Yes / The shocking pictures of a drowned Syrian boy in September 2015 spurred European governments and organisations into taking action to address the growing refugee crisis. The University of Bradford was no different and the senior management team began to look at ways of responding. Consultation was carried out with local organisations at a Bradford City of Sanctuary event and with other UK universities. This suggested that the university should: Recognise how the concept of sanctuary fits with its traditional values and the strategic plan (which includes inclusivity, diversity, internationalisation and sustainability); See this as a long-term issue. ‘Responses need to be long-term. The refugee crisis will be here for years to come.’; Recognise this as an issue that is wider than Syrian refugees. There are substantial numbers of asylum seekers and refugees escaping conflict in other countries such as Eritrea, Afghanistan and Iraq; Align with the civic and community response. The city of Bradford has a proud history of welcoming and including newcomers from all corners of the world and has responded positively to the current crisis. The City of Sanctuary initiative plays a major role in this response. The university response would follow three main principles: To build on and scale up the excellent work previously carried out at faculty level in being awarded Sanctuary in Health to then apply for a University of Sanctuary award; To develop a holistic response across the university, involving faculties, professional services and students. This should be inclusive to generate commitment, ownership and awareness across the whole university; To take a broad, inclusive definition of sanctuary, embracing academics at risk as well as student refugees and asylum seekers.

Yes / Many asylum seekers have complex mental health needs which can be exacerbated by the challenging circumstances in which they live and difficulties accessing health services. Regular moderate physical activity can improve mental health and would be a useful strategy to achieve this. Evidence suggests there are barriers to engaging black and minority ethnic groups in physical activity, but there is little research around asylum seekers to address the key barriers and facilitators in this group. Methods: A two stage qualitative study used semi-structured interviews underpinned by the Theoretical Domains Framework. The interviews were conducted in voluntary sector groups in four towns/ cities in Northern England. Purposive sampling recruited 36 asylum seekers from 18 different countries. Interviews were audio recorded, transcribed verbatim and subject to framework analysis. Stage two involved a nominal group technique with five key stakeholders including asylum seekers and those that work with them. They followed a four stage process to rank and reach consensus on the key barrier to undertaking physical activity/ exercise that could be addressed locally through a future intervention. Results: A number of barriers and facilitators were identified including a lack of understanding of the term physical activity and recommended levels but knowledge of the health benefits of physical activity/ exercise and the motivation to increase levels having engaged with activities back home. Living as an asylum seeker was considered a barrier due to the stress, poverty and temporary nature of living in an unfamiliar place. The outcome of the nominal group technique was that a lack of knowledge of facilities in the local area was the prevailing barrier that could be addressed. Conclusions: Public health practitioners could develop interventions which capitalise on the motivation and knowledge of asylum seekers to encourage an increase in physical activity which may in turn reduce the breadth and depth of mental health needs of this group. / Internal funding was received from the University of Bradford

