nÃo hà / A pesca indiscriminada de lagostas vem causando a diminuiÃÃo dos estoques, minimizando a efetividade da pesca artesanal e reduzindo a renda de comunidades pesqueiras, estimulando a ainda mais a sobrepesca e a captura de indivÃduos juvenis. Como alternativa, vem sendo implantadas as marambaias, que sÃo estruturas para fixaÃÃo de microorganismos aquÃticos para a formaÃÃo de cadeia trÃfica, servindo como atrator para espÃcies de interesse comercial. Na praia de Ponta Grossa, IcapuÃ- CE, o uso de marambaias voltadas prioritariamente para a pesca de lagosta partiu de pescadores locais em 2002. Com o sucesso das primeiras pescarias, houve âbloomâ de marambaias instaladas e dificuldade de controle sobre o uso das mesmas. Sobre o litoral cearense ainda sÃo poucas as informaÃÃes sobre o efeito de marambaias para a atraÃÃo de lagostas. Visando dar subsÃdios ao ordenamento de uso dessas estruturas, urge a necessidade de se determinar a efetividade para o aumento da produtividade e avaliar os impactos socioeconÃmicos e ambientais. Marambaias para lagosta sÃo estruturas de madeira com 30 cm de altura da base e 6 m2 de Ãrea. O lanÃamento foi realizado pelos pescadores em profundidades entre 3 e 13 m. Participaram deste estudo 36 pescadores. Foram analisados dados de 484 pescarias nos anos de 2003 (Ano I) a 2005 (Ano III), sendo 280 em profundidades <5 m e 204 em profundidades >5 m. A escolha dos intervalos de profundidade foi arbitrÃria. Estes dados serviram para a determinaÃÃo da captura por unidade de esforÃo (CPUE), do tamanho mÃdio das lagostas e do percentual de lagostas com tamanho comercial. A avaliaÃÃo socioeconÃmica foi realizada pelo cÃlculo do rendimento das pescarias. A avaliaÃÃo do impacto ambiental foi realizada pelo mÃtodo G.U.T.. O comprimento mÃdio das lagostas (Panulirus argus) ficou abaixo do tamanho mÃnimo determinado por lei (13 cm). As CPUEÂs ficaram acima da mÃdia histÃrica do CearÃ, indicando a eficiÃncia destas estruturas para o aumento da produtividade, embora os valores de receita mÃdia por pescador tenham sofrido significativa queda na renda no segundo e terceiro anos, indicando que houve apenas concentraÃÃo do estoque nas pescarias no primeiro ano. No Ano I, os impactos negativos mais significantes foram a sobreexploraÃÃo do estoque e a incidÃncia de lagostas juvenis nas capturas. Os impactos positivos mais significantes foram o incremento da pesca local, a criaÃÃo de novos habitats, o desenvolvimento de tecnologias e o fomento a pesquisa cientÃfica. No Ano III, os impactos negativos mais significantes foram a incidÃncia de lagostas juvenis nas capturas, a reduÃÃo da biomassa de pescado, a sobreexploraÃÃo de estoques pesqueiros e a reduÃÃo da pesca local. Quanto aos impactos positivos, destacam-se a reduÃÃo das pescarias com rede de emalhar e o fomento a pesquisa cientÃfica. Concluise que as marambaias nÃo atuaram de forma sustentÃvel, pois funcionaram apenas como concentradoras de estoque. Recomenda-se que o uso de marambaias deve obedecer a um plano de manejo e respeitar as normativas de proibiÃÃo da captura de juvenis de lagosta. / The indiscriminate lobster fisheries has been causing stock reduction, minimizing the effectiveness of artesian fisheries and reducing the income of fishing communities, stimulating even more the overfisheries and the capture of undersized lobsters. As an alternative, the community has been implanting artificial reefs, which are structures where microorganisms settle forming a feeding chain, therefore serving as an attractor for commercial species. At Ponta Grossa community, Icapuà â CE, the use of artificial reefs exclusively for lobster fishing was an initiative taken by some of the local fishermen in 2002. With the successful result of the first fisheries at the artificial reefs, a fast increase on the number of artificial occurred, what made the control of their use very difficult. So far, there a very few information about the effects of artificial reefs on the lobster fishery at Cearà State. In order to provide information to organize the use of these structures there is an urgent need to determine the real effectiveness of the initiative in terms of increasing fisheries and to evaluate social, economic and environmental impacts. The artificial reefs for lobster are build of wood measuring 30 cm in height and 6 m2 of Ãrea. The launching of the structures was carried through by the fishing in depths between 3 and 13 m. A total of 36 fishermen took part in this study. Data from 484 fishing activities were analyzed during the years of 2003 (year I) to 2005 (year III), being 280 of them in shallow waters (less than 5 m of depth) and 204 in waters deeper than 5m. These depths intervals were chosen arbitrarily. The data were used to