The phrase "opportunities to learn" (OTL) is most commonly interpreted in institutional, or inter-individual, terms but it can also be viewed as a cognitive, or intra-individual, phenomenon. How student learning heterogeneity (LH) - learning differences manifested when children's understanding is later assessed - is understood varies by OTL interpretation. In this study, I argue that the cognitive underpinning of learning disability, learning difficulty, typical achievement, and gifted achievement in mathematics is not well understood in part because of the ambiguity of LH assumptions in previous studies. Data from 104,315 Ontario students who had responded to provincially-mandated mathematics tests in grades 3, 6, and 9 dataset were analyzed using latent trait analysis (LTM) and latent class analysis (LCA). The tests were constructed to distinguish four achievement levels per grade and, either five curriculum strands (grades 3 and 6), three strands (grade 9 applied) or four strands (grade 9 academic). Best-fitting LTM models reflected 3- or 4-factors (grade 9 applied and grades 3, 6, 9 academic, respectively). Best-fitting LCA solutions reflected 4- or 5-classes (grade 3, 6 and grade 9 applied, academic, respectively). There were differences in relative proportions of students who were distributed across levels and classes. Moreover, grade 9 models were more complex than the reported four achievement levels. To explore intrinsic modeled results further, latent factors were plotted against latent classes. Implications of institutional versus cognitive interpretations are discussed.

The phrase "opportunities to learn" (OTL) is most commonly interpreted in institutional, or inter-individual, terms but it can also be viewed as a cognitive, or intra-individual, phenomenon. How student learning heterogeneity (LH) - learning differences manifested when children's understanding is later assessed - is understood varies by OTL interpretation. In this study, I argue that the cognitive underpinning of learning disability, learning difficulty, typical achievement, and gifted achievement in mathematics is not well understood in part because of the ambiguity of LH assumptions in previous studies. Data from 104,315 Ontario students who had responded to provincially-mandated mathematics tests in grades 3, 6, and 9 dataset were analyzed using latent trait analysis (LTM) and latent class analysis (LCA). The tests were constructed to distinguish four achievement levels per grade and, either five curriculum strands (grades 3 and 6), three strands (grade 9 applied) or four strands (grade 9 academic). Best-fitting LTM models reflected 3- or 4-factors (grade 9 applied and grades 3, 6, 9 academic, respectively). Best-fitting LCA solutions reflected 4- or 5-classes (grade 3, 6 and grade 9 applied, academic, respectively). There were differences in relative proportions of students who were distributed across levels and classes. Moreover, grade 9 models were more complex than the reported four achievement levels. To explore intrinsic modeled results further, latent factors were plotted against latent classes. Implications of institutional versus cognitive interpretations are discussed.

This dissertation focuses on the economic and environmental benefits of planting switchgrass as a bioenergy feedstock. The first chapter presents a dynamic optimization model of fertilizer and land allocation between switchgrass and corn to estimate economic benefits. Subsequent chapters utilize Geographic Information System (GIS)-based Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) to be calibrated to evaluate the environmental (nutrient and sediment loading) effects of land use conversion to switchgrass production on water quality and analyze the Water Quality Trading (WQT) program with cost-effectiveness ratios ordered for abatements of nutrient loadings in an East Tennessee watershed.

