No description available.

Genome sequencing has resulted in the identification of >55,000 cytochrome P450 enzymes, many of which have an unknown function and regulation. In mammals, CYP3 genes appear in only one subfamily (CYP3A), which metabolize >50% of pharmaceuticals and some steroids in humans. Unlike mammals, fish contain genes in the CYP3A, CYP3B, CYP3C and CYP3D subfamilies. While it is commonly assumed that fish and mammalian CYP3A are functional similar, the function and regulation of fish CYP3 remains largely unknown. In this thesis, the receptors and compounds that regulate CYP3C genes in zebrafish were assessed. The induction of CYP3C genes in response to the aryl hydrocarbon (AHR) and estrogen receptor (ER) ligands, β-naphthoflavone and 17β-estradiol, was measured using quantitative PCR in intestine, liver and gonads. Zebrafish CYP3C genes were inducible by β-naphthoflavone and 17β-estradiol, implicating the aryl hydrocarbon and estrogen receptor in CYP3C gene regulation and suggesting that regulation of CYP3 genes in fish differs from that in mammals. To define the function of zebrafish CYP3A65 and CYP3C1, fluorogenic compounds which are specific markers of CYP1 and CYP3A activity in humans, were screened for metabolism by CYP3A65 and CYP3C1. Both CYP3A65 and CYP3C1 had the capacity to metabolize several of these compounds and the substrate profile overlapped with zebrafish CYP1A, suggesting that these compounds are not specific in fish. A high throughput approach was employed to screen ~4000 small biologically and pharmacologically active compounds for metabolism by CYP3A65 and CYP3C1, using NADPH consumption to assess catalytic activity. The substrate profiles of CYP3A65 and CYP3C1 largely overlapped and were different than mammalian CYP3A4. CYP3A65 and CYP3C1 appeared to have a bias for quinone-based compounds but further studies are required to confirm quinones as substrates and to assess a strong structure-activity relationship. Overall, this study provides insight on the regulation, function and evolution on CYP3 genes in fish. / Dissertation / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / Cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes break down compounds such as hormones and pharmaceuticals. While mammals have genes in the CYP3A subfamily, fish have unique subfamilies not found in mammals. The function and regulation of the CYP3 family in fish is unknown, but commonly assumed to be like human CYP3. The purpose of this thesis was to identify what receptors and compounds regulate CYP3C enzymes in zebrafish. We found that regulation of CYP3C enzymes in zebrafish is different than humans. Zebrafish CYP3C genes are regulated by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor and estrogen receptor, while human CYP3A is regulated by the pregnane-x-receptor. I used a high throughput approach to screen thousands of compounds to identify the function of CYP3A65 and CYP3C1 from zebrafish. CYP3A65 and CYP3C1 metabolize several plant-based and pharmaceutical compounds. CYP3A65 and CYP3C1 are more functionally similar to each other than to CYP3A in humans.

The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) heterodimerizes with the aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator (Arnt) for transcriptional regulation. We generated three N-terminal deletion constructs of the human AhR of 12-24 KDa in size—namely D1 (aa 84-295), D2 (aa 84-192) and D3 (aa 191-295)—to suppress the Arnt function. We observed that all three constructs interact with the human Arnt with similar affinities. D2, which contains part of the AhR PAS-A domain and interacts with the PAS-A domain of Arnt, inhibits the formation of the AhR gel shift complex. D2 suppresses the 3-methylcholanthrene-induced, dioxin response element (DRE)-driven luciferase activity in Hep3B cells and exogenous Arnt reverses this D2 suppression. D2 suppresses the induction of CYP1A1 at both the message and protein levels in Hep3B cells; however, the CYP1B1 induction is not affected. D2 suppresses the recruitment of Arnt