We tackle the problem of automated code generation for a High Level Architecture (HLA)- compliant federate application, given a model of the federation architecture including the federate&rsquo / s behavior model. The behavior model is based on Live Sequence Charts (LSCs), adopted as the behavioral specification formalism in the Federation Architecture Metamodel (FAMM). The FAMM is constructed conforming to metaGME, the meta-metamodel offered by Generic Modeling Environment (GME). FAMM serves as a formal language for describing federation architectures. We present a code generator that generates Java/AspectJ code directly from a federation architecture model. An objective is to help verify a federation architecture by testing it early in the development lifecycle. Another objective is to help developers construct complete federate applications. Our approach to achieve these objectives is aspect-oriented in that the code generated from the LSC in conjunction with the Federation Object Model (FOM) serves as the base code on which the computation logic is weaved as an aspect.

Code modularization provides benefits throughout the software life cycle; however, the presence of crosscutting concerns (CCCs) in software hinders its complete modularization. Traditional modularization techniques work well under the assumption that code being modularized is functionally orthogonal to the rest of the code; as a result, software engineers try to separate code segments that are orthogonal in their functionality into distinct modules. However, in practice, software does not decompose neatly into modules with distinct, orthogonal functionality. In this thesis, we investigate the modularization of CCCs in software using two different techniques. Firstly, we discuss IVCon, a GUI-based tool that provides a novel approach to the modularization of CCCs. We have designed IVCon to capture the multi-concern nature of code. IVCon enables users to create, examine, and modify their code in two different views, the woven view and the unwoven view. The woven view displays program code in colors that indicate which CCCs various code segments implement, while the unwoven view displays code in two panels, one showing the core of the program and the other showing all the code implementing each concern in an isolated module. IVCon aims to provide an easy-to-use interface for conveniently creating, examining, and modifying code in, and translating between, the woven and unwoven views. Secondly, we discuss LoPSiL, which is a location-based policy-specification language. LoPSiL is Turing-complete and provides users with language constructs that enable them to manipulate location information; hence, LoPSiL can be used to specify and enforce generic policies that might involve location-based constraints. We have implemented a LoPSiL compiler using AspectJ, and we observe and discuss how the use of traditional units of modularization---aspects in this case---help modularize functionally orthogonal CCCs such as security and auditing.

Software systems are permanently changed in order to meet new requirements and to adapt them to permanently changing technology. Design modularity decouples design concerns that probably can be changed and in this way facilitates further system changes. Unfortunately, some design concerns, called crosscutting concerns, cannot be modularized using traditional modularization methods and techniques. Modularization of crosscutting concerns is the research subject of the new emerging software engineering paradigm, aspect-oriented analysis and design. However, this paradigm is still not enough mature. It is still unknown, which design patterns developed in the object-oriented paradigm can be adapted for aspect-oriented paradigm and how to transform them from one paradigm to another in a systematic way. Despite the fact that some attempts have been done to solve this problem, the proposed solutions only eliminate crosscutting concerns in object-oriented design patterns, but do not generate pure aspect-oriented patterns. The thesis defines the class of object-oriented design patterns which can be transformed into pure aspect-oriented ones, proposes a systematic procedure for such transformation and investigates properties of resulting patterns from the viewpoint of their applicability in the design of aspect-oriented domain frameworks. This is the main contribution of the research work. The case study methodology has been used for the experimental research of the properties of... [to full text] / Programų sistemos yra dažnai keičiamos, siekiant jas pritaikyti prie pasikeitusių reikalavimų ir dėl nuolat kintančių technologijų. Modulinė sistemos architektūra įgalina nepriklausomus dalykinius turinius realizuoti nepriklausomais ar nedaug vienas nuo kito priklausomais moduliais, kuriuos galima keisti nepriklausomai vienas nuo kito. Tačiau esamomis priemonėmis galima atskirti ne visus turinius. Kai kurie dalykiniai turiniai yra susipynę tarpusavyje ir jų negalima realizuoti savarankiškais moduliais. Šiai problemai spręsti buvo pasiūlyta nauja programų sistemų inžinerijos paradigma – aspektinė paradigma. Tačiau sistemų projektavimo technologija joje kol kas dar nėra pakankamai brandi. Vis dar nėra žinoma, kuriuos objektinio projektavimo šablonus galima panaudoti aspektinėje paradigmoje ir kaip juos transformuoti, keliant iš vienos paradigmos į kitą. Nors keliuose darbuose yra parodoma, kaip objektinių šablonų realizacijas perrašyti aspektinėmis programavimo kalbomis, nė viename iš jų šablonų transformavimo klausimai nebuvo nagrinėti sistemiškai. Šioje disertacijoje nagrinėjami grynieji aspektinio projektavimo šablonai, kurie buvo transformuoti iš objektinių projektavimo šablonų, apibrėžiama sistemiška tokio transformavimo procedūra ir analizuojamas tokių šablonų taikymas aspektiniams dalykiniams karkasams projektuoti. Atskiro atvejo analizės tyrimo metodas disertacijoje yra naudojamas, siekiant išsiaiškinti, kokį poveikį grynieji aspektiniai šablonai padaro aspektinių... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]