Το θέμα της παρούσας διπλωματικής είναι η αντικεραυνική προστασία σε κατασκευές που περιέχουν φωτοβολταϊκές διατάξεις και η λήψη κατάλληλων μέτρων προστασίας ώστε το πλήγμα ενός κεραυνού να μην προκαλέσει ανθρώπινες ή οικονομικές και υλικές απώλειες. Στα πλαίσια αυτής της διπλωματικής εργασίας αναπτύχθηκε μια εφαρμογή υπολογισμού του κινδύνου μιας κατασκευής. Το περιβάλλον του προγράμματος είναι κατανοητό από τον χρήστη και απαλλαγμένο όσο κατέστη δυνατό από ανάγκη εισαγωγής αριθμητικών παραμέτρων που αφορούν σε τεχνικά χαρακτηριστικά. Το πρόγραμμα δίνει την δυνατότητα επιλογής στον χρήστη γενικών αλλά και ειδικών χαρακτηριστικών της κατασκευής και του συστήματος αντικεραυνικής προστασίας και εκτελεί πράξεις για τον υπολογισμό του κινδύνου με αντιστοίχιση των χαρακτηριστικών αυτών με αριθμητικές τιμές σύμφωνα με το πρότυπο IEC 62305. Το πρώτο μέρος αποτελείται από μια απαραίτητη θεωρητική μελέτη και ορισμένες γενικές πληροφορίες για το φαινόμενο του κεραυνού. Στο δεύτερο μέρος αναλύονται τα χαρακτηριστικά και οι προδιαγραφές που οφείλει να καλύπτει ένα σύστημα αντικεραυνικής προστασίας σύμφωνα με το πρότυπο IEC 62305-2 του οργανισμού IEC. Γίνεται ανάλυση όλων των παραγόντων που συντελούν στον υπολογισμό του κινδύνου , το πώς τα τεχνικά χαρακτηριστικά ενός συστήματος αντικεραυνικής προστασίας επηρεάζουν τους παράγοντες αυτούς καθώς και μια βήμα προς βήμα μέθοδος για τον υπολογισμό του κινδύνου. Με την ολοκλήρωση της μελέτης και την ανάλυση αυτή δίνονται τα αποτελέσματα περί επάρκειας ή μη του συστήματος αντικεραυνικής προστασίας . Σε περίπτωση αρνητικού πορίσματος ο εξοικειωμένος με το πρότυπο IEC 62305 χρήστης καλείται να μεταβάλει παραμέτρους του συστήματος αντικεραυνικής προστασίας και να προσθέσει νέα μέτρα προστασίας για την μείωση του κινδύνου σε ανεκτά επίπεδα. Για την λήψη μέτρων προστασίας προσφέρεται κατάλληλος αλγόριθμος ώστε να υπάρχει αποτελεσματική εφαρμογή τους και ικανοποιητική μείωση του κινδύνου. Το τρίτο μέρος περιλαμβάνει μια αναλυτική παρουσίαση του προγράμματος με οδηγίες χρήσης και εξήγηση των βασικών λειτουργιών του. Στο μέρος αυτό ο χρήστης μπορεί να βρει αναλυτικές πληροφορίες για κάθε μεταβαλλόμενη παράμετρο που υπάρχει στις σελίδες εισαγωγής στοιχείων. Αφού ολοκληρωθεί η παρουσίαση του προγράμματος και όλων των σελίδων που αυτό περιέχει ακολουθεί ένα αναλυτικό παράδειγμα χρήσης του και σύγκριση των αποτελεσμάτων του με μια θεωρητική μελέτη για μια ρεαλιστική κατασκευή που περιέχει διατάξεις φωτοβολταϊκών στην οροφή. / The subject of this project is the protection against lightning in constructions that contain photovoltaic systems and also taking the necessary ways of protection, in order for the blow of lightning not to cause human or economical and material losses. Within this project ,an application which calculates the danger of one construction ,in an environment has developed. The environment of the program is understandable of its user and free as far as possible of need for introduction of arithmetical parameters that concern technical characteristics. The program gives the user the opportunity to choose among general and specific characteristics of the construction and the lightning protection system and also performs calculations in order to calculate the danger by matching these characteristics with arithmetical prices according to the standard IEC 62305. The first part is consisted of a necessary theoretical study and some general information about the lightning phenomenon. In the second part, the characteristics and the standards that a lightning protection system should cover according to the standard IEC 62305-2 of the organization IEC, are being analyzed. There is an analysis of all the factors that are contracting to the calculation of danger , about how the technical characteristics of a lightning system affect those factors and also , one step by step method in order to calculate danger. With the completion of the study and this analysis , the results about the adequacy or not of the lightning system . In the situation of a negative result , the familiar with the standard IEC 62305 user ,has the opportunity to change the lightning system’s parameters and to add new protection measures in order to decrease the danger in tolerable levels. When it comes to take protection measures, the most suitable algorithm is being offered in order to attain an effective application of them and a satisfying decrease of danger. The third part ,contains a detailed feature of the program with use instructions and explanation of its basic operations. In this part, the user can find detailed information about each and every one changing parameter that exists in the pages that data have been introduced. When the feature of the program and all of its contained pages will come to the end , then it comes a detailed example of its use and comparison of its results by one theoretical study referring to a realistic construction that contains photovoltaic systems in its roof.

