Interest in, and rates of, wetland restoration have increased over the past several decades. However, despite proliferations of restored wetlands across the landscape, the structural and functional restoration success of these systems is unclear. Thus, understanding factors and processes that influence wetland characteristics is of considerable interest. This study focuses on herbaceous wetlands in the Mississippi River Alluvial Valley (MAV), a largely agricultural region interspersed with restored and naturally occurring wetlands. Chapter I is an introduction and provides a background to wetlands, wetland ecology, and the current state of wetland restoration in the United States. Chapter II focuses on factors which affect seedling density and similarities between standing vegetation, germinated seedlings, and early successional stage assemblages. Seedling density was heavily influenced by hydrology while richness and diversity were similar between restored and non-managed wetlands. Landscape-level factors affected seedling density, while germinated seedlings did not reflect standing vegetation in MAV wetlands. In Chapter III, I examine the impact of agricultural stressors on wetland plant assemblage development. Resulting assemblages showed strong fidelity to wetland soil site of origin while richness and diversity were negatively affected by elevated stressor levels. In Chapter IV, I compare characteristics between non-managed and restored wetlands in the MAV. These wetlands differed hydrologically, had different levels of soil organic matter, were dissimilar in plant assemblage composition, and varied by surrounding land use/cover. Finally, Chapter V is a discussion of the results and places this work within a larger context.

Quantifying the impacts of restoration on coastal waterways is crucial to understanding their effectiveness. Here, I look at the impacts of multiple restoration projects on urban waterways within the city limits of New Orleans, LA, with an emphasis on the response of fishes. First I report the effects of two projects designed to improve exchange down estuary on the hydrologic characteristics of Bayou St. John (BSJ). Within BSJ, flow is dominated by subtidal wind driven processes. Removal of an outdated flood control structure did not appear to alter exchange in BSJ, but removal combined with sector gate openings did. I also refined a three dimensional hydrodynamic model of this system to have accurate predictions of velocity and elevation. Temperature and salinity were difficult to constrain with this model. Solutions of this model were used to compare flow metrics, along with linearly interpolated temperature, and other variables to Red Drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) activity and movement patterns. Relationships between Red Drum activity and velocity suggested a response to subtidal, wind driven flow. Overall, high Sedentariness, a measure of inactivity, was found suggesting high levels of site fidelity. Higher mean Sedentariness during the night was also found. I also used a pseudo-BACI design to analyze the fish assemblage response to removal of an outdated flood control structure and the impacts of sector gate openings on fish guild species richness in BSJ. Limited differences were found when comparing fish assemblages before and after removal, but these differences were likely due to a decrease in salinity not restoration efforts. No significant differences in Freshwater or Estuarine fish guild species richness was observed for any of the control or impact sites. Marine fish species richness was found to be higher immediately following sector gate openings at the site closest to the structure, suggesting an initial pulse of young marine organisms is provided via these events. The findings here can be used to optimize management of exchange flow in coastal impounded waterways.