SAMMANFATTNING: Problem Från 2013 till och med april 2016 har Sverige tagit emot 309.669 asylsökande. De stora vågorna av asylsökande som har kommit understryker behovet av att ge de optimala förutsättningarna för att anpassa sig och integreras i samhället. Hur snabbt och i vilken grad asylsökande lyckas att socialiseras och integreras i samhället är relaterat till de grundläggande villkoren som t.ex. språkträning och samhällsorientering. Denna studie undersöker vilka möjligheter och hinder asylsökande får för att lära sig svenska och höja sina chanser till integration. Metod I studien användes en mixad metod (kvalitativ och kvantitativ). Genom kvalitativa intervjuer med personal och volontär lärare, har sju verksamheter (ABF, NBV, Biblioteket, Vuxenskola, BILDA, Folkuniversitet och Röda Korset) undersökts. Genom en enkät med strukturerade frågeformulär, undersöktes 183 asylsökande vad gäller olika faktorer som påverkar tillgänglighet till språkundervisning och motivation för studier och språklig praxis. Enkäterna delades ut i: Jönköping, Nässjö, Bodafors, Viebäck, Vetlanda, Sävsjö, Värnamo, Vaggeryd, Tokeryd och Skillingaryd. Resultat Kvalitativa delen: De intervjuade säger att det är viktigt att erbjuda svenskundervisning till asylsökande från första dagen de kommer till Sverige. Lärarna lyfter upp frågan om att det finns flera brister som utgör svårigheter för verksamheterna så att de kan erbjuda kvalitativ och tillräcklig undervisning. Kvantitativa delen: Motivationen till språkinlärning påverkas av flera faktorer: tiden sedan ankomst, motivationen till och deltagande i språkundervisning. Trots likheter i utbildning och språkkunskaper mellan könen ändå uppstår könsskillnader i praktisk tillämpning och integration. Slutsats Asylsökande strävar efter att bli en del av det svenska samhället. Det finns könsskillnader i praktisk tillämpning och integration. Förutsättningarna för att lära sig svenska språket är inte tillräckligt bra, p.g.a. informationsbrist eller försening av informationen om erbjuden svenskundervisning, för få erbjudna undervisningstimmar, placering utanför samhället, ekonomiska hinder och bristen på barnomsorg, som även påverkar möjligheten att lära sig svenska och integrera sig i samhället. / ABSTRACT Problem From 2013 to April 2016, Sweden has received 309,669 asylum seekers. The great waves of asylum seekers who have come underscores the need to provide the optimal conditions to adapt and integrate into society. How fast and to what degree they manage to socialize and integrate into society is related to the basic conditions such as language training and civic orientation. This study examines the opportunities and obstacles for asylum seekers to learn Swedish and increase their chances to integrate. Method The study used a mixed method (qualitative and quantitative) approach. Through qualitative interviews with staff and volunteer teachers, has seven such activities as (ABF, NBV, Library, Adult education” Vuxenskola”, BILDA, Folkuniversitet and Red Cross) investigated. Through a questionnaire with structured questionnaires, examined 183 asylum seekers in terms of factors that affect the availability to the teaching and motivation for study and linguistic practices. The questionnaires were distributed in Jönköping, Nässjö, Bodafors, Viebäck, Vetlanda, Sävsjö, Värnamo, Vaggeryd, Tokeryd and Skillingaryd. Result Qualitative part: Those interviewed said that it is important to offer Swedish tuition for asylum seekers from the first day they come to Sweden. Teachers raise the issue that there are several shortcomings that make difficulties for businesses so that they can provide quality and adequate education. Quantitative part: The motivation for language learning is influenced by several factors: among them, the time since arrival the motivation for and participation in language teaching. Despite similarities in education and language skills between the sexes, still significant gender differences in the practical application and integration. Conclusion Asylum seekers strive to become a part of Swedish society. There are gender differences in the practical application and integration. The conditions for learning the Swedish language is not good enough, because lack of information or delay of information for offered Swedish teaching, too few offered teaching hours, location outside of society, economic barriers and the lack of childcare, which also affects the ability to learn Swedish and integrate into society.

The purpose of this qualitative study was to investigate how asylum seekers may experience different interview methods in the asylum investigation in Sweden. An inductive qualitative data collection technique was used in this study, where semi-structured interviews were conducted with six asylum seekers in four different cities in Sweden. This study was influenced by the grounded theory approach in the way of creating codes, concepts and themes from the empirical data analyzed in thematic and constant comparison method. The results show three different themes, namely ‘‘the expressions of the feelings, possibilities to expressions and possibilities and difficulties.’’ as they present the asylum seekers views of different interview methods. The role theory was chosen in relation to the asylum seekers different behavior toward the interview methods. The results indicated the possibilities for different roles as: ‘‘psychological unbalanced role, technology skilled role, technology challenged role and the apprehensive role’’

This thesis aims to improve historical knowledge of Australian refugee policy between 1976 and 1983, a unique and transitional moment in the nation’s history and in international refugee movements. The discussion will be based on original evidence drawn from archival records and oral history interviews, and informed by a broad literature which recognises that refugee policy is a product of varied political imperatives and historical context. First, Chapter Three reveals that because the Fraser government could not deport the Indochinese boatpeople who sailed to Australia, it sought to approve their refugee status in order to legitimate its announcements that only ‘genuine’ refugees were being admitted. In doing so, the Fraser government was required to defend the processing of boat arrivals to the public and within the bureaucracy. Chapter Four finds that historical and political considerations informed the Fraser government’s choice not to reject or detain boat arrivals but to instead introduce legislation against people smuggling. The chapter presents new evidence to disprove claims expressed in recent academic and media commentary that the government’s Immigration (Unauthorised Arrivals) Act 1980 (Cth) marked a particularly harsh stance and that passengers on the VT838 were deported without due process, and draws from ideas within the literature concerning the need for states to promote the integrity of the refugee concept. Chapter Five contributes to international literature on refugee status determination procedure by studying the Australian government’s assessment of non-Indochinese. Through a dataset created from UNHCR archives it is found that the quality of briefing material and political considerations could influence deliberations on individual cases. Chapter Six contributes to literature on in-country processing, revealing how Australia’s programme in Chile and El Salvador was a means of diversifying the refugee intake but caused tensions between the Department of Immigration and the Department of Foreign Affairs.

