Master of Science / Department of Psychology / Satoris S. Culbertson / Performance appraisals are an important component to any organization’s performance management system. They require supervisors to observe and retain information regarding employee performance. This study sought to investigate the effects of appraisal purpose in this process. This extension and replication of Williams, DeNisi, Meglino, and Cafferty’s (1986) lab study of appraisal purpose investigated whether designating an employee for a positive outcome results in lenient performance ratings and vice-versa for a negative designation. This outcome would indicate assimilation, whereby the designation acts as an anchor creating bias in the direction of the anchor. However, the negative and positive designations may both result in leniency, indicating a universal tendency toward leniency when memory for performance is limited. Furthermore, I investigated whether making a deservedness rating for each employee would result in less lenient or severe ratings, relative to the designation conditions. Finally, I investigated whether self-reported rater expertise would moderate the assimilation effect. A total of 108 undergraduate students from a large Midwestern university viewed confederates performing cardio-pulmonary resuscitation (CPR) on a dummy and were instructed to observe performance in order to make a designation (positive or negative) or deservedness rating, or were given no instructions (control). They made an initial decision and were then asked to return two days later and rate each confederate’s performance again. Consistent with previous findings, raters making positive designations tended to give lenient ratings, relative to other conditions. Furthermore, as expected, those making negative designations gave relatively severe ratings. Finally, the results also partially supported my expectation that rater expertise in the performance domain moderates the biasing effects of appraisal purpose. Implications for practice and recommendations for future research are discussed.

The snow cover (extent, depth and water equivalent) is an important factor in assessing the water balance of a territory. In a context of deregulation of electricity, better knowledge of the quantity of water resulting from snowmelt that will be available for hydroelectric power generation has become a major challenge for the managers of Hydro-Québec's generating plant. In fact, the snow on the ground represents nearly one third of Hydro-Québec's annual energy reserve and the proportion is even higher for northern watersheds. Snowcover knowledge would therefore help optimize the management of energy stocks.The issue is especially important when one considers that better management of water resources can lead to substantial economic benefits.The Research Institute of Hydro-Quebec (IREQ), our research partner, is currently attempting to optimize the streamflow forecasts made by its hydrological models by improving the quality of the inputs. These include a parameter known as the snow water equivalent (SWE) which characterizes the properties of the snow cover. At the present time, SWE data is obtained from in situ measurements, which are both sporadic and scattered and does not allow the temporal and spatial variability of SWE to be characterized adequately for the needs of hydrological models. This research project proposes to provide the Québec utility's hydrological models with distributed SWE information about its northern watersheds.The targeted accuracy is 15% for the proposed period of analysis covering the winter months of January, February and March of 2001 to 2006.The methodology is based on the HUT snow emission model and uses the passive microwave remote sensing data acquired by the SSM/I sensor. Monitoring of the temporal and spatial variations in SWE is done by inversion of the model and benefits from the assimilation of in situ data to characterize the state of snow cover during the season. Experimental results show that the assimilation technique of in situ data (density and depth) can reproduce the temporal variations in SWE with a RMSE error of 15.9% (R[subscript 2] =0.76).The analysis of land cover within the SSMI pixels can reduce this error to 14.6% (R[subscript 2] =0.66) for SWE values below 300 mm. Moreover, the results show that the fluctuations of SWE values are driven by changes in snow depths. Indeed, the use of a constant value for the density of snow is feasible and makes it possible to get as good if not better results. These results will allow IREQ to assess the suitability of using snow cover information provided by the remote sensing data in its forecasting models. This improvement in SWE characterization will meet the needs of IREQ for its work on optimization of the quality of hydrological simulations.The originality and relevance of this work are based primarily on the type of method used to quantify SWE and the site where it is applied.The proposed method focuses on the inversion of the HUT model from passive remote sensing data and assimilates in situ data. Moreover, this approach allows high SWE values (> 300 mm) to be quantified, which was impossible with previous methods. These high SWE values are encountered in areas with large amounts of snow such as northern Québec.