Programų sistemos yra dažnai keičiamos, siekiant jas pritaikyti prie pasikeitusių reikalavimų ir dėl nuolat kintančių technologijų. Modulinė sistemos architektūra įgalina nepriklausomus dalykinius turinius realizuoti nepriklausomais ar nedaug vienas nuo kito priklausomais moduliais, kuriuos galima keisti nepriklausomai vienas nuo kito. Tačiau esamomis priemonėmis galima atskirti ne visus turinius. Kai kurie dalykiniai turiniai yra susipynę tarpusavyje ir jų negalima realizuoti savarankiškais moduliais. Šiai problemai spręsti buvo pasiūlyta nauja programų sistemų inžinerijos paradigma – aspektinė paradigma. Tačiau sistemų projektavimo technologija joje kol kas dar nėra pakankamai brandi. Vis dar nėra žinoma, kuriuos objektinio projektavimo šablonus galima panaudoti aspektinėje paradigmoje ir kaip juos transformuoti, keliant iš vienos paradigmos į kitą. Nors keliuose darbuose yra parodoma, kaip objektinių šablonų realizacijas perrašyti aspektinėmis programavimo kalbomis, nė viename iš jų šablonų transformavimo klausimai nebuvo nagrinėti sistemiškai. Šioje disertacijoje nagrinėjami grynieji aspektinio projektavimo šablonai, kurie buvo transformuoti iš objektinių projektavimo šablonų, apibrėžiama sistemiška tokio transformavimo procedūra ir analizuojamas tokių šablonų taikymas aspektiniams dalykiniams karkasams projektuoti. Atskiro atvejo analizės tyrimo metodas disertacijoje yra naudojamas, siekiant išsiaiškinti, kokį poveikį grynieji aspektiniai šablonai padaro aspektinių... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Software systems are permanently changed in order to meet new requirements and to adapt them to permanently changing technology. Design modularity decouples design concerns that probably can be changed and in this way facilitates further system changes. Unfortunately, some design concerns, called crosscutting concerns, cannot be modularized using traditional modularization methods and techniques. Modularization of crosscutting concerns is the research subject of the new emerging software engineering paradigm, aspect-oriented analysis and design. However, this paradigm is still not enough mature. It is still unknown, which design patterns developed in the object-oriented paradigm can be adapted for aspect-oriented paradigm and how to transform them from one paradigm to another in a systematic way. Despite the fact that some attempts have been done to solve this problem, the proposed solutions only eliminate crosscutting concerns in object-oriented design patterns, but do not generate pure aspect-oriented patterns. The thesis defines the class of object-oriented design patterns which can be transformed into pure aspect-oriented ones, proposes a systematic procedure for such transformation and investigates properties of resulting patterns from the viewpoint of their applicability in the design of aspect-oriented domain frameworks. This is the main contribution of the research work. The case study methodology has been used for the experimental research of the properties of... [to full text]

