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Multiple myeloma is a bone marrow malignancy characterized by the presence of monoclonal plasma cells. In 50-75% of myeloma patients, chromosome translocations at the IgH locus are observed, which result in overexpression of oncogenes from the translocated chromosome due to linkage with the IgH enhancers. IgH enhancer activity is mediated by the B cell-specific transcription factors Bob1 and Oct2. We hypothesized that inhibiting the IgH enhancer, through inhibition of Bob1 and Oct2, is a potential therapeutic strategy for translocation-positive myeloma. The expression and prognostic value of Bob1 and Oct2 in myeloma patient samples were assayed. High Bob1 expression was associated with increased survival, whereas high Oct2 expression was associated with reduced survival. In a t(4;14) myeloma cell line, Bob1 inhibition led to decreased expression of the translocated oncogene, FGFR3; however, this did not lead to decreased proliferation or increased apoptosis. To fully understand the roles of Bob1 and Oct2 in myeloma, further research is required. / Experimental Oncology

B lymphocytes produce a wide array of antibodies to recognize a countless number of antigens. This highly diverse repertoire is produced during B cell development in the bone marrow from the immunoglobulin heavy chain (Igh) and light chain (Igk and Igl) loci. The mouse Igh is a large (~3Mb) multigene locus that contains 195 variable (V), 10 diversity (D) and 4 joining (J) genes that undergo developmentally regulated V(D)J recombination to produce the variable region of the antibody. Gene expression depends on spatial organisation of chromatin. To ensure that all V genes have a chance to recombine, they are brought into physical proximity to the D-J region by locus contraction and DNA looping. Not all V genes recombine with equal frequencies and we aim to investigate how dynamic changes in 3D structure of the Igh locus facilitate V(D)J recombination. Chromosome conformation capture techniques have revolutionised studies of genome conformation. I have applied a novel form of enriched Hi-C to study both intra-locus (cis) and genome-wide (trans) interactions of the immunoglobulin loci in pro-B and pre-B cells. This method provides a higher resolution than Hi-C and is less biased than 4C and 5C. I have mapped all cis interactions within the Igh locus to produce a comprehensive view of the structure of the locus prior to recombination. This approach has shown that the 3’ superanchor (3’CBEs) and the Intergenic Control Region 1 (IGCR1) containing CTCF sites are the two most interacting regions in the locus making long-range contacts with all V genes. A second major conformational feature is that the distal V genes form a large tightly looped domain forming the centre of mass of the locus to which the 3’CBEs and IGCR1 loop. Thanks to a collaboration on polymer modelling, 5000 single conformations were simulated based on the ensemble Hi-C data. This showed that every structure is different, supporting a model of dynamic and flexible organisation of the locus rather than hierarchical subdomains therein. Moreover, there is only a slight trend for V genes interacting more often with the D-J region to have higher recombination scores, supporting an ‘equal opportunity for all’ model in which participation of V genes in V(D)J recombination is not constrained by linear genomic distance from the DJ region. Nevertheless, CTCF binding level does contribute to V gene recombination frequency. I have also discovered that Igh and Igk loci participate in a highly specialised network of genome-wide (trans) interactions involving genes encoding B cell-specific factors essential for activation and maintenance of B cell identity, including Pax5, Foxo1, Ebf1, and Runx1. I have validated these by 3D DNA FISH and found that at the pro-B cell stage the Igh is involved in many trans interactions, whereas Igk does not make any contacts. In contrast, Igk gains numerous trans interactions at the pre-B cell stage, many of which overlap with the interactions Igh participates in at both developmental stages. Together, these findings reveal a complex developmentally regulated orchestration of genome conformation changes that underpins B cell development.