determine the amount of lobster captured in relation to the fishery effort (CPUE), the average lobsterâs size and the percentage of lobsters above the legal commercial size. The socio-economic analysis was performed using the profit earned by each fishing activity. The environmental impact was performed by G.U.T. method. The results showed that the average size of captured lobsters (Panulirus argus) was below legal minimum size (13 cm). The amount of lobster captured in relation to the fishery effort was above the historical average of Cearà State, showing the efficiency of these structures to increase productivity, however the values for the average profit per fisherman decreased significantly during the second and third years of the study, suggesting that in the first year occurred just a concentration of lobster stock in the same area. In the first year the most significant negative impacts were the over exploitation of the stocks and the occurrence of juvenile lobster on the catches. The most significant positive impacts were the increase of local fishery, the formation of new habitats, the development of new technologies and the possibility to develop scientific research. In Year III the most significant negative impacts were the presence of juvenile lobsters in the catches, the reduction of fisheries biomass, the over exploitation and the reduction on the amount of local fishery. In relation to positive impacts, the reduction of the fisheries using gill nets and the possibility for scientific research were the most evident. In conclusion, the artificial reefs have not played a sustainable role because the main result was just the concentration of stocks in the same area. The use of artificial reefs should follow a management plan and respect the law restriction on capturing juvenile lobsters.

The purpose of this investigation was to integrate the knowledge and techniques of marine geotechnical engineering, underwater acoustic and optical observation into studying the engineering problems of artificial reefs off south-western coast of Taiwan (Fang-Liau ,Lin-Yang, Yung-An artificial reefs etc.) and the destruction of mooring system on farming cages caused by the interaction of wave-current system. The ultimate goal of this investigation was to understand the scouring activities of loosely and closely spaced artificial reefs; as well as, to evaluate the feasibility of using artificial reefs as deadweight anchoring devices for farming cages at Fang-Liau reef site. The results of this research were as follows: Fang-Liau artificial reef site: The maximum scouring depth can reach as deep as 2.2m around closely distributed reefs at this site. Only a few loosely deployed reefs were buried there, and the scouring depressions around these buried reefs had been filled up completely. To sum up, the behavior of scouring produced by the action of wave, current and typhoon around this site, merely limited to loosely distributed reefs, and the rim of closely distributed reefs. With the scouring time increasing, there were no obvious evidences for the burial of artificial reefs at this site. Lin-Yang artificial reef site: The scouring depressions around part of loosely deployed reefs expand as typhoons attacking at this site. The horizontal range of the scouring depressions can reach 92.3m in length, and parts of the reefs were buried during the process of scouring. Besides, as time went on, part of closely distributed reefs illustrated periodic variations of being buried by sediments with ripple marks, then shown up with evident height, and then buried again. To sum up, the behavior of scouring produced by the action of wave, current and typhoon around this site could cause the complete burial of the reefs. The possible procedures for the burial of reefs in the scouring depression were the actions of backfill of sandy sediments at this site. Yung-An artificial reef site: During summer time, especially with typhoons passed by, surficial sediments at this site were evident with mega ripple marks. The effects of scouring at this site were prominent than those at Fang-Liau reef site. The textures of surficial sediments were the major factor which induced this difference. Based on the considerations of safety of sliding, bearing capacity and overturning, the usage of artificial reefs as anchoring devices for farming cages could not satisfy the basic engineering requirements under the action of extreme wave and current. This research suggested the usage of cubical concrete block with shear keys for anchoring devices on farming cages. The minimum buoyant weight of this block should reach 28.8 to 38.7ton. The problem regarding construction and deployment techniques of this block need further considerations.