Aspect oriented programming (AOP) introduces new and powerful modularization constructs. The aspect module is used to encapsulate crosscutting concerns, which otherwise would remain tangled and scattered. The idea of encapsulating crosscutting concerns rapidly expanded to earlier phases in the development cycle, including requirement analysis (aspect oriented requirement engineering, AORE) and design (aspect oriented modeling, AOM). The overall application of aspect orientation concepts is known as aspect oriented software development (AOSD). AOP is not yet a mainstream practice. Particularly AOSD is still in its early stages. This is reflected in the lack of reports of full development cycles using aspect oriented approaches, especially using industrial case studies. Furthermore, the power of aspects comes at the price of new challenges, one of them is that systems built using aspects are more difficult to understand. The crosscutting nature of aspects allows them to alter the behavior of many other modules. As a result, aspects may interact in unintended and unanticipated ways. This problem is known as aspect interactions. In this work we deal with the aspect interaction problem in the context of an industrial domain: slots machines. We perform a complete development cycle of the slot machine software. This is, to the best of our knowledge, the first complete industrial case of study of aspect orientation. Through this experience we discovered the limitations with regard to aspect interactions, of some emblematic aspect oriented approaches for requirement engineering, design and implementation. The contribution of this work is threefold. Firstly, we contribute with the evaluation and extensions to some of AORE and AOM approaches, in order to provide explicit support for aspect interactions in requirement analysis and design phases. We also evaluate the implementation of interactions using a static and a dynamic AOP language, and propose an AspectJ extension that copes with aspect interactions. Secondly, this work is the first report of a complete aspect oriented development cycle of an industrial case study. Thirdly, this work provides a complex case study that presents several business logic crosscutting concerns, which in turn exhibit numerous aspect interactions, that serves as a challenging test bed for upcoming AOSD approaches.

Thesis (M.S.) -- Worcester Polytechnic Institute. / Keywords: conflict; precedence; dependency; feature-oriented programming; object-oriented design; aspect-oriented programming. Includes bibliographical references (p.76-78).

A dynamic program analysis provides essential information during later phases of an application development. It helps with debugging, profiling, performance optimizations or vulnerability detection. Despite that, support for creating custom dynamic analysis tools, especially in the domain of managed languages, is rather limited. In this thesis, we present two systems to help improve application observability on the Java platform. DiSL is a language accompanied with a framework allowing simple and flexible instrumentation for the dynamic program analysis. DiSL provides high level abstractions to enable quick prototyping even for programmers not possessing a knowledge of Java internals. A skilled analysis developer gains full control over the instrumentation process, thus does not have to worry about unwanted allocations or hidden execution overhead. ShadowVM is a platform that provides isolation between the observed application and the analysis environment. To reduce the amount of possible interactions between the analysis and the application, ShadowVM offloads analysis events out of the context of the application. Even though the isolation is the primary focus of the platform, ShadowVM introduces a number of techniques to stay performance comparable and provide a similar programming model as existing...

