Le but de ce travail était la modélisation mécanique et thermique du laminage asymétrique. Celle-ci a été effectuée à l'aide de diverses méthodes. Deux approches, l'une analytique et l'autre semi-analytique, ont été utilisées pour la modélisation mécanique et deux autres, celles des différences finies et des éléments finis, pour la modélisation thermique. La première approche est celle des champs uniformes ; on a développé un modèle simple qui peut donner des ordres de grandeurs des différents paramètres du procédé. Une deuxième méthode plus complète mais plus complexe se base sur un champ de vitesse déduit d'une estimation parabolique de la forme des trajectoires. L’avantage de ce modèle est qu’il est capable de prévoir des grandeurs locales. Enfin la méthode des éléments finis a été aussi utilisée pour la modélisation mécanique. Dans un deuxième temps, l’aspect thermique du laminage asymétrique a été étudié. Pour la modélisation du procédé, nous avons alors adopté deux méthodes numériques, les différences finies et les éléments finis, du fait de la complexité de celui-ci. Le modèle thermique développé par différences finies a été ensuite intégré dans notre modèle mécanique (méthode des trajectoires). Celui-ci a donc pu être étendu pour pouvoir utiliser des lois d’écoulement qui dépendent de la température et donc pouvoir simuler le laminage asymétrique à chaud. Les prédictions du champ de température ont été confrontées aux résultats de calculs par éléments finis obtenus avec le code Abaqus. Finalement, une étude simple du développement de la texture cristallographique au cours du laminage a été réalisée. / The aim of this work was to propose a mechanical and thermal modelling of asymmetric rolling. This was achieved using various methods. Two approaches, the first one analytical and the second semi-analytical, were employed for mechanical modeling. Two others methods, the finite difference and finite element methods, were used for thermal modeling. The first analytical model is an upper bound method based on a uniform strain field; a simple model was developed that can give orders of magnitude of the various process parameters. The second model uses a more refined analytical velocity field based on the classical parabolic estimation of the material flow lines in rolling. The advantage of this model is its ability to provide local quantities. Finally, the finite element method was also used for mechanical modeling.The thermal aspects of asymmetric rolling were investigated in turn by two methods. For modeling the process, we adopted two numerical approaches, the finite difference and finite element methods, because of the complexity of the latter. The thermal model developed by finite differences was integrated into our mechanical model (flow line model). It was then extended to investigate asymmetrical hot rolling. The predictions of the temperature field were compared with results from finite element calculations obtained with the Abaqus code. Finally, a simple study of crystallographic texture development was achieved.

L’alliage de magnésium AZ31 présente une très faible densité. Cette caractéristique en fait un matériau apprécié pour la conception de structures légères. La limitation principale de son utilisation industrielle est sa mauvaise formabilité et ce en raison de la texture cristallographique des tôles qui s’avère être peu adaptée aux procédés de mise en forme tel que l’emboutissage. Cette texture résultant du laminage initial, l’ambition de ce travail est de la modifier en utilisant la technique de laminage asymétrique et de mesurer l’impact de cette voie sur la formabilité de l’alliage. Il a été montré que l’asymétrie, produite par un différentiel de vitesses de rotation des cylindres du laminoir, induit systématiquement de fortes instabilités plastiques sous forme de bandes de cisaillement. Des techniques de cartographie sur microscope électronique en transmission (ACOM) et à balayage (EBSD) ainsi que des analyses de texture par DRX ont été utilisées pour analyser les mécanismes physiques concourant à l’émergence de cette instabilité. Il résulte de cette analyse que l’asymétrie du laminage provoque une forte activité du système de glissement basal que ne compense ni les autres systèmes ni le maclage. Ceci conduit à une localisation marquée de la déformation plastique et à la ruine du matériau. / The low density of the magnesium alloy AZ31 makes it valuable for low weight components. The main limitation for industrial applications is the poor formability of sheets during deep drawing type processing. This is linked to the fibre crystallographic texture resulting from rolling. The objective of the present work is to modify the sheet texture through asymmetrical rolling. It has appeared that the asymmetry promoted by monitoring the roll speeds separately induces plastic instabilities through shear banding. The physical mechanisms involved in the instability were analysed with the help of orientation imaging techniques on transmission electron (ACOM/TEM) and scanning electron (EBSD/SEM) microscopes as well as with X-ray measurements. It is concluded that the shear resulting from the asymmetry in roll speeds promotes a dramatic increase of basal slip that neither twinning nor the activities of other slip systems are able to compensate. Such activity induces strain localisation and premature failure of the material.