The development of offshore wind farms and marine renewable energy devices in the Mediterranean is central to both national, and international, energy strategies for countries bordering the Mediterranean Sea. The ecological impacts of marine renewable energy development in the Mediterranean region, although essential for policy makers, are as yet unknown. The Northern Adriatic is identified as a plausible site for offshore wind farm development. Using the wider region (Adriatic and Northern Ionian) as a case study, this thesis examines the likely impact to the marine environment if an offshore wind farm is established. Site suitability, based on wind speed, bathymetry, and larvae connectivity levels are investigated along with the plausibility of the turbines operating as artificial reefs in the area. As offshore wind farms may alter the larval connectivity and supply dynamics of benthic populations, a connectivity map was constructed to identify areas of high and low connectivity in the Adriatic Sea. The Puglia coast of Italy is a likely larval sink, and displays some of the highest connectivity within the region, suggesting potential inputs of genetic materials from surrounding populations. Considering offshore wind farms could operate as artificial reefs, an in-situ pilot project was established to simulate the presence of wind turbines. Macroinvertebrates colonized the new substrata within the first few months but were lower in abundance when compared to a natural hard substrata environment. Time, turbine location, and the material used for turbine construction all affected the macro-invertebrate communities. In addition, fish abundances, and diversity were lower around the simulated OWF foundations in comparison to a natural hard substrata environment, and no increases in fish abundance occurred around the simulated turbines when compared to reference sites of soft substrata. This observation was validated with the use of an ecosystem modelling software (Ecopath with Ecosim), which simulated the overall ecosystem level impacts that would occur if 50 offshore monopile wind turbines were introduced to the Northern Ionian and colonized by macroinvertebrate communities. When compared to the baseline scenario (no simulated introduction of an OWF), the introduction of new habitat had no discernible impacts to the structure or functioning of the marine ecosystem. Noticeable changes to the ecosystem were only apparent if fishing restrictions were enforced in parallel with the simulated offshore wind farm; the ecosystem appears to become more structured by top down predation. In addition seabirds are also impacted by the reduction of fishing discards as a food source. These results are the first attempt to quantify the suspected benefits of offshore wind farms operating as de-facto marine protected areas.

Nascimento, Robson Cabral do. Impactos sócios-ambientais de Marambaias para a pesca de lagosta: o caso de Ponta Grossa, Icapuí-Ce,. 2006. 86 f. : Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Programa Regional de Pós-Graduação em Desenvolvimento e Meio Ambiente - PRODEMA, Fortaleza-CE, 2006 / Submitted by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-04-18T16:28:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2006_dis_rcnascimento.pdf: 1083746 bytes, checksum: e2ca9f3df8602f4a74304f22528b0fed (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-04-18T16:29:03Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2006_dis_rcnascimento.pdf: 1083746 bytes, checksum: e2ca9f3df8602f4a74304f22528b0fed (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-18T16:29:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2006_dis_rcnascimento.pdf: 1083746 bytes, checksum: e2ca9f3df8602f4a74304f22528b0fed (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / The indiscriminate lobster fisheries has been causing stock reduction, minimizing the effectiveness of artesian fisheries and reducing the income of fishing communities, stimulating even more the overfisheries and the capture of undersized lobsters. As an alternative, the community has been implanting artificial reefs, which are structures where microorganisms settle forming a feeding chain, therefore serving as an attractor for commercial species. At Ponta Grossa community, Icapuí – CE, the use of artificial reefs exclusively for lobster fishing was an initiative taken by some of the local fishermen in 2002. With the successful result of the first fisheries at the artificial reefs, a fast increase on the number of artificial occurred, what made the control of their use very difficult. So far, there a very few information about the effects of artificial reefs on the lobster fishery at Ceará State. In order to provide information to organize the use of these structures there is an urgent need to determine the real effectiveness of the initiative in terms of increasing fisheries and to evaluate social, economic and environmental impacts. The artificial reefs for lobster are build of wood measuring 30 cm in height and 6 m2 of área. The launching of the structures was carried through by the fishing in depths between 3 and 13 m. A total of 36 fishermen took part