In industrial competition¡A business cost is reduced by the strategies such as the enhancement of production efficiency¡A the reformation of operational procedure¡A and the expansion of economic scale to have the enterprise enhance its competitiveness in encountering the competitive external environmental changes for securing a favorable status in business operation. The framing and implementing of successful strategies depend on the wisdom and daring of the business operator in leading the enterprise. Hence¡A the business operator or the high-level executives¡¦ leadership in the organization as well as the perception and daring in business planning play a critical role in determining the success or failure of an enterprise. The focus of this study is on exploring how the TFT-LCD high-level executives in the high-tech industry under high-tech¡A capital-intensive¡A and competitive TFT-LCD environment use their keen perceptions and management concept in leading the organization to break through the dilemma by plant establishment¡A plant expansion¡A and investment expansion¡A and have a dominating status in the TFT-LCD industry. The research interests are as the followings¡G 1.To understand the differences of the management concepts among the high-level executives of various enterprises in the environment with intensive-capital risks. 2.To understand the ways of the TFT-LCD industry in Taiwan for breaking through the plight under international competition. 3.To compare the management notions of the high-level executives in TFT-LCD industry with those of the world celebrated enterprise leaders. After reading the related literatures¡A on the basis of the three forgoing subjects and the spirit of qualitative research¡A case study is conducted as the theoretical foundation¡A and three high-level executives in the TFT-LCD industry are interviewed¡A with the information analysis of the interview result¡A this research is expected to have the following contributions¡G 1.Presenting and comparing the management concepts and differences of the high-level executives in the TFT-LCD industry of Taiwan. 2.Generalizing the ways of the high-level executives in the TFT-LCD industry of Taiwan in breaking through the barriers under international competition. 3.Comparing the management notions of the high-level executives in TFT-LCD industry with those of the world celebrated enterprise leaders. Accordingly¡A the presentation of the management concepts of the high-level executives in the TFT-LCD industry of Taiwan and the ways of breaking through the plight could be taken by the future high-level executives of the intensive-capital hi-tech industry as the reference for management.

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L'activation des cellules B est connue pour s’accompagner de remodelages des gènes d’immunoglobulines qui permettent la maturation d'affinité des régions variables d'Ig par hypermutation somatique SHM et la commutation de classe CSR. Ces deux processus sont sous le contrôle de la région régulatrice 3’ (3’RR) du locus IgH. Pendant la CSR, le locus IgH subit des changements tridimensionnels mettant les régions switch ciblés par AID à proximité de la région 3’RR afin de faciliter la recombinaison. La sous-unité MED1 du complexe Médiateur favorise cette interaction à longue distance avec la 3’RR mais elle intervient aussi dans la transcription germinale qui précède la CSR afin de faciliter l’activité d’AID. Comme récemment démontré chez la souris, la région 3’RR peut aussi être ciblée par des recombinaison médiée par AID, mais contrairement à la CSR, ce type de recombinaison qui joint la région Sμ et la 3’RR et qui s’appelle recombinaison suicide du locus IgH ou LSR entraîne une délétion complète de l’ensemble des gènes constants conduisant à la mort des cellules B par la perte de l’expression du BCR. Nous montrons maintenant que la LSR médiée par AID se produit aussi dans les cellules B humaines activées avec les deux régions 3’RR (3’RR1 en aval de Cα1 et 3’RR2 en aval de Cα2) et qui peut toucher l’allèle fonctionnel mais elle peut aussi être biallélique marqué par une quasi-absence de ce type de recombinaison dans les plasmocytes de la moelle mais aussi dans les cellules B mémoires quiescents du sang et qui peut par contre être réinduite à haut niveau lorsque les cellules B mémoires sont réactivées. Toutes nos conditions de stimulation utilisées in-vitro induit la LSR, sans permettre de discerner comment se fait « le choix » entre la CSR et la LSR. Nos résultats montrent par contre que la sous-unité MED1 semble influencer la transcription de la 3’RR et la recombinaison LSR chez la souris. L’inactivation conditionnelle de MED1 influence l’accessibilité transcriptionnelle et donc les recombinaisons sans affecter les marques épigénétiques du locus IgH. Cette étude de MED1 a aussi révélé que l’ensemble des processus stimulés par l’IgH 3’RR sont « Médiateur-dépendants » (SHM, CSR sans distinction de la cis et la trans-CSR, expression augmentée du locus dans les plasmocytes…), comme semble l’être également le processus de choix des segments variables au cours des réarrangements VHDJH. / B-cell activation is accompanied by remodeling of immunoglobulin genes resulting in affinity maturation of