Programas sofrem diversas modificações ao longo das etapas de desenvolvimento, implantação e manutenção. A evolução de um software pode ter várias causas: correção de erros, inclusão de novas funcionalidades ou até mesmo, como é o caso de programas orientados a aspecto, transformações estruturais podem fazer parte da semântica do sistema. Apesar de modificações serem comuns, não é tarefa trivial prever como estas afetam o comportamento dos programas, já que os componentes de software normalmente interagem de forma complexa, o que faz com que mesmo pequenas alterações possam introduzir comportamentos indesejados. Transformação de grafos, também conhecida como reescrita de grafos, é um importante paradigma para modelagem e análise de sistemas. Modelos baseados em transformação de grafos, como gramáticas de grafos, permitem uma modelagem ao mesmo tempo intuitiva e com semântica precisa, permitindo a aplicação de técnicas de análise como verificação de modelos e análise de par crítico no estudo do comportamento de sistemas. A teoria por trás de transformação de grafos vem sendo desenvolvida a várias décadas, e atualmente está descrita de uma forma bastante abstrata. Contudo, ainda não possui uma definição natural de reescritas de alta ordem, que facilitaria a definição de evolução de especificações compostas por regras de reescrita de grafo, tais como gramáticas de grafos. Nesta tese são abordadas a modelagem e a análise de sistemas sob modificações programadas no contexto de gramáticas de grafos. A generalização da abordagem de pushout duplo para reescrita de grafos é utilizada como o princípio geral para descrever, simultaneamente, a semântica do sistema e modificações estruturais. Para tal, introduzimos uma noção de reescrita de segunda ordem para modificar a estrutura de regras de transformação de grafos, e usando isso, definimos modelos equipados simultaneamente de regras de primeira e segunda ordem, chamados gramáticas de grafos de segunda ordem. Através destes modelos podemos representar simultaneamente transformações estruturais e execução do sistema, e relacionar formalmente ambos tipos de reescrita. Também propomos novas técnicas para investigar o efeito da modificação de regras sobre a aplicação destas. Finalmente, como um exemplo de aplicação da teoria, caracterizamos construções de sistemas orientados a aspectos através de gramáticas de grafos de segunda ordem, e discutimos como utilizar as novas técnicas para estudar o efeito da combinação aspectual sobre o sistema inicial. / Software systems are not static entities: they usually undergo several changes along their development and maintenance cycles. Software evolution may be required for several reasons, such as the inclusion of new functionalities, the correction of errors or even as part of the system semantics, as it is the case of aspect-oriented systems. However, it is usually not trivial to foresee how structural changes can affect the system behaviour, since system components often interact in very complex ways, and even trivial modifications may introduce new problems. Graph transformation, also known as graph rewriting, has been used throughout the years as an important paradigm for system modelling and analysis. Models based on graph transformation, such as graph grammars, allow an intuitive but formal representation of the system behaviour, allowing the usage of analysis techniques such as model checking and static analysis of rule interaction. The theory behind graph transformation is quite general, and has been studied since the 1970s. However, it still lacks a general notion of higher-order rewriting that would allow a natural definition of model transformations for graph grammars. The lack of general second-order characterization presents difficulties for employing graph grammars as targets of model transformations, and studying how model transformations affect their natural behaviour. In this thesis we address the problem of modelling and analysing systems undergoing programmed modifications in the context of graph grammars. We use the generalization of the double-pushout approach for graph rewriting as a principle for defining simultaneously the system semantics and structural modifications. To achieve this, we introduce a notion of second-order graph rewriting that acts on graph transformation rules. Based on secondorder rewriting we are able to define second-order graph grammars, models equipped with a first-order layer, representing the original system execution, and a second-order layer, representing a model transformation. Using second-order graph grammar we can encode simultaneously model transformations and system execution, allowing us to formally relate them. Moreover, we propose new techniques to investigate the effect of rule modification over their effect on graphs. As an application example, we characterize aspect-oriented constructions for graph grammars, and discuss how to relate the aspect weaving layer with the base system semantics.

Refatoração é o processo de melhorar o projeto de sistemas de software sem modificar seu comportamento externamente observável. O processo de refatoração pode auxiliar a incrementalmente melhorar a qualidade de software de um sistema através da aplicação de transformações que preservam comportamento chamadas de padrões de refatoração. O principal objetivo da pesquisa que esta tese descreve é prover um processo detalhado para refatoração, incluindo mecanismos para (i) seleção e criação de modelos de qualidade, padrões de refatoração e funções heurísticas, (ii) a busca e priorização de oportunidades de refatoração, (iii) a avaliação dos efeitos da refatoração na qualidade de software e (iv) a análise de vantagens e desvantagens e a aplicação de padrões de refatoração. Para exemplificar como os mecanismos propostos funcionam e como o processo pode ser usado, diferentes estudos de caso são usados ao longo da tese. A seleção dos padrões de refatoração, dos modelos de qualidade e das funções heurísticas são exemplificados para software orientado a objetos, bem como os mecanismos de busca e priorização. A avaliação dos efeitos da refatoração na qualidade de software, a análise de vantagens e desvantagens e a aplicação de padrões de refatoração são discutidos no contexto de programação orientada a aspectos. Além da definição de um processo de refatoração, um conjunto adicional de contribuições desta tese são: (i) a definição de uma abordagem para a seleção e ranking de padrões de refatoração baseada no AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process), (ii) uma abordagem para reduzir o espaço de busca para oportunidades de refatoração ao manipular refatorações sucessivas, (iii) a definição de mecanismos de busca para oportunidades de refatoração, (iv) uma abordagem para avaliar os efeitos de refatoração na qualidade de software, (v) um catálogo de problemas encontrados em software orientado a aspectos e seus padrões de refatoração associados, e também um conjunto de recomendações para evitar estes problemas e (vi) um estudo de métricas orientadas a aspectos, incluindo a sua definição formal, avaliação analítica e interpretação de dados. / Refactoring is the process of improving the design of software systems without changing their externally observable behaviour. Refactoring can help to incrementally improve the quality of a software system through the application of behavioural preserving transformations called refactoring patterns. The main goal of the research this thesis reports is to provide a detailed process for refactoring, including mechanism for (i) the selection and creation of quality models, the selection of refactoring patterns, and the creation and use of heuristic rules, (ii) the search for refactoring opportunities and prioritisation, (iii) the assessment of the effects of refactoring on software quality, and (iv) the trade-off analysis and the application of refactoring patterns. To exemplify how the approach works and how the process can be used, different case studies are being used throughout the thesis. The selection of refactoring patterns, quality models and heuristic rules, and the search and prioritisation mechanisms are exemplified for object-oriented software. The assessment of refactoring effects on software quality, the trade-off analysis and the application of refactoring patterns are discussed in the context of aspect-oriented programming. Besides the definition of a refactoring process, a set of additional contributions of this thesis are (i) the definition of an approach for the selection and ranking of refactoring patterns, (ii) an approach for reducing the search space for refactoring opportunities when dealing with successive refactoring, (iii) the definition of search mechanisms for refactoring opportunities, (iv) an approach to evaluate the effects of refactoring on software quality, (v) a catalogue of shortcomings in aspect-oriented software and their related refactoring patterns, and (vi) an study of metrics for aspect-oriented software, including their formal definition, analytical evaluation and data interpretation.