in this study. Data from 484 fishing activities were analyzed during the years of 2003 (year I) to 2005 (year III), being 280 of them in shallow waters (less than 5 m of depth) and 204 in waters deeper than 5m. These depths intervals were chosen arbitrarily. The data were used to determine the amount of lobster captured in relation to the fishery effort (CPUE), the average lobster’s size and the percentage of lobsters above the legal commercial size. The socio-economic analysis was performed using the profit earned by each fishing activity. The environmental impact was performed by G.U.T. method. The results showed that the average size of captured lobsters (Panulirus argus) was below legal minimum size (13 cm). The amount of lobster captured in relation to the fishery effort was above the historical average of Ceará State, showing the efficiency of these structures to increase productivity, however the values for the average profit per fisherman decreased significantly during the second and third years of the study, suggesting that in the first year occurred just a concentration of lobster stock in the same area. In the first year the most significant negative impacts were the over exploitation of the stocks and the occurrence of juvenile lobster on the catches. The most significant positive impacts were the increase of local fishery, the formation of new habitats, the development of new technologies and the possibility to develop scientific research. In Year III the most significant negative impacts were the presence of juvenile lobsters in the catches, the reduction of fisheries biomass, the over exploitation and the reduction on the amount of local fishery. In relation to positive impacts, the reduction of the fisheries using gill nets and the possibility for scientific research were the most evident. In conclusion, the artificial reefs have not played a sustainable role because the main result was just the concentration of stocks in the same area. The use of artificial reefs should follow a management plan and respect the law restriction on capturing juvenile lobsters. / A pesca indiscriminada de lagostas vem causando a diminuição dos estoques, minimizando a efetividade da pesca artesanal e reduzindo a renda de comunidades pesqueiras, estimulando a ainda mais a sobrepesca e a captura de indivíduos juvenis. Como alternativa, vem sendo implantadas as marambaias, que são estruturas para fixação de microorganismos aquáticos para a formação de cadeia trófica, servindo como atrator para espécies de interesse comercial. Na praia de Ponta Grossa, Icapuí- CE, o uso de marambaias voltadas prioritariamente para a pesca de lagosta partiu de pescadores locais em 2002. Com o sucesso das primeiras pescarias, houve “bloom” de marambaias instaladas e dificuldade de controle sobre o uso das mesmas. Sobre o litoral cearense ainda são poucas as informações sobre o efeito de marambaias para a atração de lagostas. Visando dar subsídios ao ordenamento de uso dessas estruturas, urge a necessidade de se determinar a efetividade para o aumento da produtividade e avaliar os impactos socioeconômicos e ambientais. Marambaias para lagosta são estruturas de madeira com 30 cm de altura da base e 6 m2 de área. O lançamento foi realizado pelos pescadores em profundidades entre 3 e 13 m. Participaram deste estudo 36 pescadores. Foram analisados dados de 484 pescarias nos anos de 2003 (Ano I) a 2005 (Ano III), sendo 280 em profundidades <5 m e 204 em profundidades >5 m. A escolha dos intervalos de profundidade foi arbitrária. Estes dados serviram para a determinação da captura por unidade de esforço (CPUE), do tamanho médio das lagostas e do percentual de lagostas com tamanho comercial. A avaliação socioeconômica foi realizada pelo cálculo do rendimento das pescarias. A avaliação do impacto ambiental foi realizada pelo método G.U.T.. O comprimento médio das lagostas (Panulirus argus) ficou abaixo do tamanho mínimo determinado por lei (13 cm). As CPUE´s ficaram acima da média histórica do Ceará, indicando a eficiência destas estruturas para o aumento da produtividade, embora os valores de receita média por pescador tenham sofrido significativa queda na renda no segundo e terceiro anos, indicando que houve apenas concentração do estoque nas pescarias no primeiro ano. No Ano I, os impactos negativos mais significantes foram a sobreexploração do estoque e a incidência de lagostas juvenis nas capturas. Os impactos positivos mais significantes foram o incremento da pesca local, a criação de novos habitats, o desenvolvimento de tecnologias e o fomento a pesquisa científica. No Ano III, os impactos negativos mais significantes foram a incidência de lagostas juvenis nas capturas, a redução da biomassa de pescado, a sobreexploração de estoques pesqueiros e a redução da pesca local. Quanto aos impactos positivos, destacam-se a redução das pescarias com rede de emalhar e o fomento a pesquisa científica. Concluise que as marambaias não atuaram de forma sustentável, pois funcionaram apenas como concentradoras de estoque. Recomenda-se que o uso de marambaias deve obedecer a um plano de manejo e respeitar as normativas de proibição da captura de juvenis de lagosta.