Ig variable regions by somatic hypermutation (SHM) and class switch recombination (CSR). These two processes are under the control of the 3' regulatory region (3’RR) of the IgH locus. During CSR, the IgH locus undergoes three dimensional changes bringing the AID-targeted switch regions near the 3'RR region to facilitate recombination. The MED1 subunit of the Mediator complex promotes this long-distance interaction with the 3'RR, but it is also implicated in germinal transcription preceding CSR in order to facilitate AID activity. As recently demonstrated in mice, the 3'RR region can also be targeted by AID-mediated recombination, but unlike CSR, this type of recombination joining the Sμ region and 3'RR (called Locus Suicide Recombination or LSR) results in a complete deletion of all the constant genes leading to B-cell death by loss of B Cell Receptor expression. We now show that AID-mediated LSR also occurs in activated human B cells with the two 3'RR (3'RR1downstream of Cα1 and 3'RR2 downstream of Cα2) and affects the functional allele. It can also be bi-allelic marked by the absence of this type of recombination in plasma cells of the bone marrow but also in quiescent blood memory B cells. LSR occurs at high level when the memory B cells are reactivated. All in-vitro stimulations induce LSR, without identifying conditions favoring either CSR and the LSR. Our results also show that the MED1 subunit appears to influence 3’ RR transcription and LSR in mice. Conditional inactivation of MED1 influences transcriptional accessibility and therefore recombination without affecting epigenetic markers of the IgH locus. This study also revealed that all the processes controlled by the 3'RR are "mediator -dependent" (SHM, CSR without distinction between Cis and Trans -CSR, increased expression of the IgH locus in the plasma cells ...), as well as the choice of varia ble segments during VDJH rearrangements

En introduisant fréquemment des mutations ponctuelles dans les régions variables des gènes d'immunoglobulines (Ig), le processus d'hypermutation somatique (SHM, initié par la déaminase AID) est essentiel pour augmenter l'affinité des anticorps. En marge de ses cibles physiologiques (les gênes d'Ig), AID peut induire des "dommages collatéraux" au niveau de cibles "illégitimes" qui sont appelées "off targets" (dont certains oncogènes, tel que Bcl6 fréquemment muté dans les lymphomes B). Le risque élevé de dommages collatéraux dans le génome des cellules B implique que les remaniements géniques soient précisément surveillés. Parmi les éléments cis-régulateurs impliqués dans cette surveillance, on compte l'activateur cEμ au locus des chaînes lourdes des Ig (IgH) et ses régions flanquantes d'attachement à la matrice nucléaire MARsEμ (étudiés en détails dans nos modèles de souris KO). Nous montrons que la délétion des régions MARsEμ diminue non seulement les mutations au locus des chaines lourdes des Ig (effet physiologique en cis) mais également au locus des chaines légères Ig situé sur un chromosome différent (effet de trans). A l'aide d'une outil bioinformatique (DeMinEr) que nous avons développé dans le but d'identifier des mutations rares, nous montrons également que les régions MARsEμ sont impliquées dans les dommages collatéraux infligés aux "off targets" des cellules B. Grâce à la technique de FISH 3D, nous proposons que les régions MARsEμ participent à la régulation de la SHM en influençant la position des cibles de AID dans le noyau des cellules B. Notre étude met en évidence un niveau de régulation spatiale du processus de SHM médié par les régions MARsEμ du locus IgH. / By introducing frequent point mutations into the variable regions of immunoglobulin (Ig) genes, somatic hypermutation (SHM, initiated by the AID deaminase) is a driving force for antibody affinity maturation. It is now admitted that AID-induces mutations in germinal centre B cells could affect in parallel to their Ig genes physiological targets, illegitimates targets (including oncogenes) so calles "off targets" (such as Bcl6 with frequent point mutation in B lymphomas). The high risk of "collateral damage" in the B cell genome implies that remodeling events are precisely surveyed. Among cisregulatory elements involved (transcriptional enhancers and chromatin isolators and anchors...), one best candidate is the intronic region including the cEμ enhancer and iths flanking MARsEμ regions that we have been studying extensively using mouse KO model. We recently showed that MARsEμ deletion decreases SHM not only at Ig Heavy chain locus IgH (physiological cis effect) but surprisingly also at the Ig Light chain Kappa locus Ig, located on a different chromosome (trans effect). To extend the study of this intriguing trans effect, we developed a bioinformatic tool called DeMinEr that unveiled that MARsEμ regions were also involved in AID-induced collateral damages to "off-targets". Using FISH 3D, we show that MARsEμ regions harboured the potential not only to locally recruit SHM but also to cause dynamic changes of nuclear structures. The surprising cis and trans effect of MARsEμ deletion, impacting simultaneously nuclear positioning and SHM, revealed an additional level of regulation for targeting mutations to Ig and "off-targets" genes.