Orientador: Regiane Helena Bertagna / Resumo: O tema da avaliação educacional tem sido um campo de disputa por diferentes setores da sociedade e tem assumido uma centralidade cada vez maior nas decisões e encaminhamentos das políticas públicas. Ao nível da aprendizagem, a consolidação de uma perspectiva alternativa àquelas ditas tradicionais, marcadas pelo uso de provas e notas para fins de classificação, ainda configura-se como um desafio seja na escola ou na Universidade nos cursos de formação de professores e de bacharéis. Este estudo buscou compreender, a partir da ótica discente, a avaliação da aprendizagem no ensino superior tendo como locus o Curso de Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Campus de UNESP Rio Claro. Desenvolveu-se uma pesquisa de abordagem qualitativa, utilizando da análise de conteúdo em questionários e entrevistas realizados com alunos desse curso, e da análise documental nos Planos de Ensino de disciplinas desse curso, no Projeto Político Pedagógico (PPP) e documentos oficiais que organizam essa Universidade. A análise dos dados indicou que a “nota” ainda é um dos elementos centrais da avaliação na vida universitária discente e o comportamento do aluno influencia diretamente a produção dessa nota, entretanto, essa “nota” nem sempre é representativa de aprendizado. Ainda, a concepção de ensino revelada pela prática avaliativa tem sido predominantemente a tradicional, resguardando também um viés positivista sobre a concepção de conhecimento. Outro aspecto a ser notado é a carência de qualquer perspect... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The theme of assessment educational has been disputed by many sectors of society and assumed an increasing centrality in the decisions of public policy. At the dimension of learning, the setting of an alternative perspective against the traditional ones, which was marked by the use of tests and mark for classification purposes its a challenge in regular school system or in undergraduate. This study sought to understand, from the student point of view, the assesment of learning in undergraduate education having as a locus the Undergraduate Course in Biological Sciences on Campus of Rio Claro. A qualitative research was developed using analysis content in questionnaires and interviews with students, and documental analysis of the Teaching Plans of this course, the Political Educational Project (PEP) and official documents about this University. The research analysis indicated that the mark is still one of the central elements of the assesment in the university's student life, and its behavior influences the production of this mark, however, this mark does not always means learning. The conception of teaching revealed by the assesment practice has been predominantly the traditional one, also guarding a positivist conception of knowledge. Another aspect was the lack of any perspective of teaching, learning and assesment in the PEP, which makes it difficult to develop collaborative and collective spaces for reflective and formative purposes. It is worth noting that the path desire... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Tintas antifoulings são utilizadas para evitar a incrustação de organismos em estruturas submersas, especialmente casco de embarcações. Os compostos organoestânicos (OTs), utilizados nessas tintas, entre eles o tributilestanho, são desreguladores endócrinos e causaram diversos danos aos ecossistemas marinhos. No caso dos moluscos gastrópodes, esse tipo de poluição faz com que as fêmeas adquiram características masculinas, como vaso deferente e pênis, fenômeno esse conhecido como imposex. A Organização Marítima Internacional (IMO) estabeleceu o banimento de tintas à base de COEs nas embarcações, em 2008. No Brasil, a NORMAM 23, proibiu o uso em 2007, contudo a Marinha já havia suspendido seu uso desde 2003. Entretanto, efeitos deletérios destes compostos ainda são detectados em vários países, inclusive ao longo do litoral brasileiro. Esse trabalho teve como objetivo principal fazer uma avaliação temporal (1997-2012) da poluição por organestânicos na costa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro utilizando como bioindicador a espécie Stramonita haemastoma. A área de estudo abrangeu cinco regiões: Paraty, Ilha Grande, Baia de Ilha Grande, Baia