In 1967, Broward County, Florida resource managers initiated a project to construct an artificial reef to enhance recreational fishing using waste vehicle tires. An estimated two million unballasted tires were bundles and deployed in bundles approximately 1.8km offshore in 21m of water on sandy substrate separating the middle and outer reef tracts, running parallel to the coast. Over time, bindings on the tire bundles failed and the tires became mobile with normal currents and high energy storms. The tires have apparently moved extensively, travelling kilometers from their original location to beaches and deeper waters offshore. It has also been reported that loose tires have physically damaged benthic reef fauna on the natural reef. Due to this damage, a large-scale removal plan of the tires has been initiated. To assess damage and evaluate effectiveness of tire removal, an examination of existing biota was accomplished. Live corals were absent on the middle reef edge, buried by tires but were present on the tires themselves. When compared to the impacted middle reef edge (tires present), adjacent natural reef control sites (tires absent) exhibited significantly lower fish abundance and species richness. Removal of the tires will directly reduce the abundance of fishes and affect the corals in the area. Future studies will evaluate the loss of these resources relative to the gain in reduced impact to the natural reef.

A wave energy park has been established on the Swedish west coast outside Lysekil and pioneer work about its interactions with the marine environment has been conducted. So far, little is known about the effects of offshore energy installations on the marine environment, and this thesis assists in minimizing environmental risks as well as in enhancing potential positive effects on the marine environment. The Lysekil research site is situated about two kilometres offshore and has been under development since 2005. During this time 26 “environmental devices”, without generators, consisting of a steel buoy attached via a wire to a foundation on 25 m depth have been placed out for ecological studies on macrofauna in surrounding sediments and on colonization of the foundations and the buoys. Sediment samples to examine macrofauna in the seabed have been taken during five seasons. Biomass, abundance and diversity of infauna in the test site were generally low, but higher than in a nearby control site. The species composition was typical for the area and depth. In addition to sediment analysis, the effect of wave power concrete foundations on the marine environment has been investigated by scuba diving. The surface orientation and its effect on colonization by sessile organisms was examined on the first five foundations, placed out in 2005, and observations of habitat use by fish and crustaceans were made. The results show a succession of colonization over time (three years of investigation) with a higher cover by sessile organisms on vertical surfaces. Mobile fauna abundance on and around the foundations was generally low. Three months after the deployment of the 21 new foundations in 2007, assemblages of mobile organisms were examined visually. Also here, mobile species exhibit a low density, but still higher than on surrounding soft bottoms. The edible crab used artificial holes in the foundations frequently. The foundations were placed in two different clusters, north and south, and the degree to which early recruits covered the foundations and the succession of epibenthic communities were documented during two years. Sessile organisms colonized the northern foundations more rapidly, producing a higher diversity which suggests that the placement of wave energy devices affects colonization patterns. Biofouling on buoys was examined and blue mussels, Mytilus edulis, dominated with a cover about 90%. Wave exposed buoys were particularly favoured by M. edulis which there had a higher biomass and larger shells compared to those on sheltered buoys. Biofouling on wave power buoys, independent whether these had a cylindrical or toroidal shape, was insufficient to markedly affect their energy production. Finally, the thesis incorporates a review describing wave power projects in general pointing out the need of future research on for instance no-take zones, marine bioacoustics and electromagnetic fields. The main conclusions are that large-scale renewable wave energy conversion will cause ecological impact primarily by adding new hard substrate to an area but not by harming organisms or decreasing biodiversity within wave power parks.