O desenvolvimento de aplicações móveis é guiado por uma especial atenção aos requisitos não funcionais (do inglês, NFR - Non Functional Requirements), sendo o principal objetivo proporcionar uma boa experiência ao usuário final. Entretanto, a avaliação de NFRs é ainda uma tarefa manual, não estruturada e que consome muito tempo. Esta dissertação apresenta um estudo de várias abordagens relacionadas à avaliação de desempenho (por exemplo, o uso de aplicações de benchmark) e de NFRs no âmbito de sistemas móveis. No entanto, os benchmarks atuais são genéricos, geralmente, voltados para a plataforma de execução e nem sempre instituem um consenso na classificação de dispositivos. Visando uma melhor avaliação de NFRs e uma classificação de dispositivos com base nas necessidades de aplicações reais, este trabalho propõe um framework para gerar benchmarks orientados às necessidades de cada aplicação e, assim, fornecer uma forma eficiente e eficaz para estimar requisitos não funcionais em sistemas móveis. Essa ferramenta é composta por uma biblioteca de testes parametrizáveis, métricas e uma estrutura para geração rápida de benchmarks orientados à aplicação. O framework foi construído utilizando o paradigma de programação orientada a aspectos para coleta das métricas por fornecer uma maior modularidade e separação de interesses, de modo que a sua evolução, através da adição de outras métricas ou testes, seja facilitada. Para validação da proposta, foram realizados experimentos com cinco aplicações Android reais disponíveis na Play Store, sendo que para cada aplicação foi gerado um benchmark específico cujos resultados foram comparados com os obtidos para as aplicações móveis reais. Os resultados são promissores, mostrando que é possível criar aplicações de teste com comportamento semelhante ao de aplicações reais e, assim, classificar dispositivos com base nas necessidades das aplicações, através da análise das métricas presentes no framework. Essas métricas podem, ainda, orientar o desenvolvedor na otimização de suas aplicações ou ainda na escolha de dispositivos com melhor custo benefício para executar seus aplicativos. / The mobile application development is guided by a special attention to non-functional requirements (NFRs), where a good experience for the end user is the primary goal. However, NFRs evaluation is still a manual, unstructured and time-consuming task. This thesis presents a study of several approaches related to performance and NFR evaluation within mobile systems. Among these approaches is the use of benchmark applications. Currently available benchmarks are generic, usually focused on the execution platform and do not always establish a consensus on the classification of devices. For a better NFRs assessment and classification of devices based on real application needs, this work proposes a framework for generating application-oriented benchmarks for the early estimation of non-functional requirements in mobile systems. This framework is composed of a configurable test library, a set of metrics and an engine the assembling of the test program. The framework uses aspect-oriented programming to collect the metrics of interest. This approach provides increased modularity and separation of concerns, thus facilitating the improvement of the framework itself, by adding other metrics or testing operations. In order to validate the proposed framework we used five application from the Android Play store. For each application, a specific benchmark is generated and executed in different devices. The results are compared to those of the execution of the actual applications in the same devices. Experimental results are promising, showing that it is possible to create test applications with similar behavior to that of real applications and thus classify devices based on the actual application needs, by analyzing the metrics present in the framework. These metrics can also guide the developer in optimizing her applications or in choosing devices with the best trade-off between cost and performance to run a given application.