de Guanabara e Arraial do Cabo. Análises químicas de butilestânicos foram feitas em sedimentos superficiais de mangues de Paraty (Mangue do Estaleiro e mangue do Saco do Mamanguá) e Ilha Grande (Mangue do Aventureiro) sendo os dois últimos considerados áreas de referência. Em cada estação de biomonitoramento foram coletados 30 indivíduos sexualmente adultos da espécie S. haemastoma, através de mergulho livre em apnéia e analisados através do método não destrutivo proposto por nosso grupo de pesquisa. Em todas as cinco áreas analisadas ao longo da costa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro foram registradas estações com altos índices de imposex. Apesar de muitas estações apresentarem diminuição nos índices, na maioria ocorreu um aumento ou conservação alta na porcentagem de imposex depois do banimento. As concentrações médias de butilestânicos no mangue (S1), perto de fontes locais, foram 205,7 16,8 ng (Sn) g-1 de TBT, 16,4 1,3 ng (Sn) g-1 de DBT e 10,0 2,9 ng (Sn) g-1 de MBT. Nas áreas de referência: mangue do Saco do Mamanguá (S2) foram 16,0 0,8 ng (Sn) g-1 de TBT, 10,1 1,4 ng (Sn) g-1 de DBT e 10,1 2,2 ng (Sn) g-1 de MBT e mangue do Aventureiro (S3) com 18,1 4,2 ng (Sn) g-1 de TBT, 15,3 0,5 ng (Sn) g-1 de DBT e 10,2 1,5 ng (Sn). g-1 de MBT. As taxas de degradação foram de 01, 1,3 e 1,4 respectivamente indicando inputs recentes desses compostos. Os resultados deste estudo indicam que carbono orgânico dissolvido e particulado, bem como xenoestrógenos podem estar interferindo no desenvolvimento da síndrome, levando a subestimação de avaliação do imposex. As concentrações de butilestânicos, além do aumento ou continuidade alta na incidência de imposex após o banimento na maioria das estações indicam que, apesar da proibição do uso do TBT em tintas antiiincrustantes no Brasil, elas ainda estão sendo utilizadas de forma ilegal, especialmente em pequenos barcos. Esse estudo é fundamental para se propor medidas de mitigação e controle dos compostos organoestânicos, até mesmo dos novos antifoulings TBT- free, que também possuem efeitos prejudiciais ao ambiente. Além disso, as áreas onde se registrou altos índices de imposex serão essenciais para o monitoramento dos efeitos desses novos antifoulings. / Antifoulings paints are used to prevent of fouling organisms on underwater structures, especially hull vessels. Organotin compounds (OTs) used in these paints, including tributyltin, are endocrine disrupters and caused damage to various ecosystems. In the case of the gastropod mollusks, such pollution causes females acquire male characteristics, such as penis and vas deferens, a phenomenon known as imposex. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) established a ban on OTs-based paints on ships, in 2008. In Brazil, the NORMAN 23, prohibited the use in 2007, but the Navy had suspended its use since 2003. However, deleterious effects of these compounds are still detected in several countries, including along the Brazilian coast. This work aimed to make a temporal time series assessment (1997-2012) of organotins pollution on the coast of Rio de Janeiro State using as bioindicator the species Stramonita haemastoma. The study area included five regions: Paraty, Ilha Grande, Ilha Grande Bay, Guanabara Bay and Arraial do Cabo. In each biomonitoring station were collected 30 sexually mature individuals of the specie S. haemastoma through free diving in apnea and analyzed using the non-destructive method proposed by Fernandez et al, (2007). Butyltin chemical analyzes were made in surface sediments of mangroves of Paraty (Mangrove close to the sources and Saco do Mamanguá mangrove) and Ilha Grande (Aventureiro mangrove) the last two being considered the reference areas. In all five areas studied along the coast of the State of Rio de Janeiro were recorded stations with high levels of imposex. Although many stations present a decrease in rates, in most there was an increase or maintenance in the high percentage of imposex after the ban. The average concentrations of the mangrove butyltin (S1), close to local sources, were 205.7 16.8 ng (Sn) of TBT g-1, 16.4 1.3 ng (Sn) g -1 of DBT and 10.0 2.9 ng (Sn) g-1 MBT. In the areas of reference: the Saco do Mamanguá mangrove (S2) were 16.0 0.8 ng (Sn) g -1 of TBT, 10.1 1.4 ng (Sn) g -1 of DBT and 10, 1 2.2 ng (Sn) g-1 of MBT and Aventureiro mangrove (S3) with 18.1 4.2 ng (Sn) of TBT g-1, 15.3 0.5 ng (Sn)g-1 DBT and 10.2 1.5 ng (Sn). g-1 MBT. The degradation rates were 0,1, 1,3 and 1,4 respectively indicating recent inputs of these compounds. The results of this study indicate that dissolved and particulate organic carbon and xenoestrogens may be interfering with the development of the syndrome, leading to underestimation of assessment of imposex. Butyltins concentrations and increased or high continued incidence of imposex after the ban on most stations show that despite the ban on the use of TBT in antifouling paints in Brazil, they are still being used illegally, especially in small boats. This study is essential to propose measures to mitigate and control of organotin compounds, even the new TBT-free antifoulings, which also have negative environmental effect. This is because the areas where high levels of imposex recorded wil be the more critical for monitoring the effects of these new antifoulings.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:35:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-03-26Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:24:40Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 spagnuolo_rs_dr_botfm.pdf: 2074916 bytes, checksum: 51d9f6a83d9e6f1514b7aa6b0707dc58 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Ministério da Saúde / O presente estudo teve como objetivos compreender o processo de trabalho dos membros da equipe multiprofissional da ESF segundo a perspectiva dos mesmos, propor modelos teóricos representativos de cada experiência e elaborar uma metassíntese a partir dos modelos teóricos emersos das experiências, resultando em um metamodelo. Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo orientado pela Teoria Fundamentada nos Dados, denominada internacionalmente por Grounded Theory e pelo Metaestudo como referenciais metodológicos, tendo como referencial teórico a Teoria da Complexidade. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevista não diretiva, gravada e transcrita na íntegra, com 54 profissionais de saúde, membros da equipe multiprofissional da ESF, composta por Médicos, Enfermeiros, Cirurgiões Dentistas, Auxiliares de Cirurgião Dentista, Auxiliares de Enfermagem e Agentes Comunitários de Saúde, de um município do interior paulista, no período entre fevereiro e março de 2008. Da análise das experiências dos grupos amostrais, emergiram seis categorias centrais, respectivamente, a saber: entre o declínio e o fortalecimento do vínculo médico-ESF: a reciprocidade médico-equipe-comunidade como componente interveniente na resignificação da práxis; do entusiasmo à desmotivação: o apoio da gestão municipal na materialização da consulta de enfermagem como instrumento da visibilidade do enfermeiro; do ideal a materialização da assistência odontológica preventiva junto a ESF; do consultório para a ESF: conquistando reconhecimento social e resignificando a vida ao vivenciar na práxis a promoção e prevenção da saúde bucal materno-infantil; do ideal à ilusão: a dimensão político-administrativa do gestor municipal como componente interveniente na consecução da ESF; do sonho à frustração com a ESF: a reciprocidade ACS - comunidade como componente interveniente... / This study aimed at understanding the work process of an ESF multiprofessional team members according to their own perspectives, at proposing representative theoretical models for each experience and at performing a meta-synthesis based on the theoretical models emerging from the experiences, thus resulting in a meta-model. It is a qualitative study guided by the Grounded Theory and by the Meta-Study as methodological frameworks, and based on the Complexity Theory as a theoretical framework. The data were collected by means of non-directive interviews with 54 health care professionals who were members of the ESF multiprofessional team, comprising Physicians, Nurses, Dentists, Dental Auxiliaries, Nursing Auxiliaries and Community Health Agents in a city in inner São Paulo state. The interviews, performed from February to March 2008, were taped and fully transcribed. Six core categories emerged from the analysis of the experiences reported by the sampled groups, namely: between the decline and the strengthening of the physician-ESF tie: the