonological description were the following: 1) a high front vowel, a back rounded vowel, a low vowel, and a central vowel were among those most accurately produced by S, 2) there were a significant number of errors in the non-high, unrounded phonemes, and 3) /u/ exhibited a high proportion of errors. In general, errors were not sensitive to consonantal context. Acoustically, while the formant patterns for each phone differed from the others, S's vowels were found to be different in some ways from normal. Specifically, the frequency of F2 for his back vowels is higher than expected and the frequency of Fl for /a/ is lower than expected. In addition to some differences in formant frequency, the acoustic data on S's vowels show much more variability than normal. Changes in the data occurred, both phonologically and acoustically, between the pre-and post-treatment assessment Changes included: 1) improvement in the accurate production of /u/, 2) shifts in the phonetic representation of non-high, unrounded vowels, 3) a decrease in random phonemic error, 4) a decrease in the second formant frequency of back vowels and an increase in first formant frequency of /a/, 5) a decrease in variability of both first and second formant frequency, and 6) a decrease in fundamental frequency. While it was possible to describe differences between the pre- and post-treatment data, it was not possible to ascribe these changes solely to intervention. It is difficult to know whether intervention had a direct effect on vowel production or whether the changes which occurred were more general effects of intervention or simply natural events, coincidental with the intervention program. / Medicine, Faculty of / Audiology and Speech Sciences, School of / Graduate

This clinical project sought to examine two different approaches to the treatment of functional articulatory disorders and to implement these two approaches in the actual management of two articulation disordered clients. The two approaches selected were the traditional auditory-stimulus method (Van Riper, 1972) and the sensory-motor approach (McDonald, 1964b) to testing and treatment. It was the intention of this project to compare the results of articulation intervention of the two methods.

published_or_final_version / abstract / Speech and Hearing Sciences / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy