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Many factors influence the efficiency of muscle growth including genetics, nutrition, and environment. The neonatal period is characterized as a time of rapid growth. Growth rate is reduced during neonatal nutrient restriction possibly due to altered satellite cell activity which can permanently alter growth potential. Therefore, optimal nutrition is important for maximizing the growth potential of the animal. Heat stress leads to changes in digestion and metabolism, thus alters nutrient availability to muscle. Heat stress is a prevalent problem in the agriculture industry resulting in great economic losses due to reduced growth, fertility, and increased morbidity. The use of functional feed additives is a potential strategy to mitigate these negative effects. The objective of this dissertation was to investigate nutritional strategies to improve growth in pigs during key malleable periods. Three nutritional studies were conducted to discern the optimal inclusion levels of calcium phosphate, energy, and protein in the diet to maximize neonatal muscle growth. Adequate dietary calcium phosphate was most efficient for satellite cell function which may be mediated by micro-RNA. Differentiation promoting miR-206 and correspondingly the fusion rate was highest in adequate calcium phosphate diets. Excess protein diets enhanced body and muscle growth, while deficient protein was detrimental to growth. Dietary protein treatments altered energy metabolism genes, and genes regulating protein degradation were upregulated in deficient protein diets. Dietary energy levels did not influence body weight, however feed efficiency improved with energy balance. Excess energy diets had the lowest fusion rates and the lowest differentiation promoting miR-1 expression. These data suggest that nutrient inclusion levels are important for satellite cell function and may mediate satellite cell activity through the expression of micro-RNAs. The final study sought to discern the ability of supplementation of an artificial high-intensity sweetener and capsicum oleoresin to mitigate the negative effects of heat stress on pig performance. Heat stress leads to increased body temperature and respiration and was detrimental to metabolic flexibility. Supplementation helped improve feed efficiency and maintain metabolic flexibility. These data indicate that supplementation may be an efficient strategy to mitigate heat stress. / Doctor of Philosophy / Muscle is an important tissue to consider when optimizing growing conditions in feed animals due to its function as a consumer good. Many factors influence the efficiency of muscle growth including genetics, nutrition, and environment. Fractional growth rates are highest during the neonatal period and animals require adequate nutrients to facilitate this growth. Nutrient restriction reduces growth rate and can lead to permanent changes the animals' body size and composition later in life. Therefore, optimal nutrition is important for maximizing the growth potential of the animal. While the nutrients in feed can be controlled to improve growth, other factors are more difficult to regulate. Heat stress is a prevalent problem in the agriculture industry resulting in great economic losses due to reduced growth, fertility, and increased morbidity. The use of functional feed additives is a potential strategy to alleviate these negative effects. The objective of this dissertation was to investigate nutritional strategies to improve growth in pigs during key malleable periods. Three nutritional studies were conducted to determine the optimal inclusion levels of calcium phosphate, energy, and protein in the diet to maximize neonatal muscle growth. Satellite cells are muscle-specific stem cells that help facilitate the growth of muscle. Altering the ability of satellite cells to proliferate and fuse impairs the ability of muscle to grow and repair. Adequate dietary calcium phosphate was most efficient for satellite cell function. Excess protein diets enhanced body and muscle growth, while deficient protein was detrimental to growth. Dietary protein treatments altered energy metabolism genes, and genes regulating protein degradation were upregulated in deficient protein diets. Dietary energy levels did not influence body weight, however, feed efficiency improved with energy balance. Satellite cells from excess energy diets had the lowest fusion rates. These data suggest that nutrient inclusion levels are important for satellite cell function and growth. The final study sought to discern the ability of the supplementation of an artificial high-intensity sweetener and capsicum oleoresin to mitigate the negative effects of heat stress on pig performance. Heat stress leads to increased body temperature and respiration and was detrimental to metabolic flexibility. Supplementation helped improve feed efficiency and maintain metabolic flexibility. These data indicate that supplementation may be an efficient strategy to mitigate heat stress.