physician-team-community reciprocity as an intervenient component in praxis re-signification; from enthusiasm to discouragement: the support from municipal management in the materialization of nursing consultation as an instrument of nurses’ visibility; from the ideal to the materialization of preventive dental care in the ESF; from the medical office to the ESF: achieving social acknowledgment and re-signifying life when experiencing child and maternal oral- health promotion in practice; from the ideal to illusion: the political and administrative dimension of the municipal manager as an intervenient component in ESF consecution; from dream to frustration about the ESF: the ACS-community reciprocity as an intervenient component. From the meta-synthesis of these models there emerged a representative metamodel for the ESF team’s work experience... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-02-23Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:35:24Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 luciano_es_me_bauru.pdf: 769426 bytes, checksum: ab8e48b2e61526d706765a3263da5d66 (MD5) / Vários estudos publicados (IWATTA et al., 2000; MYERS e HOLLAND, 2009; ALMEIDA, 2009; CERQUEIRA, 2009; TAVARES, 2009) demonstram a importância e a possibilidade do ensino de repertórios de análise de contingências para professores, a saber, de repertórios definidos pela execução de interpretações funcionais de interações em sala de aula. Este estudo teve por objetivo o ensino de tais repertórios compreendendo a identificação de respostas que definem queixas escolares, das condições antecedentes e de eventos subsequentes a tais respostas. Participaram deste estudo duas licenciadas em Pedagogia que atuavam como estagiárias no Ensino Fundamental e contratadas por uma Diretoria Municipal de Educação. Foram utilizados protocolos preenchidos por professores da rede municipal. Primeiramente, tais protocolos de alunos dos anos iniciais são encaminhados para o Serviço de Psicologia da referida Diretoria de Educação. O preenchimento foi efetuado antes da realização desta pesquisa, por professoras efetivas da rede municipal dos anos iniciais do Ensino Fundamental. A coleta de dados foi realizada em uma única sessão, na escola em quie as graduandas cumpriam período do estágio. Foram selecionados nove protocolos de encaminhamento para os quais foram construídos modelos de interpretação funcional mediante identificação da resposta (queixa) e dos possíveis eventos antecedentes e subsequentes a tais respostas para cada protocolo. Também foram elaborados dois questionários que indagavam sobre dimensões dos protocolos já preenchidos. o procedimento foi composto por quatro fases. Na fase 1 ocorreu a caracterização inicial de repertórios verbais das participantes na descrição dos Protocolos 1 e 2. Na fase 2, as participantes foram expostas aos modelos de interpretação funcional para os dois protocolos da fase anterior. na Fase 3 foi utilizado um procemento... / Many published essays IWATTA et al., 2000; MYERS e HOLLAND, 2009; ALMEIDA, 2009; CERQUEIRA, 2009; TAVARES, 2009) show the importance and possibilities on teaching contingency analyses repertoires to teachers, which is definite by doing functional interaction interpretations on classroom. This essays aimed to teach those repertoires with proposal identification on school complains about early conditions and subsequent responsible events. Two Education trainnes attended to it, they worked on Elementary school of an educational discrict Directory. It was used formularies, which was fulfilled by the teachers, about their students. First, those formularies were sent to Psychology center and their fulfilling was done by elementary school oficial teachers, before this research was made. This information was taken in one section at school in which trainees work. Nine formularies were selected, which were made functional interpretations, by identifying complain responses and their possible early and late events. Two questionnaires about the questions reach were also made. The procedures were formed by fours sections. The first one, was the initial identifying of participants' vocabulary repertoires to describe formularies 1 and 2. On the second stage, it was given the previous formularies to the participations. on the third stage, it was made a fading out procedure, in order to set grade describing patterns to formularies 3,4, 5 and 6. On fourth stage, a functional emergency words evaluation was made, about possible functional relationship with formularies 7,8 and 9. on the first stage, it was realized that participant analyzed teachers' answers on formularies in ana unexpected way from functional interpretation. The results of fourth stage, in which participants hit 81,26 and 78% in same order, suggest some relevant possible, instructions on procedures adopted on 2 and 3 stages... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Cirka 800 000 människor världen över avslutade sina liv genom suicid 2014. En psykiatrisk diagnos är en vanligt förekommande bakomliggande orsak. De vanligaste diagnoserna är depression, bipolär sjukdom, post traumatiskt stressyndrom samt substansmissbruk. Tidigare suicidförsök är den enskilt största riskfaktorn för ett fullbordat suicid. Det är komplext att arbeta med suicidnära patienter i öppenvården och det ställs höga krav på specialistkompetens inom psykiatrisk omvårdnad och goda kunskaper kring det suicidpreventiva arbetet. Syftet med studien var att beskriva psykiatrisjuksköterskans erfarenhet av att bedöma suicidrisk på patienter på en vuxenpsykiatriskmottagning. En kvalitativ metod användes med induktiv ansats där fyra intervjuer med  psykiatrisjuksköterskor genomfördes. I resultatet framkom att psykiatrisjuksköterskan dagligen möter och behandlar suicidnära patienter på en öppenvårdsmottagning. Resultatet visade att psykiatrisjuksköterskan trots år av erfarenhet upplevde arbetet med suicidnära patienter som komplext och ansvarsfullt. Det framkom att psykiatrisjuksköterskan arbetade självständigt och stod ofta ensam med att bedöma suicidrisken och vidta åtgärder. Psykiatrisjuksköterskan har en viktig del i det suicidpreventiva arbetet och behöver känna sig trygga och säkra i omvårdnaden kring suicidnära patienter och i att bedöma suicidrisken. Vidare forskning skulle kunna ge fördjupad kunskap om psykiatrisjuksköterskan roll och behov för att ge omvårdnad till suicidnära patienter.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Tintas antifoulings são utilizadas para evitar a incrustação de organismos em estruturas submersas, especialmente casco de embarcações. Os compostos organoestânicos (OTs), utilizados nessas tintas, entre eles o tributilestanho, são desreguladores endócrinos e causaram diversos danos aos ecossistemas marinhos. No caso dos moluscos gastrópodes, esse tipo de poluição faz com que as fêmeas adquiram características masculinas, como vaso deferente e pênis, fenômeno esse conhecido como imposex. A Organização Marítima Internacional (IMO) estabeleceu o banimento de tintas à base de COEs nas embarcações, em 2008. No Brasil, a NORMAM 23, proibiu o uso em 2007, contudo a Marinha já havia suspendido seu uso desde 2003. Entretanto, efeitos deletérios destes compostos ainda são detectados em vários países, inclusive ao longo do litoral brasileiro. Esse trabalho teve como objetivo principal fazer uma avaliação temporal (1997-2012) da poluição por organestânicos na costa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro utilizando como bioindicador a espécie Stramonita haemastoma. A área de estudo abrangeu cinco regiões: Paraty, Ilha Grande, Baia de Ilha Grande, Baia de Guanabara e Arraial do Cabo. Análises químicas de butilestânicos foram feitas em sedimentos superficiais de mangues de Paraty (Mangue do Estaleiro e mangue do Saco do Mamanguá) e Ilha Grande (Mangue do Aventureiro) sendo os dois últimos considerados áreas de referência. Em cada estação de biomonitoramento foram coletados 30 indivíduos sexualmente adultos da espécie S. haemastoma, através de mergulho livre em apnéia e analisados através do método não destrutivo proposto por nosso grupo de pesquisa. Em todas as cinco áreas analisadas ao longo da costa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro foram registradas estações com altos índices de imposex. Apesar de muitas estações apresentarem diminuição nos índices, na maioria ocorreu um aumento ou conservação alta na porcentagem de imposex depois do banimento. As concentrações médias de butilestânicos no mangue (S1), perto de fontes locais, foram 205,7 16,8 ng (Sn) g-1 de TBT, 16,4 1,3 ng (Sn) g-1 de DBT e 10,0 2,9 ng (Sn) g-1 de