This thesis investigates asylum seekers/refugees’ orientations to belonging and identity. It is based on in-depth semi-structured interviews conducted among asylum seekers/refugees residing in Scotland between 2006 and 2008 and on a media monitoring of a number of UK newspapers. The interviews were analysed for interviewees’ orientations to feelings of belonging and identity with the UK, Scotland and homelands. They were also analysed for interviewees’ perceptions (beliefs and understandings) of newspapers’ reporting of asylum and importance to their sense of national belonging and national identity forming. The monitoring provided the context of newspapers’ reporting of asylum at the time of interviews. It enabled a small-scale examination of media content with reference to interviewees’ perceptions. The thesis explores two assumptions. Firstly, asylum seekers/refugees’ national belonging and national identity formations are complex and contingent upon their everyday ‘lived’ experiences. Secondly, asylum seekers/refugees’ belonging and identity formations, as social processes of citizenship, cannot be understood in isolation from the high visibility of the asylum issue in UK media. As an empirical study, therefore, its findings are deployed to critique policymaking, theoretical and media accounts of non-British citizens’ forms of belonging to, and identification with the British ‘nation’. It is suggested that, in addition to policymaking, there are other social circumstances that would facilitate ethnic minority migrants’ national belonging and national identity formations. These factors do not only account for the prioritising of Scottishness over Britishness, but also migrants’ ‘hyphenated’ identities. This thesis will therefore provide evidence suggesting that non-citizens (ethnic minorities), have their own meanings and agency of orientating to a feeling of national belonging and national identity that is nuanced and contingent on their experiences. The thesis does not aim to establish media causality. However, it highlights the fact that newspaper coverage can evoke responses from marginalised groups and provide the context from which identities are narrated and mobilised. The thesis will improve our understanding of the practices, meanings and contestations of belonging and identity that is grounded in the ‘lived’ experiences of noncitizens. This sociological dimension to ethnic minorities’ citizenship forming is not only poorly understood, but has been dominated by theoretical and policymaking accounts in the contemporary state.

Bakgrund: Under de senaste årtiondena har ett stort antal väpnade konflikter ägt rum på olika platser i världen. De väpnade konflikterna har fått till följd att Sverige tagit emot många asylsökande. En asylsökande är en person som kommit till ett land för att söka skydd men som ännu inte fått besked om uppehållstillstånd. När asylsökande behöver vård ska de i första hand vända sig till primärvården där det första mötet ofta handläggs av sjuksköterskor/distriktssköterskor. Sjuksköterskan/distriktssköterskan har en viktig uppgift i att tillhandahålla rätt vård och hänvisa asylsökande till rätt hälso-och sjukvårdsinstans. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att belysa sjuksköterskans/distriktssköterskans erfarenheter av mötet med asylsökande inom primärvården. Metod: Studien genomfördes med en kvalitativ induktiv ansats med semistrukturerade intervjuer. Tre distriktssköterskor och sju sjuksköterskor deltog. En kvalitativ manifest innehållsanalys användes som analysmetod. Resultat: Studien resulterade i tre kategorier. Att möta andra kulturer beskrev erfarenheten av tillfredställande möten, kulturella aspekter samt tillvägagångssätt i mötet. Förutsättningar som krävs för mötet beskrev hur sjuksköterskans/distriktssköterskans förhållningsätt och kompetens inverkade på mötena samt hur samarbeten erfors kunna underlätta mötena. Utmaningar i mötet beskrev att frustration, tidsbrist kommunikation och patientsäkerhet var utmaningar som sjuksköterskan/distriktssköterskan ställdes inför. Slutsats: Mötet med asylsökande erfors vara positivt och givande men kunde skapa frustration och samvetsstress hos sjuksköterskan/distriktssköterskan. Tydligare riktlinjer, utbildning i transkulturell omvårdnad och samarbete med andra aktörer kan underlätta mötet med asylsökande. För att säkerställa kommunikationen och patientsäkerheten bör tolk användas. / Background: In recent decades a large number of armed conflicts occurred in the world. As a consequence of the armed conflicts Sweden has received many asylum seekers. An asylum seeker is defined as a person who has arrived to a country to seek protection but have not yet received a residence permit. When asylum seekers need care they often turn to primary health care where the first meeting often is handled by nurses/district nurses. The nurses/district nurses have an important role in providing the right care and refer asylum seekers to the appropriate health care facility. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to illustrate the nurses/district nurses experiences of meeting asylum seekers in primary health care. Method: The study was conducted with a qualitative inductive approach with semi-structured interviews. Three district nurses and seven nurses participated. A qualitative manifest content analysis was used as the analytical method. Result: The study resulted in three categories. Meeting other culture described the experience of satisfactory meetings, cultural aspects and approaches in the meeting. Conditions required in the meeting described how the nurses/district nurses attitudes and skills affected the meeting and how cooperation was perceived to facilitate the meeting. Challenges in the meeting described that frustration, lack of time, communication and patient safety were challenges that the nurses/district nurses faced. Conclusion: The meetings with the asylum seekers were experienced as positive and rewarding but could create frustration and stress of conscience of the nurses/district nurses. Clearer guidelines, training in transcultural nursing and cooperation with other actors can facilitate the meeting with asylum seekers. To ensure communication and patient safety, interpreters should be used.