La rencontre des lymphocytes B matures avec l’antigène (Ag), au niveau des organes lymphoïdes secondaires, déclenche la maturation terminale, au cours de laquelle deux évènements peuvent avoir lieu : la commutation de classe de l’immunoglobuline (CSR pour Class Switch Recombination) et l’hypermutation somatique (SHM).Dernièrement, notre laboratoire a décrit pour la première fois la recombinaison suicide du locus IgH (LSR pour Locus Suicide Recombination) (Péron et al., 2012). Cette recombinaison engendre une délétion totale de l’ensemble des gènes constants du locus IgH, empêchant ainsi l’expression d’Ig, et donc l’absence du récepteur BCR (B Cell Receptor). La cellule B se retrouve privée des signaux de survie délivrés par ce récepteur, et est induite à l’apoptose. La LSR semble opérer par les mêmes étapes que la CSR : 1- la transcription de régions de l’ADN ciblées, 2- la génération de cassures double brin (CDB) à partir de lésions introduites par AID (Activation-induced cytidine deaminase), 3- la réparation de l’ADN lésé majoritairement par le système classique de ligation des extrémités non homologues (C-NHEJ). Cependant, la réparation au cours de la LSR n’a pas été pleinement décrite, et sa détermination constitue l’objectif principale de mon doctorat. Dans un premier temps, nous avons mis au point un programme bio-informatique « CSReport », afin d’analyser la masse de données générées par le séquençage haut débit de jonctions du locus IgH (CSR et LSR) (Boyer et al., 2017). Cet outil nous a permis d’étudier le système de réparation des CDB, à travers la détermination de la structure au point de jonction. De façon inattendue, nos résultats montrent que la réparation de l’ADN dans la LSR est similaire entre la souris et l’Homme et si la CSR fait intervenir le C-NHEJ, la LSR semble faire appel à l’A-EJ (Alternative End Joining) et/ou la HR (Homologous Recombination). Ces observations sont renforcées par les résultats mettant en évidence une différence de l’association de protéines de réparation, ainsi que des marques épigénétiques particulières entre les segments concernés par la CSR et ceux ciblés par la LSR chez la souris.Nous nous sommes ensuite interrogés sur la LSR dans le lymphome de Hodgkin (HL pour Hodgkin lymphoma), car l’absence de BCR à la surface des cellules de Reed Sternberg pourrait provenir de cet évènement. Les résultats de séquençage haut débit révèlent une réparation différente au cours de la LSR entre le HL et le contrôle (amygdales saines) ce qui nous laisser stipuler que des altérations intrinsèques aux systèmes de réparation de l’ADN dans les cellules tumorales sont en cause.Globalement, nous avons développé « CSReport », un outil qui nous permet d’analyser la structure de réparation de l’ADN en partie, et de montrer une réparation similaire des CDB entre la souris et l’Homme et une différence de réparation de l’ADN entre la recombinaison CSR et LSR. De plus, nous avons mis en évidence une altération de la réparation dans des échantillons de lymphomes B (HL et CLL) comparé à des contrôles (amygdales saines). / Mature B lymphocytes meeting with antigen (Ag) inside secondary lymphoid organs activates their terminal maturation, with occurrence of class switch recombination (CSR) and somatic hyper mutation (SHM).Recently, our laboratory described for the first time IgH locus suicide recombination (LSR) (Péron et al., 2012). This process removes the whole constant genes of the locus, preventing Ig and BCR (B Cell Receptor) expression. The B cell is devoid of survival signals delivered by its receptor and is induced to apoptosis.LSR seems to operate with same molecular steps as CSR : 1- transcription of targeted DNA regions, 2- generation of double strand breaks (DSB) from DNA lesions induced by AID (Activation-induced cytidine deaminase), 3- DNA repair by classical non homologous end joining (C-NHEJ) pathway. However, DNA repair during LSR was not fully understood, and this is the principal objectif of my PhD studies. First, we developped a bioinformatic program « CSReport », to analyse high throughput sequencing (HTS) datas of IgH locus junctions (CSR and LSR) (Boyer, Boutouil et al.,2017). This tool allowed us to study the DSB repair systems, through determination of the structure at the junction site. Unexpectedly, our results show that DNA repair in DNA during LSR is similar between mice and human, and if CSR implicates C-NHEJ, LSR seems to invlove Alternative end joining (A-EJ) and /or homologous recombination (HR). These observations are consolidated by results showing a difference in the association of repair proteins, and in particular epigenitic marks between DNA segments concerned by CSR and those targeted by LSR in mice. We asked ourselves about LSR in HL, because BCR absence on its Reed Sternberg cells surface may be a result of this recombination. HTS results reveal a different repair during LSR between HL and the control (healthy tonsils), which let us stipulate that alterations in DNA repair systems of tumoral cells are the cause.Globaly, we developped « CSReport », a tool which permits us to study DNA repair structure in a part, and to show a similar DSB repair systems between mice and human, and a difference between CSR and LSR repair. Furthermore, we show an alteration in DNA repair of B lymphoma samples (HL and CLL) compared with the control (healthy tonsils).