La prévision hydrologique nécessite une connaissance adéquate des quantités de neige présentes sur ses bassins versants, particulièrement pour des bassins versants montagneux. Pour beaucoup de bassins, la densité du réseau de stations nivométriques est faible ou parfois même inexistante. De leur côté, les données satellitaires MODIS permettent de suivre l’évolution du couvert de neige sur de grandes superficies de façon journalière et à une résolution spatiale de 500 m. Dans ce contexte, un projet de recherche a été proposé en partenariat entre Rio Tinto Alcan (RTA) et l’Université de Sherbrooke afin d’évaluer l’apport de la télédétection du couvert de neige (MODIS) pour améliorer la prévision hydrologique en période de crue. Le bassin versant à l’étude est celui de la rivière Nechako, situé en Colombie-Britannique (Canada) et caractérisé par sa topographie montagneuse et les grandes quantités de neige s’accumulant sur son territoire. D’abord, une analyse statistique a été réalisée permettant d’obtenir une relation empirique entre l’évolution du volume de crue et la variation de la superficie du couvert de neige (SCN) tirée des images MODIS. Ensuite, les SCN MODIS ont été utilisées pour le calage du modèle hydrologique SWAT selon 9 différentes techniques de calage. Finalement, avec l’aide d’un système de prévision, assimilant d’abord les SCN MODIS pour mettre à jour les conditions initiales, la performance de 5 des 9 calages effectués a été analysée en prévision hydrologique court terme (déterministe) et moyen terme (probabiliste). À partir des résultats, il a été possible d’observer que l’assimilation des SCN MODIS permet d’améliorer les prévisions à plus long terme, particulièrement des volumes de crue. À court terme, la qualité des prévisions d’apports est sensiblement identique avec ou sans assimilation MODIS bien qu’une meilleure simulation des conditions initiales de neige soit observée avec assimilation MODIS. Finalement, la comparaison des calages en prévision hydrologique démontre qu’une légère amélioration des prévisions d’apports moyen terme (3 à 5 mois) est possible lorsque les données MODIS sont utilisées dans la procédure de calage. Cependant, les résultats sont variables dépendamment de la technique de calage utilisée.

Ce mémoire propose une analyse de la réaction des intellectuels faisant la promotion de la survivance intégrale du fait français en Nouvelle-Angleterre face à l'assimilation progressive des communautés franco-américaines, entre 1945 et 1978. Principal organe dédié à cette cause après la Deuxième Guerre mondiale, le contenu du journal Le Travailleur montre bien l'évolution de la perception des élites intellectuelles face à la progression du processus d'anglicisation du groupe. Du ton virulent et accusateur utilisé à la fin des années 1940 pour dénoncer les responsables de la situation qu’ils déplorent, les artisans du journal s'ouvrent progressivement aux débats et véhiculent au milieu des années 1950 des idées normalement défendues par les promoteurs d'une plus grande intégration à la société américaine. S’ils restent muets quant aux phénomènes structuraux qui affectent l'ensemble de la population américaine à mesure qu'avancent les Trente Glorieuses, les solutions mises de l’avant par les intellectuels de la survivance, centrées sur l’unité, l’identification d’un idéal à atteindre et la valorisation du passé par la commémoration, n’auront que bien peu d’impact face aux grandes tendances alors en cours. Autrement, après y avoir accordé bien peu d’attention depuis sa création en 1931, Le Travailleur dirige son regard vers un Québec en pleine effervescence au cours des années 1960, sans toutefois tirer profit du contexte favorable aux revendications des minorités culturelles américaines au cours des mêmes années. Une nouvelle élite, en marge des promoteurs traditionnels de la survivance, prendra la relève au cours des années 1970 dans l'espoir de générer une renaissance culturelle franco-américaine chez une population de laquelle Le Travailleur se sera montré, au final, complètement déconnecté.