to the cyp1a1 promoter but not to the cyp1b1 promoter, partly because the AhR/Arnt heterodimer binds better to the cyp1b1 DRE than to the cyp1a1 DRE. Interestingly, D2 has no effect on the cobalt chloride-induced, hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF-1)-dependent expression of vegf, aldolase c, and ldh-a messages. Our data reveal that the flanking sequences of the DRE contribute to the binding affinity of the AhR/Arnt heterodimer to its endogenous enhancers and the function of AhR and HIF-1 can be differentially suppressed by the D2 inhibitory molecule. In chapter 2, a Pichia Pastoris expression system was constructed expressing codon optimized human full length AhR. This codon optimization is necessary for overexpression of huAhR. RT-PCR data showed that the codon optimized mRNA was more stably expressed than wild types. Overexpressed huAhR protein was degraded by proteinase when using a regular P. Pastoris strain yJC100 whereas the proteinase deficient ySMD1163 maintained a much higher level of huAhR. P. Pastoris expressed huAhR was natively purified and analyzed. Coimmunopricipitation assay shows its interaction with endogenous Arnt. A ligand-dependent gel shift was also observed. In addition, we performed an in vitro coprecipitation assay to study its binding to endogenous cyp1b1 DREs. The result shows that the DRE3, known as a critical DRE for cyp1b1 transcriptional activity, has the highest binding affinity to AhR/Arnt complex. Taking together, we constructed a novel P. Pastoris expression system to overexpress human full length AhR. Purified huAhR is a good reagent for studing its ligand and DNA binding. In chapter 3, an adeno-associated virus (AAV) expression system was constructed to express an AhR deletion contruct CΔ553 (aa1-295) for tumor injection. Western blot shows the expression of CΔ553 (aa1-295) in hela cells infected by AAV-553, but the low yield of AAV-553 limited its application on tumor treatment. Possible solutions were discussed for future work.

A hipóxia ocorre quando a demanda de oxigênio molecular necessário para gerar ATP é insuficiente. Os genes ativados por hipóxia compreendem o gene Hif-1a (Hipóxia-fator induzível 1a), Vegf-a (fator de crescimento endotelial vascular a), Arnt e Vhl (von Hippel-Lindau). Neste estudo foram utilizadas linhagens de camundongos geneticamente selecionados para alta (AIRmax) ou baixa (AIRmin) resposta inflamatória aguda (AIR). Foram realizados testes biológicos para caracterizar as reações inflamatórias produzidas por Biogel e TPA, bem como o tipo PAH cancerígeno. Testamos a expressão de mRNA de genes de hipóxia e caracterização de polimorfismo da região codificadora do Hif-1a no cromossomo 12. Camundongos AIRmax demonstraram uma maior reação inflamatória que os AIRmin para biogel e TPA enquanto o inverso foi observado com o DMBA. Os conjuntos de dados de fenótipos, expressão gênica e polimorfismo candidatam a região do cromossomo 12, que contém, entre outros, o gene Hif-1a, como participante da regulação da AIR. / Hypoxia occurs when the demand for molecular oxygen necessary to generate ATP is insufficient. Genes activated by hypoxia comprise the Hif-1a gene (Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1a), Vegf-a (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor a), Arnt and Vhl (von Hippel-Lindau). In this study we used lines of mice genetically selected for high (AIRmax) or low (AIRmin) acute inflammatory response (AIR). We conducted biological tests to characterize the inflammatory reactions produced by Biogel and TPA, and the type PAH carcinogen. We tested the mRNA expression of genes of hypoxia and characterization of polymorphism of the coding region of Hif-1a gene on chromosome 12. We found that the mice AIRmax had greater intensity of the inflammatory reaction that AIRmin to biogel and TPA while the reverse was observed with the DMBA. The data sets of phenotypes, gene expression and polymorphism applying the region of chromosome 12 that contains, among others, the gene Hif-1a, as part of the regulation of AIR.

A hipóxia ocorre quando a demanda de oxigênio molecular necessário para gerar ATP é insuficiente. Os genes ativados por hipóxia compreendem o gene Hif-1a (Hipóxia-fator induzível 1a), Vegf-a (fator de crescimento endotelial vascular a), Arnt e Vhl (von Hippel-Lindau). Neste estudo foram utilizadas linhagens de camundongos geneticamente selecionados para alta (AIRmax) ou baixa (AIRmin) resposta inflamatória aguda (AIR). Foram realizados testes biológicos para caracterizar as reações inflamatórias produzidas por Biogel e TPA, bem como o tipo PAH cancerígeno. Testamos a expressão de mRNA de genes de hipóxia e caracterização de polimorfismo da região codificadora do Hif-1a no cromossomo 12. Camundongos AIRmax demonstraram uma maior reação inflamatória que os AIRmin para biogel e TPA enquanto o inverso foi observado com o DMBA. Os conjuntos de dados de fenótipos, expressão gênica e polimorfismo candidatam a região do cromossomo 12, que contém, entre outros, o gene Hif-1a, como participante da regulação da AIR. / Hypoxia occurs when the demand for molecular oxygen necessary to generate ATP is insufficient. Genes activated by hypoxia comprise the Hif-1a gene (Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1a), Vegf-a (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor a), Arnt and Vhl (von Hippel-Lindau). In this study we used lines of mice genetically selected for high (AIRmax) or low (AIRmin) acute inflammatory response (AIR). We conducted biological tests to characterize the inflammatory reactions produced by Biogel and TPA, and the type PAH carcinogen. We tested the mRNA expression of genes of hypoxia and characterization of polymorphism of the coding region of Hif-1a gene on chromosome 12. We found that the mice AIRmax had greater intensity of the inflammatory reaction that AIRmin to biogel and TPA while the reverse was observed with the DMBA. The data sets of phenotypes, gene expression and polymorphism applying the region of chromosome 12 that contains, among others, the gene Hif-1a, as part of the regulation of AIR.

A novel aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator (ARNT)-interacting peptide (Ainpl) was characterized from human liver cDNA library using phage display. Ainpl suppresses hypoxia inducible factor-1a (HIF-1α) signaling pathway through an ARNTdependent manner. HIF-1α is known to be overexpressed in more than 90% of solid tumors, and the inhibition of HIF-1α is proved as an effective approach to suppress tumor growth. ARNT, as the obligatory heterodimeric partner of HIF-1α for downstream gene activation, was used as a bait to screen for Ainpl. Ainpl specifically interacts with the helix-loop-helix (HLH) subdomain of ARNT, but not with HIF-1α. GFP-Ainpl is localized in both cytoplasm and nucleus, and suppresses HIF-1α signaling by two mechanisms: (1) cytoplasmic GFP-Ainp 1 retains ARNT in the cell cytoplasm and (2) nuclear GFP-Ainpl inhibits HIF-1α/ARNT heterodimerization. The suppression of Ainpl on HIF-1α signaling was reversed by introducing ARNT into the cells using transient transfection. We further utilized HIV TAT protein transduction domain to deliver 6His-TAT-Ainpl into three different cancer cell lines (Hep3B, HeLa, MCF-7), and found that 6His-TAT-Ainpl co-localizes with ARNT in the cell nucleus. 6His-TATAinpl can be detected inside the cells after 30 min of transduction, and can reach the maximum level at 2 h. 6His-TAT-Ainp 1 remained detectable in the cells up to 96 h and had a half life of 24 h after transduction. In addition, 6His-TAT-Ainp 1 suppresses HIF-1α downstream genes at both message and protein levels in a dose-dependent manner. Taken together, molecules that target the HIF-1α and ARNT interface can be developed as viable drugs to suppress HIF-1α signaling.

Introduction: L'étude des biomarqueurs a le potentiel de documenter sur les mécanismes sous-jacents de l'étiologie du cancer du poumon. Dans cette étude, nous avons étudié l’association entre la méthylation de l’ADN dans les gènes F2RL3 et AHRR et le cancer du poumon. Méthodes: Une étude cas-témoin avec échantillonnage cumulatif a été nichée dans la cohorte CARTaGENE. Les cas (N=187) se composent de tous les participants diagnostiqués avec un cancer du poumon incident entre le début de la cohorte (2009) et 2015 et qui avaient fourni un échantillon de sang; les témoins (N=378) ont été échantillonnés à la fin du suivi parmi les non-malades selon un appariement fréquentiel (2:1) pour l'âge, le sexe et le moment du prélèvement sanguin. Sequenom EpiTYPER® a été utilisé pour quantifier les niveaux de méthylation dans sept et 33 sites CpG de F2RL3 et AHRR, respectivement. Les rapports de méthylation de l'ADN sur tous les sites CpG individuels et en tant que mesure moyenne ont été paramétrés à la fois comme variables continues et catégorielles. Une régression logistique multivariable non conditionnelle a été utilisée pour estimer les rapports de cotes (OR) et les intervalles de confiance (IC) à 95 % de l’association entre la méthylation de F2RL3 et AHRR et le cancer du poumon tout en contrôlant les facteurs de confusion identifiés à l'aide de graphiques acycliques dirigés. Résultats: Une forte association inverse entre les niveaux moyens de méthylation de l'ADN et le cancer du poumon a été observée pour F2RL3 (OR par écart type (SD) de changement de méthylation = 0,65, IC à 95 %: 0,53-0,80) et AHRR (OR par SD de changement de méthylation = 0,66, IC à 95 %: 0,53 à 0,80). De même, les sites CpG individuels ont montré des ORs (par SD de changement de méthylation) allant de 0,61 à 0,70 pour six des sept sites CpG de F2RL3 et de 0,57 à 0,79 pour 17 des 33 sites CpG de AHRR. Les sites CpG restants de F2RL3 et AHRR n'ont montré aucune association avec le risque de cancer du poumon, à l'exception d'un site CpG dans AHRR (chr5:369774) qui avait un OR de 1,25 (IC à 95 %: 1,02-1,54). Conclusion : Ces résultats confirment le rôle des mécanismes épigénétiques dans l'étiologie du cancer du poumon. / Background: The study of biomarkers has the potential to inform on underlying mechanisms in lung cancer etiology. In this study, we investigated DNA methylation in the F2RL3 and AHRR genes, and lung cancer risk. Methods: A case-control study with cumulative sampling was nested in the CARTaGENE cohort. Cases (N=187) consisted of all participants diagnosed with incident lung cancer from baseline to 2015 and who had provided a blood sample; controls (N=378) were sampled at a ratio of 2:1 with frequency-matching by age, sex, and timing of blood sampling. Sequenom EpiTYPER® was used to quantify methylation levels in seven and 33 CpG sites of F2RL3 and AHRR, respectively. DNA methylation ratios across all individual CpG sites and as an average measure were parametrized both as continuous and categorical variables. Unconditional multivariable logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for lung cancer associated with F2RL3 and AHRR methylation while controlling for confounders identified using directed acyclic graphs. Results: A strong inverse relationship between average DNA methylation levels and lung cancer was observed for both F2RL3 (OR per standard deviation (s.d.) in methylation change = 0.65, 95% CI: 0.53-0.80) and AHRR (OR per s.d. in methylation change = 0.66, 95% CI: 0.53-0.80). Similarly, ORs for individual CpG sites (per s.d. in methylation change) ranged from 0.61-0.70 for six out of the seven CpG sites of F2RL3 and from 0.57-0.79 for 17 out of 33 CpG sites of AHRR. The methylation levels of the remaining CpG sites within F2RL3 and AHRR were not associated with lung cancer risk, except for one CpG site within AHRR (chr5:369774) which had an OR of 1.25 (95% CI: 1.02-1.54). Conclusion: These findings support the role of epigenetic mechanisms in lung cancer etiology.

O epitélio nasal é a primeira porção do sistema respiratório a entrar em contato com o ambiente externo. Partículas da poluição do ar, principalmente os compostos orgânicos absorvidos, podem atuar como liberadores endócrinos. O receptor aril hidrocarboneto (AhR) é um importante competidor dos receptores de estrógeno-beta (ERbeta) que regulam a transcrição do gene para enzimas de metabolização xenobióticas (enzimas do citocromo P450). O objetivo deste estudo é identificar e quantificar ERbeta, AhR, CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP1B1 e o perfil de muco no epitélio nasal de camundongos machos e fêmeas em diferentes fases do ciclo estral. Camundongos BALB/c machos (n=32) e fêmeas (n=84) foram expostos ao ar ambiente e ao MP2,5 concentrado a 600 ug.m-³ em um concentrador de partículas ambientais (CPAs). As fêmeas foram divididas de acordo com as fases do ciclo estral: proestro, estro e diestro. O epitélio nasal foi avaliado por RT-PCR e imuno-histoquímica para análise de expressão de ERbeta (proteína), Erbeta-1 e Erbeta-2 (gene), AhR (proteína e gene) e Cyp1a1, Cyp1a2 and Cyp1b1 (gene). A quantificação de muco neutro - Periodic Acid Schiff\'s (PAS+) e ácido - Alcian Blue (AB+) foi avaliada por morfometria. As exposições foram realizadas durante 5 dias/semana, por 45 ± 55 dias. A expressão de Erbeta-2 RNAm apresentou diferenças em resposta à exposição ao CPAs (p=0,016), bem como uma diminuição em fêmeas, quando comparadas aos camundongos machos (p=0,036). A expressão de Cyp1b1 RNAm foi significantemente menor no grupo exposto ao CPAs, em relação ao grupo exposto ao ar ambiente nas fêmeas em diestro (p=0,036). A expressão de Erbeta foi aumentada no epitélio nasal de fêmeas em estro expostas ao CPAs (p=0,005) e a expressão de AhR foi menor em fêmeas em proestro expostas ao CPAs (p=0,048). A exposição ao CPAs levou ao aumento do conteúdo de muco ácido em camundongos machos (p=0,048), o qual diminuiu em fêmeas (p=0,040), quando comparados ao grupo ar ambiente. Este estudo mostrou que houve diferentes respostas à exposição à poluição do ar no epitélio nasal entre machos e fêmeas, e que essas diferenças podem estar relacionadas com a predisposição de fêmeas apresentarem maior suscetibilidade a doenças respiratórias das vias aéreas / The nasal epithelium is the first portion of the respiratory system to reach contact with the external environment. Air pollution particles, mainly the organic compounds absorbed into them, may act as endocrine releasers. The aryl hydrocarbon (AhR) receptor is an important competitor of estrogenic receptors-beta (ERbeta) that regulate transcription of gene coding for xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes (cytochrome P450 enzymes). The aim of this study is to identify and quantify in the nasal epithelium of male and female mice in different estrous cycle phases related with ERbeta, AhR, CYP1A1, 1A2, 1B1 and the mucus profile. Male (n=32) and female (n=84) BALB/c mice were exposed to ambient air and PM2.5 concentrated at 600 ug.m-³ in an ambient particle concentrator with a particulate matter diameter of 2.5 um (PM2.5). Females were subdivided in three estrous cycles: proestrus, estrus and diestrus. Nasal epithelium was evaluated through RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry for the expression of ERbeta (protein), Erbeta-1 and Erbeta-2 (gene expression), AhR (protein and gene expression) and Cyp1a1, Cyp1a2 and Cyp1b1 (gene expression). Morphometry was applied for evaluation of mucus profile: acid - Alcian Blue (AB+) and neutral - Periodic Acid Schiff\'s (PAS+). Exposure happened for 5 days/week, for 45 ± 55 days. There were differences in Erbeta-2 mRNA in response to exposition to CPAs (p=0.016), and a significant decrease in female compared male mice (p=0.036). Cyp1b1 mRNA was significantly smaller in the CPAs-exposed group compared with the ambient air group in diestrus female mice (p=0.036). The ERbeta expression increased in the nasal epithelium of CPAs-exposed females in the estrus cycle (p=0.005), and the AhR expression decreased in the proestrus cycle of CPAs-exposed females (p=0.048). The exposure to the CPAs led to an increase in the acidic content of mucus in male mice (p=0.048), and decreased in female mice (p=0.040), compared to the ambient air group. This study showed there were different responses in the nasal epithelia of male and female mice exposed to air pollution, which could be related to the predisposition of the females to present more susceptibility to airway respiratory diseases

