Lexical retrieval models illustrate both activation and inhibition between concepts, words, and phonemes. When semantic activation spreads from one concept to its related concepts, inhibition is recruited so that competition between related concepts can be overcome and a target production achieved. Persons with aphasia often exhibit difficulty with producing the desired response, which could be the result of inadequate inhibitory processes to overcome response competition. Inhibitory processing is typically measured using a negative priming task. Twenty participants with aphasia, twenty-five young participants, and twenty age-matched aphasia group controls were recruited for this study. Participants with aphasia completed a picture-naming task, two written lexical decision tasks, subtests of an aphasia assessment, and the negative priming lexical decision task. Control groups completed only the negative priming task. This task consisted of 4 blocks of 72 trials each in which target words were related associates (RA), related distractors (RD), or unrelated (UN), or pseudowords. Results indicate that no groups showed predicted decreased reaction times to the RA condition. Instead of showing the fastest reaction times, the average RTs in the RA condition were between those in the RD and the UN conditions. Error rates were higher in the aphasia group, with significantly more errors for related conditions. In the young control group, significant negative priming was achieved. However, in the aphasia and aphasia-control groups, there was no significant negative priming. Multiple regression analysis determined that time post onset, age, education, type of fluency, and classification of anomia were not significant predictors of these results in the aphasia group. It is argued that these results are not strategically induced secondary to expectancy or a semantic expectancy or a semantic-matching process. Using a prospective or a retrospective strategy would be useless since only a small portion of the prime-probe pairs are directly related. The results of the aphasia group and the aphasia-control group are similar to those found in the aging negative priming literature, but it is unclear if this should be interpreted as degraded inhibitory processes. Future studies to further explore negative priming in aphasia are discussed.

An overview of the political activity of Mexican university students during the 1968 disturbances in Mexico was compared with data taken from a 1964 attitudinal survey conducted by the International Research Associates, Incorporated of university students from nine Mexican universities in an attempt to find possible trends and attitudes that could have predicted the 1968 and subsequent riots. The population for the analysis came from three of the nine universities based on the levels of activity shown during the 1968 riots ranging from most active to least active. Three main variables; activism as of 1968, ideological self-designation as of 1964 and degrees of discrepancy as of 1964 were cross-tabulated with sex, .age, father's education and community size. Students who in 1964 saw themselves as falling to the extreme left of the ideological scale were found to be in the more active university in 1968. The majority of students in 1964 did not view the government and accompanying institutions as being that far from their own ideological views. The most active university had the largest percentage of students in the 31 or older category. Sex held no significance bearing on activism. Students coming from populations of less than 10,000 were found to be more highly concentrated in the most active university and those students whose father had completed college were also concentrated in the more active university.

Graduate teaching associates (GTAs) maintain a prominent presence in higher education institutions nationwide, warranting our attention to both their instructional effectiveness and well-being. Though they remain an integral part of higher education, the training practices implemented for GTAs often fall short in addressing all of the needs posed by the role GTAs fulfill. The shortcomings in training often stem from an overemphasis of basic teacher preparation skills (such as syllabus creation, lesson planning, and grading) and university/departmental policies, as well as a lack of attention to teaching effectiveness and skills on managing uncertainties and identity concerns in their unique role. In the hopes of filling existing gaps in the training of GTAs, offered here is a supplemental guide that seeks to satisfy the needs of GTAs, regardless of the discipline within which they teach. The salient needs of GTAs can be classified as either task or self concerns. The GTA task concerns identified in this work stem from the want to be "good" and effective teachers, who are not only well-liked by students, but who are also successful at promoting learning, motivating students, and managing the classroom effectively. In addressing these task concerns, this work introduces readers to instructional communication-based concepts/constructs, specifically teacher immediacy and behavior alteration techniques (BATs) and messages (BAMs), along with practical means by which GTAs can utilize them in the classroom. Self concerns experienced by GTAs, such as role conflict due to managing multiple identities, impostor phenomenon, and teacher self-efficacy, are also addressed here, in addition to practical means by which GTAs can reduce uncertainties through taking an active role in the socialization process.