MBT. Nas áreas de referência: mangue do Saco do Mamanguá (S2) foram 16,0 0,8 ng (Sn) g-1 de TBT, 10,1 1,4 ng (Sn) g-1 de DBT e 10,1 2,2 ng (Sn) g-1 de MBT e mangue do Aventureiro (S3) com 18,1 4,2 ng (Sn) g-1 de TBT, 15,3 0,5 ng (Sn) g-1 de DBT e 10,2 1,5 ng (Sn). g-1 de MBT. As taxas de degradação foram de 01, 1,3 e 1,4 respectivamente indicando inputs recentes desses compostos. Os resultados deste estudo indicam que carbono orgânico dissolvido e particulado, bem como xenoestrógenos podem estar interferindo no desenvolvimento da síndrome, levando a subestimação de avaliação do imposex. As concentrações de butilestânicos, além do aumento ou continuidade alta na incidência de imposex após o banimento na maioria das estações indicam que, apesar da proibição do uso do TBT em tintas antiiincrustantes no Brasil, elas ainda estão sendo utilizadas de forma ilegal, especialmente em pequenos barcos. Esse estudo é fundamental para se propor medidas de mitigação e controle dos compostos organoestânicos, até mesmo dos novos antifoulings TBT- free, que também possuem efeitos prejudiciais ao ambiente. Além disso, as áreas onde se registrou altos índices de imposex serão essenciais para o monitoramento dos efeitos desses novos antifoulings. / Antifoulings paints are used to prevent of fouling organisms on underwater structures, especially hull vessels. Organotin compounds (OTs) used in these paints, including tributyltin, are endocrine disrupters and caused damage to various ecosystems. In the case of the gastropod mollusks, such pollution causes females acquire male characteristics, such as penis and vas deferens, a phenomenon known as imposex. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) established a ban on OTs-based paints on ships, in 2008. In Brazil, the NORMAN 23, prohibited the use in 2007, but the Navy had suspended its use since 2003. However, deleterious effects of these compounds are still detected in several countries, including along the Brazilian coast. This work aimed to make a temporal time series assessment (1997-2012) of organotins pollution on the coast of Rio de Janeiro State using as bioindicator the species Stramonita haemastoma. The study area included five regions: Paraty, Ilha Grande, Ilha Grande Bay, Guanabara Bay and Arraial do Cabo. In each biomonitoring station were collected 30 sexually mature individuals of the specie S. haemastoma through free diving in apnea and analyzed using the non-destructive method proposed by Fernandez et al, (2007). Butyltin chemical analyzes were made in surface sediments of mangroves of Paraty (Mangrove close to the sources and Saco do Mamanguá mangrove) and Ilha Grande (Aventureiro mangrove) the last two being considered the reference areas. In all five areas studied along the coast of the State of Rio de Janeiro were recorded stations with high levels of imposex. Although many stations present a decrease in rates, in most there was an increase or maintenance in the high percentage of imposex after the ban. The average concentrations of the mangrove butyltin (S1), close to local sources, were 205.7 16.8 ng (Sn) of TBT g-1, 16.4 1.3 ng (Sn) g -1 of DBT and 10.0 2.9 ng (Sn) g-1 MBT. In the areas of reference: the Saco do Mamanguá mangrove (S2) were 16.0 0.8 ng (Sn) g -1 of TBT, 10.1 1.4 ng (Sn) g -1 of DBT and 10, 1 2.2 ng (Sn) g-1 of MBT and Aventureiro mangrove (S3) with 18.1 4.2 ng (Sn) of TBT g-1, 15.3 0.5 ng (Sn)g-1 DBT and 10.2 1.5 ng (Sn). g-1 MBT. The degradation rates were 0,1, 1,3 and 1,4 respectively indicating recent inputs of these compounds. The results of this study indicate that dissolved and particulate organic carbon and xenoestrogens may be interfering with the development of the syndrome, leading to underestimation of assessment of imposex. Butyltins concentrations and increased or high continued incidence of imposex after the ban on most stations show that despite the ban on the use of TBT in antifouling paints in Brazil, they are still being used illegally, especially in small boats. This study is essential to propose measures to mitigate and control of organotin compounds, even the new TBT-free antifoulings, which also have negative environmental effect. This is because the areas where high levels of imposex recorded wil be the more critical for monitoring the effects of these new antifoulings.