Background: South Africa faces an unprecedented problem of rape and violence against women and girls – amongst the highest in the world. While the health and social consequences of sexual assault are detrimental, it is not clear how victims of sexual assault respond to these acts. This study therefore examines the levels of reported sexual assault in South Africa in order to establish the extent of the problem. Methods: This study is a secondary data analysis of the 2011 and 2012 Victims of Crime Survey (VOCS) that was conducted by Statistics South Africa. The outcome variable of this study is post-assault behaviour namely, reporting to the police, other reporting to traditional leaders and Chiefs’ as well as seeking medical attention. This variable is then re-categorised into: no-behaviour, one or more behaviours. Descriptive statistics of the study population, the Goodman Lambda test of predictability that provided a predictive association in terms of percentages between the outcome variable and the selected predictor variables, and multivariate analysis using the Multinomial Logistic Regression producing odds ratios to examine whether an association was present or not were used. Results: According to the current study, the rate of sexual assault for 2011 was 11 women per 1000 women aged 15 years and older compared to 5 women per 1000 women aged 15 years and older in 2012. Associations were found between location of a sexual assault and relationship to perpetrator with whether or not a victim engaged in any post-assault behaviour. Interestingly, race, age, income and province were not found to be significantly associated with whether a victim engaged in any post-assault behaviour. The study found that there is an association between the location of an assault as well as the province the victim originates from and the likelihood that a victim will choose to engage in post-assault services at their disposal. Both province and location of an assault were found to be significantly associated with post-assault behaviours at a multivariate level. Conclusion: The current study has found that the majority of victims (64.96%) did not engage in any post-assault behaviour. Other research has examined why this may be the case and found that the fear of being re-victimized by healthcare workers and the criminal justice system, as well as discriminated against by their communities may be important factors associated with reporting a sexual assault. It is therefore recommended that policy makers re-evaluate how to best promote the reporting of a sexual assault through educating women about the health benefits associated with the services, such as treatment for sexually transmitted illnesses including HIV/AIDS as well as provide medical services to treat victims’ possible post-traumatic disorders, stress and anxiety. Educating and training both police officials as well as healthcare workers on how to treat victims of sexual assault may indeed go a long way in promoting victims to report and seek assistance after an incident.

William Shakespeare and Margaret Cavendish each published plays and poems focusing on the precarious implications and cultural enactments of female chastity in their time. Their lives and writing careers bookend a time when chastity's place in English politics, religion, and social life was perceived as crucial for women while also being challenged and radically redefined. This paper engages in period-specific definitions of virginity and chastity, and with modern scholarship on the same, to explore the historicity of chastity and how representations of self-enforced chastity create opportunities for female political power in certain fiction contexts. Through a comparison of the female protagonists of Measure for Measure and Assaulted and Pursued Chastity—Isabella and Travellia—I argue that both characters are able to assert and gain practical forms of power within their respective systems of government, and not just in spiritual or economic spheres.

Submitted by Neusa Fagundes (neusa.fagundes@unioeste.br) on 2018-08-16T14:18:45Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Aline_Fantinel2018.pdf: 2909145 bytes, checksum: 23959ab9961cffee8b468dbec47bdb92 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T14:18:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Aline_Fantinel2018.pdf: 2909145 bytes, checksum: 23959ab9961cffee8b468dbec47bdb92 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The physical, psychological and/or sexual violence against women is an old problem that still persists in your society. To fight this reality, there are national and international projects and organizations that combat the gender violence and aim to support the women who were victims of aggressions. One example is the northamerican case of Project Unbreakable, whic aims to raise awareness on issues that involve sexual violence, domestic violence and child abuse. This initiative publishes photographs in social networks where women appear holding signs with transcriptions of what they have heard from their assaulters during the abusive moment. The agressors’ speeches reproduced by the assaulted and which are present in the photographs of the project constitute the archive of this research, whose guiding wire seeks to know what the assaulter reveals about himself and about the society upon enunciating what he enunciates to the assaulted. Within the theoritical field of the French Discourse Analysis, this research aims to comprihend the effects of meaning that these discourses produce, as well as to unveil the voices that cross them. To do so, ten discoursive sequences extracted from the selected photographs to compose the corpus, will be analyzed. For this analytical reflection, the theoretical and methodological basis of the AD will be used, and, because it is intended to explore the superposition of voices, the notion of poliphony postuled by Bakhtin (2010) and Ducrot (1987) and Authier-Revuz’s (1990) notion of enuntiative heterogeneity will also be used. These authors were chosen because they scan the path of the discourses in which the manifestation of different voices occurs. However, as these theories are external to the theoritical feild of AD, the research highlights the points were they approach and face each other, so that it is possible to outline a theory of voices that is consonant with the assumptions of AD. From this moviment of theoritical and analytical confront, the research seeks to demonstrate that the voices present in discourses are ideological and, because of that, they are supportes by ideological and discoursive formations which determine the subjects of discourse, revealing the overdetermination and the dominance of an ideological voice that lowers ans objectifies the women, where as it empowers the men, allowing him to abuse and blame his victim. / A violência física, psicológica e/ou sexual contra a mulher é uma problemática antiga que ainda persiste na sociedade. Frente a essa realidade, existem projetos e organizações nacionais e internacionais que lutam contra a violência de gênero e visam a apoiar as mulheres que foram vítimas de agressões. Um exemplo é o caso estadunidense Project Unbreakable, que objetiva aumentar a consciência a respeito de questões que envolvem violência sexual, violência doméstica e abuso infantil. Esta iniciativa se vale da publicação de fotografias, em redes sociais, em que aparecem mulheres segurando cartazes com a transcrição do que ouviram de seus agressores no momento abusivo. Os discursos dos agressores reproduzidos pelas agredidas e que estão presentes nas fotografias do projeto se constituem no arquivo desta pesquisa, cujo fio norteador se refere a saber o que o agressor revela de si e da sociedade ao enunciar o que enuncia para a agredida. Inscrita no campo teórico da Análise do Discurso francesa (AD), esta pesquisa objetiva compreender os efeitos de sentidos que são produzidos por estes discursos, bem como desvelar as vozes que os atravessam. Neste sentido, serão analisadas dez sequências discursivas (SDs) extraídas das fotografias selecionadas para compor o corpus. Para esta reflexão analítica, busca-se amparo no arcabouço teórico-metodológico da AD e, também, como se pretende tratar da superposição de vozes, na noção de polifonia postulada por Bakhtin (2010) e por Ducrot (1987) e na noção de heterogeneidade enunciativa de Authier-Revuz (1990). Evoca-se estes autores, porque eles perscrutaram o caminho trilhado pelos discursos em que ocorre a manifestação de diferentes vozes. No entanto, como estas teorias são exteriores ao campo teórico da AD, sinalizam-se os pontos em elas que se aproximam e se defrontam, para esboçar uma teoria de vozes que esteja em consonância com os pressupostos da AD. A partir deste movimento de batimento teórico e analítico, busca-se demonstrar que as vozes presentes nos discursos são ideológicas e, por isso, são sustentadas por formações ideológicas e discursivas que determinam os sujeitos do discurso, revelando a sobredeterminação e a dominância de uma voz ideológica que inferioriza e objetifica a mulher, ao passo que empodera o homem, permitindo que possa abusar e culpabilizar sua vítima.