Alcohol is one of the most widely used recreational drugs in the United States today, despite being associated with a myriad of negative effects. Alcohol consumption occurs most frequently within social contexts, and seems to be strongly related to many social factors. It is known that an individual's expectations of the effects of alcohol influences his/her drinking behavior, and that social alcohol expectancies are some of the most frequently reported expectancies. In this study, we explored the relationship between alcohol expectancies and social influences by examining whether exposure to a social context would differentially activate alcohol expectancies. 115 young-adult male participants were exposed to either a social context or a control condition. Subsequently, participants' alcohol expectancies were assessed using both explicit and implicit measurements. Differences between conditions were found on the implicit expectancy measure (a free association task) but not on the explicit expectancy measures. Results from the free association task indicated that participants who were exposed to a social context were more likely to report positive and arousing words in response to the prompt "alcohol makes me _______". These differences suggest that exposure to a social context may not overtly change individuals' alcohol expectancies, but may increase the availability of positive and arousing alcohol expectancies. This increase in availability of positive and arousing expectancies may explain one of the mechanisms involved in deciding to engage in social drinking.

No description available.

No description available.

The purpose of this study is to determine what effect six real women in Jack London's life had upon the development of fictional women found in thirty-eight of London's short stories. The six women were Flora Wellman London, Bess Maddern London, Charmian Kittredge London, Anna Strunsky, Mabel Applegarth, and Ina Coolbrith. The study will reveal previously unpublished information about these women based on letters, interviews with people who knew them, and previously uncited newspaper and magazine articles. It will also offer, in most cases, the first chronologically organized in-depth biographical profiles ever recorded of these women. The major attributes of these women were scrutinized, their behavior patterns and physical appearances were chronicled, and their relations both with and independent of Jack London were analyzed. The effect the above mentioned six women had on Jack London was that they significantly helped cause him to portray women in a particular (and unusual) way.Thirty-eight of London's short stories which feature female protagonists were analyzed. These fictional females were studied for attributes, behavior patterns, and appearances. The final step was to correlate the attributes and characteristics of the fictional women to those of the real women.An overview of the entire study reveals three key points: (1) although usually portrayed as very masculine and independent, Jack London was a person whose philosophies, educational development, and political viewpoints were greatly influenced by the six women focused upon in this study; (2) strong evidence suggests that twenty-eight of the fictional women in the thirty-eight short stories which featured major female protagonists were modeled upon either the six real women focused upon in this study or upon other real women (Freda Moloof, Mrs. Hans Nelson whom London knew during his lifetime; and (3) although the general critical opinion regarding London's failure to create a series of believable fictional women is still valid, it is not absolute; some of the women whom London created in his short stories were modeled upon real women in his life, and their reflected real characteristics are vivid enough to make them powerful, three-dimensional, believable characters.

Thesis (PhD) -- Swinburne University of Technology, Australian Graduate School of Entrepreneurship, 2006. / Submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy - Australian Graduate School of Entrepreneurship, Swinburne University of Technology, 2006. Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (p. 251-263).