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published_or_final_version / abstract / Education / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

Given the increasing number of younger immigrants from China, we have noticed diversified performances of Chinese-American teenagers based on the age they come to the U.S. This thesis thus examines three specific aspects—assimilation, social network site (SNS) use, and reaction to Asian stereotype—of Chinese-American teenagers living in Austin, regarding intraethnic differences between and among different clusters of this cohort as the second generation immigrant. By employing semi-structured interviews conducted with teenagers who have respective immigrant history and family background, a wide array of patterns about assimilation, SNS use, and reaction to Asian stereotype are traced and analyzed alongside demonstrating outlines and traits in terms of different generation clusters (1.25ers, 1.5ers, 1.75ers and 2.0ers). A total of ten Chinese-American teenagers, aged from 15 to 18, are recruited and interviewed through snowball approach, allowing for the surface of intraethnic variations on the aforementioned aspects. Preliminary discussions are made to tease out how these three aspects are intertwined. / text

Le travail réalisé dans le cadre de cette thèse porte sur l'assimilation de données de télédétection pour le suivi des surfaces continentales. Les variables analysées sont l'état hydrique du sol et la biomasse de la végétation, sur la jachère du site expérimental SMOSREX, de 2001 à 2004, au sud-ouest de Toulouse. Quatre méthodes d'assimilation (EKF, EnKF, 1D-VAR et T-VAR) ont été mises en œuvre dans le modèle ISBA-A-gs de Météo-France, et comparées. La méthode 1D-VAR est la plus performante, aussi bien pour la qualité des analyses qu'en temps de calcul. Cette méthode a été appliquée à l'assimilation simultanée des observations de l'humidité de la surface et de l'indice foliaire, ainsi qu'aux mesures de télédétection réalisées sur le site. L'assimilation améliore la simulation de contrôle, à condition d'introduire un point de flétrissement dynamique (cela est particulièrement utile pendant les périodes de forte sécheresse). Les effets d'une incertitude sur les précipitations sont évalués.

Accurate knowledge of water content in seasonal snow can be helpful for water resource management. In this study, a distributed temperature index snow model based on temperature and precipitation as forcing data, is used to estimate snow storage in the Jollie catchment approximately 20km east of the main divide of the central Southern Alps, New Zealand. The main objective is to apply a frequently used assimilation method, the ensemble Kalman square root filter, to assimilate remotely sensed snow covered area into the model and evaluate the impacts of this approach on simulations of snow water equivalent. A 250m resolution remotely sensed data from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), specifically tuned to the study location was used. Temperature and precipitation were given on a 0.055 latitude/longitude grid. Precipitation was perturbed as input into the model, generating 100 ensemble members, which represented model error. Only observations of snow covered area that had less that 25% cloud cover classification were used in the assimilation precess. The error in the snow covered area observations was assumed to be 0.1 and grow linearly with cloud cover fraction up to 1 for a totally cloud covered pixel. As the model was not calibrated, two withholding experiments were conducted, in which observations withheld from the assimilation process were compared to the results. Two model states were updated in the assimilation, the total snow accumulation state variable and the total snow melt state variable. The results of this study indicate that the model underestimates snow storage at the end of winter and/or does not detect snow fall events during the ablation period. The assimilation method only affected simulated snow covered area and snow storage during the ablation period. That corresponded to higher correlation between modelled snow cover area and the updated state variables. Withholding experiments show good agreement between observations and simulated snow covered area. This study successfully applied the ensemble Kalman square root filter and showed its applicability for New Zealand conditions.

The purpose of this study is to review the lives of three immigrant women from the town of Doctor Mora, Guanajuato, Mexico. The following questions were used to gather and analyze the data: 1) How were their lives prior to migrating to the U.S.? 2) What was their experience crossing the border? 3) What are their life experiences in the U.S.? This study is intended to analyze the history and path of acculturation of these three immigrant women. This study analyzes Alejandro Portes's theory of selective acculturation, concept of funds of knowledge, Gordon's classical theory of assimilation, and the concepts of cultural and social capital. Selective acculturation theory is applied as a basis for analysis of the case studies. These studies were conducted using observational, audio-taped and open ended interviews. This study took place in Tucson, Arizona. Interviews took place in Spanish, the interviews were transcribed, translated, verified and analyzed. Findings show the persistence of these participants to become part of American society through education and involvement in the host society, utilizing their inherent cultural and social capital and supporting the theory of selective acculturation path. The next section gives a more detailed introduction of this study.