Submitted by Geyciane Santos (geyciane_thamires@hotmail.com) on 2015-09-04T10:45:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Marduce Pereira Marques.pdf: 523840 bytes, checksum: 2a417064d4e6b7c591e468b96a97318d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2015-10-02T19:31:05Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Marduce Pereira Marques.pdf: 523840 bytes, checksum: 2a417064d4e6b7c591e468b96a97318d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2015-10-02T19:34:54Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Marduce Pereira Marques.pdf: 523840 bytes, checksum: 2a417064d4e6b7c591e468b96a97318d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-10-02T19:34:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Marduce Pereira Marques.pdf: 523840 bytes, checksum: 2a417064d4e6b7c591e468b96a97318d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-08-31 / CAPES-Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The cubiu (Solanum sessiliflorum Dunal) and the camu camu (dubious Myrciaria McVaugh) they are fruits native fruit of the Amazonian, with great potential tecnólogico in function of the productivity, income in pulp and nutritional value. On the other hand, being added to the fan of desirable characteristics also stands out the loss of the fruit in natura for lack alternatives for industrialization, conservation, aggregation of value and means for the consumption, and, above all, the need of simple technologies. With objective of joining value, to diversify the industrial use, to obtain products with good consumption characteristics and to contribute for the reduction of the losses powder-crop, it was elaborated syrups of fruit in cubiu natura and camu camu. The coming ripe fruits of planting in the Experimental Station of Meadow of INPA went by the selection stages, wash, sanitização, cut (except camu camu), retreat of the seeds, fatiamento, cooking in syrups to the base of sugar (sucrose) and of sweetener (the base maltodextrina and artificial edulcorantes: cyclamate of sodium and sodic saccharin), despolpa, pasteurization, stuffing the hot, closing and cooling. In the concentrated syrups they were appraised the income and the physiochemical characteristics (acidity titulável, soluble and total solids, insoluble solids in alcohol, density, pH, total carotenóides, total and acid antocianinas ascorbic) and in the obtained refreshments of the concentrate sensorial analysis as for the characteristic profile (flavor, color, aroma and appearance) and the acceptability for scale structured hedônica of seven points. The cubiu syrups and camu camu the sucrose base presented tenors of soluble solids respectively 53 and 59 ºBrix above the patterns demanded by the legislation, and the one of cubiu with sweetener 15 ºBrix. The refreshments with dilution of 1:7 (concentrado:água) they received excellent notes for the sensorial attributes (color, flavor, aroma and appearance), acceptabilities of 98 % (cubiu sucrose), 100 % (cubiu sweetener) and 94 % (camu camu sucrose). The results indicate the cubiu fruits and camu camu as a matter excels appropriate for technological use in the syrup form. / O cubiu (Solanum sessiliflorum Dunal) e o camu camu (Myrciaria dubia McVaugh) são frutos fruto nativo da Amazônia, com grande potencial tecnólogico em função da produtividade, rendimento em polpa e valor nutritivo. Por outro lado, somando-se ao leque de características desejáveis também se destacam a perda do fruto in natura por falta alternativas para industrialização, conservação, agregação de valor e facilidades para o consumo, e, sobretudo, a necessidade de tecnologias simples. Com objetivo de agregar valor, diversificar o aproveitamento industrial, obter produtos com boas características de consumo e contribuir para a redução das perdas pós-colheita, elaborou-se xaropes de fruto in natura de cubiu e camu camu. Os frutos maduros provenientes de plantio na Estação Experimental de Várzea do INPA passaram pelas etapas de seleção, lavagem, sanitização, corte (exceto camu camu), retirada das sementes, fatiamento, cocção em xaropes à base de açúcar (sacarose) e de adoçante (a base maltodextrina e edulcorantes artificiais: ciclamato de sódio e sacarina sódica), despolpa, pasteurização, enchimento a quente, fechamento e resfriamento. Nos xaropes concentrados foram avaliados o rendimento e as características físico-químicas (acidez titulável, sólidos solúveis e totais, sólidos insolúveis em álcool, densidade, pH, carotenóides totais, antocianinas totais e ácido ascórbico) e nos refrescos obtidos dos concentrados análise sensorial quanto ao perfil característico (sabor, cor, aroma e aparência) e a aceitabilidade por escala hedônica estruturada de sete pontos. Os xaropes de cubiu e camu camu a base de sacarose apresentaram teores de sólidos solúveis 53 e 59 ºBrix respectivamente acima dos padrões exigidos pela legislação, e o de cubiu com adoçante 15 ºBrix. Os refrescos com diluição de 1:7 (concentrado:água) receberam notas excelentes para os atributos sensoriais (cor, sabor, aroma e aparência), aceitabilidades de 98 % (cubiu sacarose), 100 % (cubiu adoçante) e 94 % (camu camu sacarose). Os resultados indicam os frutos de cubiu e camu camu como uma matéria prima adequada para aproveitamento tecnológico na forma de xarope.

Obesity is a serious health concern in modern society. One way to reduce caloric intake is with nonnutritive sweeteners (NNS). However, recent research suggests they may be compounding the obesity problem. Nonnutritive sweeteners have been linked to increased body mass in a few studies and may be a barrier to effective weight management for some individuals. Under the framework of the health belief model, the research question was: Does this pattern of NNS-BMI covariance exist in young adults at the University of North Florida and, if so, are there other dietary or activity differences that might partially explain this relationship? A sample of 113 students completed an online survey based on the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance Survey to answer this question. Their responses quantified BMI, activity level estimates, NNS intake, and produce consumption. There was a no trend of covariance between BMI and NNS intake overall. However, there was a significant relationship between length of NNS usage and both BMI (p<0.01) and NNS intake (p<0.05). A positive correlation also existed between NNS usage and fruit and vegetable intake (p<.005). Weight variability was positively related to NNS due to the maintenance of previous weight loss (p<0.005). There was no correlation between NNS and activity. There is a tendency to have a higher BMI the longer NNS is consumed. This pattern does not appear to be explained by nutrient intake or activity. However, it may be due to increased tolerance towards sweets over time. Nurse practitioners can make recommendations that facilitate healthy behaviors amongst their patients. Therefore, this is an important issue for advanced practice nursing.