Artificial reefs have been deployed throughout the world’s oceans to act as habitat and fishing enhancement tools. To expand current research on the role of artificial reefs in the marine community, ordination and multivariate regression methods were used here to analyze survey data of natural and artificial reefs. The reefs, located in the Northern Gulf of Mexico (NGOM) and on the West Florida Shelf (WFS), had been previously surveyed from 2004 to 2015 using remote operated vehicle and stationary video techniques. This study tested the hypothesis that similar functional roles are accounted for at both natural and artificial reef sites even if species composition varies. Secondly, it examines the role of environment and fisheries in determining the assemblages. Artificial reefs tended to host communities that were as biodiverse as natural reefs, although not necessarily composed of the same species. Results of an ordination confirmed that as the classification was broadened from the level of species, to family, to functional group, the assemblages on each reef type (natural vs. artificial and NGOM vs WFS) appeared more similar. Dominant groups were present at all levels of classification and included the families Lutjanidae and Carangidae, as well as functional groups Red Snapper and Small Reef Fish. Both natural and artificial reefs tended to be dominated by one of the following: Lutjanidae, Carangidae, or Small Reef Fish, although a continuous gradient was found across the extremes of natural versus artificial reefs. Generalized Additive Models were developed to examine the influence of reef type, location, environment and fishing intensity covariates. Results indicated that for both natural and artificial reefs, the abundance of families and functional groups can be influenced by environmental factors. In both cases, there is strong spatial autocorrelation suggesting connectivity with neighboring reefs.

L'installation de récifs artificiels est une solution classiquement proposée pour soutenir la petite pêche artisanale. C'est dans ce but qu'a été déployé dans la baie de Marseille le plus grand ensemble de récifs artificiels de Méditerranée. Ce système offre une opportunité de comprendre le fonctionnement trophique de ces structures par (1) la caractérisation des sources de matière organique (MO) (2) la détermination de leur utilisation par les consommateurs et (3) leur devenir au sein des réseaux trophiques. Ces questions ont été appréhendées à l'aide des isotopes stables du C et du N, de la caractérisation biochimique des sources de MO et de l'analyse des contenus stomacaux des poissons.Les sources de MO présentent des différences isotopiques et biochimiques, reflet de leurs fonctionnements différents. La MO particulaire en suspension est un pool variable influencé par les apports allochtones et soumis aux forçages climatiques. Elle est la source principale de MO sur les récifs artificiels. La production primaire benthique est très hétérogène et de qualité nutritionnelle faible. Elle contribue aux réseaux trophiques des récifs par le biais des détritus qu'elle produit. Enfin, la MOS est un pool détritique de faible qualité nutritionnelle. Les récifs artificiels ne modifient pas la structure et le fonctionnement des communautés naturelles de poissons et leur offrent des ressources alimentaires variées et importantes. L'ensemble des résultats acquis, via les isotopes stables et les contenus stomacaux, montrent que les récifs artificiels sont des producteurs de biomasse à partir des productions primaires locales. / Artificial reefs are a classical tool used to sustain small scale fisheries. In Marseille's Bay, the largest Mediterranean artificial reef system was deployed for this purpose. This system is a valuable opportunity to better understand the trophic functioning of artificial reefs, by (1) characterizing the organic matter (OM) sources, (2) determining how they are used by low trophic level consumers and (3) following their fate in the trophic networks. These issues were assessed by three approaches:C and N stable isotope ratios, biochemical composition of OM sources and fish stomach content.OM sources display isotopic and biochemical differences reflecting their functioning. Suspended POM is variable, under the influence of allochtonous inputs and controlled by climatic forcing. POM represents the main OM source of the artificial reef food webs. The benthic primary production has heterogeneous C and N stable isotope ratios and exhibits mainly high insoluble carbohydrates contents. Benthic primary production is integrated into trophic networks mainly in the form of detritus. Eventually the sediment organic matter is a detrital pool, characterized by a low variability and a poor nutritional quality.Artificial reefs do modify the organization and the functioning of natural fish communities, and provide diversified and important food resources. Stable isotope and stomach content analyses confirm the consumption of artificial reef invertebrates by small carnivorous fishes, preyed themselves by piscivorous predators. All these results confirm that artificial reefs can efficiently increase fish biomass by local production based on phytoplanktonic and local benthic OM sources.