Le locus des chaînes lourdes d’immunoglobulines (IgH) subit trois processus de remaniements géniques durant la lymphopoïèse B. Ces événements induisent des cassures de l’ADN potentiellement oncogéniques, d’où la nécessité d’une régulation extrêmement stricte. Ceci est dû aux deux principaux éléments cis-régulateurs du locus IgH. L’enhancer 5’Eµ régule les recombinaisons VHDJH qui établissent un répertoire antigénique fonctionnel lors des phases précoces. La région régulatrice en 3’ (3’RR) est essentielle aux hypermutations somatiques (SHM) et à la recombinaison de classe (CSR) aux stades tardifs, modifiant respectivement, l’affinité et les fonctions effectrices de l’Ig. La plupart des lymphomes B matures portent les stigmates de translocations d’oncogènes au locus IgH. Le but de ma thèse a été de mieux comprendre les interactions transcriptionelles entre les enhancers Eµ et 3’RR et évaluer si le ciblage de cette dernière pourrait se révéler une approche thérapeutique potentielle. Nous avons démontré que la 3’RR est l’élément essentiel qui contrôle la transcription du locus IgH dans les lymphocytes B matures. Elle est dispensable lors des phases initiales (recombinaisons VHDJH), mais agit comme silencer sur l’expression des segments DJH. L’analyse de la lymphomagenèse dans trois modèles murins porteurs d’une insertion de Myc en trois points du locus IgH a montré des différences dans les cinétiques d’émergence des lymphomes, leurs phénotypes et index de prolifération. L’effet de la 3’RR sur l’oncogène est suffisant pour l’émergence de lymphomes B. Son absence ne semble pas être préjudiciable au développement de réactions inflammatoires/immunes. Son ciblage pourrait donc se révéler une approche thérapeutique intéressante pour diminuer son activité transcriptionelle sur l’oncogène transloqué. Un rôle potentiel des inhibiteurs des histones désacétylases est à l’étude. / The immunoglobulin heavy chain locus (IgH) undergoes several changes along B-cell differentiation. VHDJH recombinations during the early stages give the diversity of the antigenic repertoire. Somatic hypermutation (SHM) and class switch recombination (CSR) during late stages allow affinity maturation and the acquisition of new effectors functions. These rearrangements are highly regulated and are under the control of the IgH locus cis-regulatory elements. The 5’ Eµ enhancer is important for VHDJH recombination. The 3’ regulatory region (3’ RR) is essential for both CSR and SHM. These events induce breaks into the IgH locus, making it a hotspot for oncogenic translocations. The aim of my thesis was to understand the transcriptional interactions between Eμ and 3'RR enhancers and to evaluate whether the targeting of the latter could be of a potential therapeutic approach. We have demonstrated that 3'RR is essential to control IgH transcription in mature B cells. It is dispensable during the initial stages of developement (VHDJH recombinations). At the pro-B cell stage, it has a silencer effect rather than a transcriptional one on the DJH segments expression. The analysis of lymphomagenesis in three mice models carrying an insertion of Myc in different locations at the IgH locus showed significant differences in lymphoma kinetics, phenotypes and proliferation index. 3'RR alone, as a major transcriptional activator of the IgH locus, is capable of leading to B-cell lymphomas. Its absence is not detrimental for the development of classical inflammatory/immune reactions. Its targeting may be of a potentially interesting therapeutic approach to decrease its transcriptional activity on the translocated oncogene. A potential role for histone deacetylase inhibitors is under study.