This paper explores the individual meanings behind the patterns of residential mobility of former asylum seekers in Sweden. While there are numerous studies of residential segregation and migration patterns amongst natives and immigrants alike, fewer have asked the actual patternmakers what driving forces lie behind their decisions to resettle. This study aims to put light on former asylum seekers’ specific experiences of their resettlements and whether the asylum process in itself affect later migration patterns during the life-course. Through in-depth interviews seven respondents told their life stories with focus on how and why they resettled during their time inSweden. The study showed how the structural factors that initiated their general migration patterns of frequent resettlements gave way over time to less frequent moves where life-course events were the main factors. The results indicate that the asylum process may indeed affect subsequent resettlements in so far that the first own accommodation type of area seem to be important to future residential area choices throughout the life-course. The findings should be of interest for further studies on a greater scale and to policy makers trying to counteract segregation in the metropolitan areas of Sweden in a time of increased refugee flows.

Bakgrund: Det stora antalet familjer som söker asyl påverkar sjuksköterskans arbete inom barnhälsovården. I Sverige erbjuds alla barn mellan 0-6 år att göra regelbundna hälsokontroller, vilket även omfattar barn som söker asyl. Sjuksköterskors hälsofrämjande och förbyggande vård omfattar barns hälsa utifrån det fysiska, psykiska och sociala välbefinnandet. Det hälsofrämjande arbetet utvecklar empowerment hos familjerna där målet är en god hälsa. Flykt och trauman påverkar familjer som söker asyl och många lider av psykisk ohälsa. Sjuksköterskors arbete kräver speciella och individuella insatser i mötet med dessa familjer. Syfte: Var att beskriva sjuksköterskors erfarenheter av arbetet inom barnhälsovården med familjer som söker asyl. Metod: Intervjustudien har en kvalitativ design med en induktiv ansats. Femton sjuksköterskor från sex olika kommuner deltog i studien. Samtliga med erfarenhet av arbete med asylsökande familjer inom barnhälsovård. Insamlad data analyserades enligt kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: I resultatet framkom tre kategorier: Familjers behov och stöd påverkar arbetet, Yttre faktorer påverkar arbetet, Komplexiteten i mötet med familjerna påverkar arbetet. Slutsats: Studien visar att sjuksköterskor inom barnhälsovården anpassar arbetet efter asylsökande familjers behov och förutsättningar. Sjuksköterskornas erfarenheter och utbildning är grunden för hens kompetens. Den psykiska ohälsan och en social komplex situation för familjerna som söker asyl medför en utmaning för sjuksköterskorna i det hälsofrämjande arbetet. / Background: The large number of families seeking asylum affect nurses work in child health care. All children in Sweden between 0-6 years, do regular check-ups, including children seeking asylum. Nurses health promotion and preventive care covers childrens health based on the physical, mental and social well-being. Health promotion develops empowerment of families where the goal is good health. Escape and trauma affect families seeking asylum and many suffer from mental illness. Nurses work requires special and individual efforts in meeting with families. Purpose: To describe nurses experience of work in child health care with families seeking asylum. Method: The interview study had a qualitative design with an inductive approach. Fifteen nurses from six different municipalities participated in the study, all with experience working with asylum-seeking families in child health care. Collected data were analyzed according to qualitative content analysis. Results: The results revealed three categories: Families needs and support affect the work, External factors affect the work, The complexity of the meeting with the families affect the work. Conclusion: The study shows that nurses in child health care adapts work to asylum seeking families needs and circumstances. Nurses experience and education is the foundation of his or her skills. Mental illness and a socially complex situation for families seeking asylum is a challenge for nurses working with health promotion.

Due to the increased number of the amount of asylum-seekers that have migrated to Sweden lately, the topic has received increased attention. This has contributed to housing shortage and policy reforms for new migrants to arise in order to ensure that everybody gets housing. Asylum seekers often experience more difficult patterns to housing, and for LGBT asylum seekers especially since they are such a marginalised group in our society already. Housing is an important part in the initial settlement stage and good housing enables successful resettlement and that will help with the integration process. The aim of this thesis is to look at LGBT asylum seekers mobility and what constrains and opportunities they face in that process. To answer these questions qualitative method and semi-structured life story interviews have been performed with twelve LGBT asylum seekers. The result of these interviews has been presented around four different concepts that were factors contributing to their mobility. These four concepts that were found in the interviews was forced migration, homophobia, social network and freedom. These findings should be of interest for further studies in order for LGBT asylum seekers mobility patters to become more safe and secure.