The aim of this research is to find out what environmental impact a wave power park has on the Swedish west coast by creating a consultation paper (”Samrådsunderlag”) for the Lysekilproject at Uppsala University. To highlight the complexity of the problem a system analytic approach was used and illustrated by a Causal Loop Diagram. The overall assessment of the Lysekilprojects wave power park at the Swedish west coast is that it will have a low impact on the environment. This is due to the relative small size of the wave power park and some technical solutions made with the environmental aspect in mind. Artificial reefs and a sanctuary for marine species are effects created by the wave power park and in the longer term the impact will give access to an untapped source of renewable energy, wave energy. Thus reducing the need of fossil fuels and making it possible to reach the Swedish national environmental goals. / Lysekilsprojektet

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:30:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese PCP.pdf: 1520056 bytes, checksum: 159ec0fceaa491f7134dedfa0a07f099 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-07-07 / Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos / With the purpose of analyzing the ictiofauna of the natural environment of the Archipelago of Currais, located in the coast paranaense, and of an artificial reef installed in the proximities of the islands, the different studies were developed presented in the form of four chapters. The chapter I had as objective describes the space variation in the distribution and abundance of fish among four zones geomorphologics of the rocky islands of the archipelago and in the artificial module. The most abundant families were Pomacentridae, Labridae, Scaridae, Sparidae and Labrisomidae. The similarity analysis between the abundance and the areas showed that were not significant the differences for the slabs and shelf and the module recifal. The depth and exhibition degree to the agitated sea were the variables responsible physics for the heterogeneity of the abundances of the species in the areas of the outlying shore, slabs and shelf, windward rocky and module recifal. The differences in equitability terms and wealth of species can be due to the same variables. The inverse analysis showed that were few characteristic species in each grouping, therefore the differences among the areas seem to contemplate to the dominance of certain species. The categories dominant trophics were planktophagous and herbivores, which were significantly different among the areas. In the most shallow areas (slabs and shelf) and with high exhibition to the conditions of the sea (windward barrier reef) the herbivores and omnivorous prevailed, while in the deep ones (module recifal, windward rocky and sharp crags) the most abundant were the planktophagous. The carnivores showed significant differences among the protected areas (slabs and shelf). In the chapter II the variation nictemeral of the three rocky islands was just approached of the archipelago. The quali-quantitative results showed the distribution width and partition of niches among the species. The significant differences observed among the samplings of the day and night were evident due to the largest number of species captured during the night, moment of the cycle in that appeared represented all of the species found in the work. In the samplings of the day, they were significantly more abundant the species Anisotremus surinamensis, A. virginicus, Holocentrus ascensionis and Stegastes fuscus, while the night ones were characterized by the presence of species active predadors as Serranus flaviventris, Lutjanus analis, Cynoscion jamaicensis, Haemulon steindachneri, Abudefduf saxatilis, Diplodus argenteus, Mycteroperca bonaci and Epinephelus adscensionis. The species that allowed to differentiate the habitats of the day and night were practically the same ones, what demonstrated the great space heterogeneity that it presents the ictiofauna associated to the environments of the archipelago. The chapter III treated of the analysis trophic of the sparid Archosargus rhomboidalis relating with the aspects of the habitat use and predation in one of the islands of the archipelago (Grapirá) and the module recifal. The variation source observed among the two areas sampling presented significant differences among the times of the year. In the Isla Grapirá the most important preys in the autumn were the ascids and the amphipods, while in the winter and spring they were the amphipods. In the area of the artificial reefs, macroalgae and algae were more important in the summer, algae and hydrozoans in the autumn, algae and briozoans in the winter, and copepods harpacticoids and amphipods gammarids in the spring. A. rhomboidalis can be considered a species generalist euriphagic that feeds of a wide spectrum of preys. In the chapter IV the recruitment in the module recifal was analyzed by the categorization of the lengths of the most abundant species. The ictiofauna was analyzed along the temporary gradient with the objective of evaluating the efficiency of the attractiveness or of the productivity of the recruitment of fish. The results