La fusion et l’apport partiel d’actif soumis au régime des scissions sont des opérations fréquentes tant en France que dans les pays membres de l’OHADA. Elles présentent des risques multiples pour les actionnaires et les créanciers et cette thèse s'attache justement à étudier la protection qui s'offre à ces catégories. Cette étude fait apparaître que leur protection est assurée par trois éléments essentiels dans les deux ordres juridiques : l'information, la consultation et le principe de la transmission universelle du patrimoine. Nos analyses révèlent cependant que ces protections sont insuffisantes car elles ne sont pas mises en œuvre de manière optimale et sont fortement limitées par la jurisprudence. Aussi pour améliorer le système actuel, des solutions législatives et contractuelles sont nécessaires pour garantir au mieux la protection des actionnaires et des créanciers. La voie législative permet de renforcer l’efficacité d’un droit, comme par exemple la reconnaissance du droit de retrait aux actionnaires. Quant à la contractualisation, elle permet de renforcer la protection de base instituée par les textes, ainsi que l’illustre la clause de survie de l’obligation de couverture ou de la garantie autonome. / The merger and the partial contribution of assets subjected to the regime of splits are frequent operations both in France and in the member countries of the OHADA. They present multiple risks for shareholders and creditors, and this thesis focuses on the protection afforded to these categories. This study shows that their protection is ensured by three essential elements in the two legal orders: information, consultation and the principle of the universal transmission of the heritage. However, our analyzes reveal that these protections are insufficient because they are not implemented optimally and are strongly limited by case law. To improve the current system, legal and contractual solutions are needed to ensure the best protection of shareholders and creditors. The legislative way makes it possible to reinforce the effectiveness of a right, as for example the recognition of the right of withdrawal to the shareholders. As for the contractualization, it makes it possible to reinforce the basic protection instituted by the texts, as the survival clause of the obligation of cover or of the autonomous guarantee illustrates it.

A la différence d'autres catégories de personnes privées, comme par exemple celle des commerçants qui, s'ils peuvent tirer profit des règles internationales mises en place par les États relatives au libre exercice du commerce, n'ont généralement pas la capacité de se prévaloir à titre individuel des droits leur conférant ces règles dans l'ordre international, l'investisseur est devenu aujourd'hui destinataire direct d'un nombre important d'instruments conventionnels, et dispose grâce aux mécanismes de règlement des différends prévus par ces derniers d'un droit d'action individuel à l'encontre des États étrangers. Par le terme « investisseur», les conventions de protection des investissements étrangers désignent aussi bien les individus que les personnes morales. Traditionnellement, en contentieux interétatique, un État ne peut exercer sa protection diplomatique qu'en faveur de ses nationaux, à condition cependant que l'individu ne possède pas en outre la nationalité de l’État destinataire d'une telle réclamation. Le droit conventionnel des investissements a apporté une certaine évolution en la matière. D'une part, de plus en plus de traités étendent leur application non seulement aux nationaux des États contractants, mais également aux individus ayant établi leur résidence sur le territoire de ces derniers. D'autre part, certaines conventions prévoient expressément que lorsqu'un individu-investisseur dispose à la fois de la nationalité de l'un des États contractants d'un traité et de celle d'un autre État contractant, contre lequel il entend adresser une réclamation, c'est la nationalité la plus effective de la personne physique qui doit conditionner la recevabilité de sa demande au niveau international. Concernant le régime de protection des personnes morales, en contentieux de la protection diplomatique la Cour internationale de Justice accorde uniquement à l’État où est constituée la société, le titre pour agir en sa faveur à l'encontre d'un autre État. Cette règle a été très critiquée au motif que souvent l’État d'incorporation d'une société, contrôlée par des ressortissants d'un autre État, n'a pas toujours un intérêt suffisant pour défendre les droits de celle-ci vis-à-vis d'un troisième État auteur d'une mesure préjudiciable pour cette société. L’État réellement intéressé par un recours serait plutôt celui de nationalité des associés de la personne morale lésée. En tenant compte de ce dernier constat, le droit conventionnel des investissements a conféré la capacité aux associés d'une société lésée pour agir en protection des actifs de cette dernière, sans pour autant remettre en cause la qualité à agir de la société pour la protection de ces mêmes biens et avoirs. Lorsque le titulaire d'un investissement est une personne morale, celle-ci n'est alors plus perçue comme un seul investisseur, mais comme une pluralité d'investisseurs potentiels. La société peut être traitée soit comme une personne juridique unique, soit comme une addition des personnalités de tous ses associés, détenant directement ou indirectement son capital, et disposant le cas échéant de nationalités différentes, et donc de titres juridiques multiples leur permettant d'agir à l'encontre de l’État ayant porté atteinte à l'investissement réalisé par une telle personne morale. / No English summary available