O epitélio nasal é a primeira porção do sistema respiratório a entrar em contato com o ambiente externo. Partículas da poluição do ar, principalmente os compostos orgânicos absorvidos, podem atuar como liberadores endócrinos. O receptor aril hidrocarboneto (AhR) é um importante competidor dos receptores de estrógeno-beta (ERbeta) que regulam a transcrição do gene para enzimas de metabolização xenobióticas (enzimas do citocromo P450). O objetivo deste estudo é identificar e quantificar ERbeta, AhR, CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP1B1 e o perfil de muco no epitélio nasal de camundongos machos e fêmeas em diferentes fases do ciclo estral. Camundongos BALB/c machos (n=32) e fêmeas (n=84) foram expostos ao ar ambiente e ao MP2,5 concentrado a 600 ug.m-³ em um concentrador de partículas ambientais (CPAs). As fêmeas foram divididas de acordo com as fases do ciclo estral: proestro, estro e diestro. O epitélio nasal foi avaliado por RT-PCR e imuno-histoquímica para análise de expressão de ERbeta (proteína), Erbeta-1 e Erbeta-2 (gene), AhR (proteína e gene) e Cyp1a1, Cyp1a2 and Cyp1b1 (gene). A quantificação de muco neutro - Periodic Acid Schiff\'s (PAS+) e ácido - Alcian Blue (AB+) foi avaliada por morfometria. As exposições foram realizadas durante 5 dias/semana, por 45 ± 55 dias. A expressão de Erbeta-2 RNAm apresentou diferenças em resposta à exposição ao CPAs (p=0,016), bem como uma diminuição em fêmeas, quando comparadas aos camundongos machos (p=0,036). A expressão de Cyp1b1 RNAm foi significantemente menor no grupo exposto ao CPAs, em relação ao grupo exposto ao ar ambiente nas fêmeas em diestro (p=0,036). A expressão de Erbeta foi aumentada no epitélio nasal de fêmeas em estro expostas ao CPAs (p=0,005) e a expressão de AhR foi menor em fêmeas em proestro expostas ao CPAs (p=0,048). A exposição ao CPAs levou ao aumento do conteúdo de muco ácido em camundongos machos (p=0,048), o qual diminuiu em fêmeas (p=0,040), quando comparados ao grupo ar ambiente. Este estudo mostrou que houve diferentes respostas à exposição à poluição do ar no epitélio nasal entre machos e fêmeas, e que essas diferenças podem estar relacionadas com a predisposição de fêmeas apresentarem maior suscetibilidade a doenças respiratórias das vias aéreas / The nasal epithelium is the first portion of the respiratory system to reach contact with the external environment. Air pollution particles, mainly the organic compounds absorbed into them, may act as endocrine releasers. The aryl hydrocarbon (AhR) receptor is an important competitor of estrogenic receptors-beta (ERbeta) that regulate transcription of gene coding for xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes (cytochrome P450 enzymes). The aim of this study is to identify and quantify in the nasal epithelium of male and female mice in different estrous cycle phases related with ERbeta, AhR, CYP1A1, 1A2, 1B1 and the mucus profile. Male (n=32) and female (n=84) BALB/c mice were exposed to ambient air and PM2.5 concentrated at 600 ug.m-³ in an ambient particle concentrator with a particulate matter diameter of 2.5 um (PM2.5). Females were subdivided in three estrous cycles: proestrus, estrus and diestrus. Nasal epithelium was evaluated through RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry for the expression of ERbeta (protein), Erbeta-1 and Erbeta-2 (gene expression), AhR (protein and gene expression) and Cyp1a1, Cyp1a2 and Cyp1b1 (gene expression). Morphometry was applied for evaluation of mucus profile: acid - Alcian Blue (AB+) and neutral - Periodic Acid Schiff\'s (PAS+). Exposure happened for 5 days/week, for 45 ± 55 days. There were differences in Erbeta-2 mRNA in response to exposition to CPAs (p=0.016), and a significant decrease in female compared male mice (p=0.036). Cyp1b1 mRNA was significantly smaller in the CPAs-exposed group compared with the ambient air group in diestrus female mice (p=0.036). The ERbeta expression increased in the nasal epithelium of CPAs-exposed females in the estrus cycle (p=0.005), and the AhR expression decreased in the proestrus cycle of CPAs-exposed females (p=0.048). The exposure to the CPAs led to an increase in the acidic content of mucus in male mice (p=0.048), and decreased in female mice (p=0.040), compared to the ambient air group. This study showed there were different responses in the nasal epithelia of male and female mice exposed to air pollution, which could be related to the predisposition of the females to present more susceptibility to airway respiratory diseases

No description available.