indicated that there were not significant differences in the qualitative and quantitative contribution of individual subadults or juvenile late for long periods in the time in the module recifal. The structure seems to work as atrator and concentrator of adult fish coming from close rocky bottoms. The factors that could determine the character attractive-concentrador for adult individuals it was the structural drawing and the geographical location where the module recifal was implanted. The originating from larval flow the masses of water of the Continental Platform and of the Bay of Paranaguá seemingly doesn't favor the larval establishment and the recruitment in the module recifal. / Com o propósito de analisar a ictiofauna do ambiente natural do Arquipélago de Currais, localizado no litoral paranaense, e de um recife artificial instalado nas proximidades das ilhas, foram desenvolvidos os distintos estudos apresentados na forma de quatro capítulos. O capítulo I teve como objetivo descrever a variação espacial na distribuição e abundância de peixes entre quatro zonas geomorfológicas das ilhas rochosas do arquipélago e no módulo artificial. As famílias mais abundantes foram Pomacentridae, Labridae, Scaridae, Sparidae e Labrisomidae. A análise de similaridade entre a abundância e as zonas mostrou que não foram significativas as diferenças para as lajes e parcel e o módulo recifal. A profundidade e grau de exposição ao mar agitado foram as variáveis físicas responsáveis pela heterogeneidade das abundâncias das espécies nas áreas do costão periférico, lajes e parcel, costão vertical e módulo recifal. As diferenças em termos de equitabilidade e riqueza de espécies podem ser devidas às mesmas variáveis. A análise inversa mostrou que foram poucas espécies características em cada agrupamento, portanto as diferenças entre as zonas parecem refletir à dominância de certas espécies. As categorias tróficas dominantes foram planctófagos e herbívoros, os quais foram significativamente diferentes entre as zonas. Nas zonas mais rasas (lajes e parcel) e com alta exposição às condições do mar (costão periférico) predominaram os herbívoros e omnívoros, enquanto que nas profundas (módulo recifal, costão vertical e rochedos escarpados) os mais abundantes foram os planctófagos. Os carnívoros mostraram diferenças significativas entre as zonas protegidas (lajes e parcel). No capítulo II foi abordada a variação nictemeral das três ilhas rochosas apenas do arquipélago. Os resultados quali-quantitativos mostraram a amplitude de distribuição e repartição de nichos entre as espécies. As diferenças significativas observadas entre as amostragens diurnas e noturnas foram evidentes devido ao maior número de espécies capturadas durante a noite, momento do ciclo em que apareceram representadas todas as espécies encontradas no trabalho. Nas amostragens diurnas, foram significativamente mais abundantes as espécies Anisotremus surinamensis, A. virginicus, Holocentrus ascensionis e Stegastes fuscus, enquanto que as noturnas foram caracterizadas pela presença de espécies predadoras ativas como Serranus flaviventris, Lutjanus analis, Cynoscion jamaicensis, Haemulon steindachneri, Abudefduf saxatilis, Diplodus argenteus, Mycteroperca bonaci e Epinephelus adscensionis. As espécies que permitiram diferenciar os habitats diurnos e noturnos foram praticamente as mesmas, o que demonstrou a grande heterogeneidade espacial que apresenta a ictiofauna associada aos ambientes do arquipélago. O capítulo III tratou da análise trófica do esparídeo Archosargus rhomboidalis relacionando com os aspectos do uso de habitat e predação em uma das ilhas do arquipélago (Grapirá) e o módulo recifal. A fonte de variação observada entre as duas áreas amostradas apresentou diferenças significativas entre as épocas do ano. Na Ilha Grapirá as presas mais importantes no outono foram as ascídias e os anfípodos, enquanto que no inverno e primavera foram os anfípodos. Na área dos recifes artificiais, macroalgas e algas foram mais importantes no verão, algas e hidrozoários no outono, algas e briozoários no inverno, e copépodos harpacticoides e anfípodos gamarídeos na primavera. A. rhomboidalis pode ser considerada uma espécie generalista eurifágica que se alimenta de um amplo espectro de presas. No capítulo IV o recrutamento no módulo recifal foi analisado pela categorização dos comprimentos das espécies mais abundantes. A ictiofauna foi analisada ao longo do gradiente temporal com o objetivo de avaliar a eficiência da atratividade ou da produtividade do recrutamento de peixes. Os resultados indicaram que não houve diferenças significativas na contribuição qualitativa e quantitativa de indivíduos subadultos ou juvenis tardios por longos períodos no tempo no módulo recifal. A estrutura parece funcionar como atratora e concentradora de peixes adultos procedentes de fundos rochosos próximos. Os fatores que puderam determinar o caráter atrativo-concentrador para indivíduos adultos foi o desenho estrutural e a localização geográfica onde foi implantado o módulo recifal. O fluxo larval proveniente das massas de água da Plataforma Continental e da Baía de Paranaguá aparentemente não favorece o assentamento larval e o recrutamento no módulo recifal.