L'étude de la biodiversité passée, de sa dynamique et des paramètres déterminant son évolution, est un préalable nécessaire à la compréhension de l’érosion de la biodiversité actuelle. En étudiant les conditions environnementales et historiques associées aux assemblages taxinomiques, il est possible d'inférer les liens dynamiques qui unissent les variations de l'environnement et de la biodiversité. Pour cela, un Système d'Information Géographique (SIG) a été développé à partir des compilations du registre fossile des mammifères terrestres cénozoïques d'Amérique du Nord publiées par Janis et al. (1998, 2008). Ce registre, s'étendant de la crise Crétacé/Paléogène (66 Ma) au Pléistocène inférieur (�1,8 Ma) et couvrant les territoires actuels des Etats-Unis, du Canada et du Mexique, est l'un des registres fossiles les mieux connus et les plus complets au monde. Sur la base de ces données d'occurrences géoréférencées, il devient possible de caractériser les patrons de distributions et d'observer les fluctuations temporelles et spatiales de plusieurs dimensions de la biodiversité (diversité taxinomique, disparité, diversité fonctionnelle, diversité phylogénétique.). L'observation de ces variations spatio-temporelles de biodiversité peut être réalisée à différentes échelles (locale à continentale) et pour différents types d'assemblages écologiques ou taxinomiques (communautés, métacommunautés, guildes trophiques, groupes de taille, espèces, genres, familles.), permettant en retour de tester différentes hypothèses à l'interface entre macroévolution et macroécologie. Ainsi, deux axes de recherche principaux ont pu être développés dans le cadre de ce travail. Le premier s'enracine dans une problématique centrale en macroévolution : l'impact de l'organisation chronologique des informations paléontologiques dans un système biozonal discret sur la reconstruction de séries temporelles de diversité et de taux d'évolution (apparitions et extinctions). A partir de simulations, l'effet de la discrétisation temporelle est estimé en fonction du registre fossile étudié ; un algorithme est développé afin d'en corriger les distorsions. Le second axe de recherche s'enracine dans une problématique centrale en macroécologie : comment caractériser a posteriori, sur la base de données d’occurrences taxinomiques échantillonnées au sein d'assemblages, la part relative des processus d'assemblage par la niche et par la dispersion dans la construction et le maintien de communautés et métacommunautés ? Afin de répondre à cette question, un nouvel outil analytique appelé « PER-SIMPER » est développé à partir de la méthode SIMPER (Clarke 1993). Dans un premier temps, la précision et la consistance de cette nouvelle méthode sont évaluées à l'aide de simulations basées sur des automates cellulaires. Dans un second temps, l'analyse PER-SIMPER de l'ensemble des biozones enregistrées au sein du SIG est réalisée ; les résultats obtenus sont discutés au regard des changements climatiques et environnementaux associés à l’histoire évolutive des mammifères cénozoïques nord-américains. Finalement, les résultats obtenus permettent d’identifier différentes perspectives de recherche à court, moyen et long termes, tant sur leplan analytique que méthodologique / The study of past biodiversity, its evolutionary dynamics and related control parameters is a fundamental prerequisite for understanding the ongoing global biodiversity loss. Considering the environmental and historical conditions related to taxonomical assemblages, the dynamic links associating environmental changes and biodiversity can be inferred. To achieve this, a Geographic Information System (GIS) has been developed based on Janis et al.'s (1998, 2008) compilations of the north-American Cenozoic mammal fos- sil record. Ranging from the Cretaceous/Paleogene crisis (66 Ma) to the early Pleistocene (�1.8 Ma), this fossil record covers extant United States, Canada, and Mexico territories; it is one of the best known and most complete fossil record in the World. Based on these georeferenced data of fossil occurrences, it be- comes possible to characterize distribution patterns and to observe spatial and temporal variations of sev- eral aspects of biodiversity (taxonomical diversity, disparity, functional diversity, phylogenetic diversity.). The observation of spatial and temporal variations of biodiversity can be achieved at various geographical scales (local to continental) and for different types of ecological or taxonomical assemblages (communi- ties, metacommunities, trophic guilds, size groups, species, genera, families.); in turn, these observations make possible testing various hypotheses at the interface between macroevolution and macroecology. In this way, two main research axes have been developed in this work. The first research axis roots into a central issue of macroevolutionary studies: the impact of the chronological organization of paleontologi- cal data within a discrete biozonation on the reconstruction of biodiversity and evolutionary rate (origina- tion and extinction) time series. Based on simulations, the effect of time discretization is investigated; an algorithm is developed in order to correct the distorting effect induced by the time discretization process. The second research axis developed in this work roots into a central macroecological question: based on taxonomical occurrence data sampled within assemblages, how to characterize the relative contribution of niche- and dispersal-assembly processes in the building and conservation of communities and meta- communities? Building on Clarke's (1993) SIMPER method, a new analytical tool called "PER-SIMPER" has been developed in order to answer this question. First, the accuracy and consistency of this new method is evaluated through cellular automaton-like simulations. Then, the PER-SIMPER analysis of all biozones recorded within the GIS is achieved, and results are discussed with respect to the climate and environmen- tal changes related to the evolutionary history of north-American Cenozoic mammals. Finally, the results obtained from both research axes allow the identification of several short, middle and long-term analytical as well as methodological research perspectives