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:19:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 VEGA_Marcelo_2014.pdf: 9141409 bytes, checksum: fd60293925ed2e6a9d8df71ece7c06f5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-18 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / It is known that the formability of aluminum alloy AA1050 is not favored when sheets are produced by conventional rolling due to the appearance of intense cube texture {100} <100> after recrystallization heat treatment. The objective of this study was to investigate whether components of shear processes can improve this property. For this work two processes of plastic deformation introducing shear stresses were selected: Equal channel angular extrusion (ECAE) and asymmetric rolling; these processes were compared to conventional rolling. In conventional rolling deformation results mainly compressive stresses. In the ECAE process shear is induced in the intersection of two channels of the same geometry that intersect by an angle &#61542; In the asymmetric rolling the shear stress is basically increased due to the speed variation between the rolls. An AA1050 aluminum sheet produced by the twin roll casting process was used in this study. The deformations were performed basically in 4 paths: i) conventional rolling, 70% reduction, ii) ECAE 1-8 passes, iii) ECAE 1-4 passes followed by conventional rolling with reduction of 70% and iv) Asymetric Rolling with reductions 30-50%. The mechanical and microstructural characterization of the deformed state was performed and the formability after annealing heat treatment was studied. ECAE deformation reduced the grain size, which measured by EBSD and transmission electron microscopy yield 1 micrometer. The evolution of equivalent strain compared with the increase of the hardness indicated a grain size stabilization of the grain/cell after four ECAE extrusion passes. After 8 passes the fraction of high angle boundaries exceeded the low-angle boundaries, ie dynamic recrystallization occurred during deformation. The texture after one pass ECAE approached the ideal texture for a 120 ° ECAE die. For deformations with 4 - 8 ECAE passes, the texture evolved into scattering the orientations having the {111} plane parallel to the surface (&#61543; fiber), and into the formation of rotated cube {100} <110> and rotated Goss {110} <110> orientations. The conventional rolling after ECAE returned the orientations to typical rolling textures: brass, copper and Goss. Deformation by asymmetric rolling with a difference of tangential velocity of 1.2 imposed shear stress, but it was necessary to decrease the reduction rate from 10% to 5% per pass in order to appreciably modify the texture. Comparing the formability of the deformed material, it was observed that ECAE increased the penetration depth in the Erichsen test, while rolling decreased the Erichsen index. Asymmetric rolling reduced the intensity of texture and destroyed the symmetry of the crystallographic orientations. The asymmetric rolled sample presented better formability than the rolled samples. After annealing, the samples of conventional rolling, with or without ECAE pre - strain, showed typical textures of annealed laminated material with high cube texture type. The &#61543; fiber was not stable in the ECAE annealed samples. Although the overall texture intensity remained low, increasing ECAE deformation before heat treatment strengthened the Goss {110} <001> orientation. For the asymmetric rolling the fiber orientations <100>// ND was scattered and both rotated cube and cube orientations were present. The lowest index of planar anisotropy was obtained in the sample annealed after four ECAE passes, representing a lower tendency to fail, This sample also presented an index of penetration in Erichsen testing of the same order of conventionally rolled sheets. It has been shown that both ECA as the asymmetric rolling deformation can significantly modify the texture of deformation and annealing, and improve the characteristics of formability of aluminum alloy 1050. This processing step should be located at the end of mechanical forming process before final annealing. / Sabe-se que a estampabilidade em ligas de alumínio AA1050 não é favorecida quando as chapas são produzidas por laminação convencional devido ao surgimento de uma textura do tipo cubo {100}<100> de forte intensidade após tratamentos térmicos de recristalização. O objetivo do trabalho foi investigar se processos com componentes de cisalhamento podem melhorar esta propriedade. Para este trabalho foram selecionados dois processos de deformação plástica que introduzem tensões de cisalhamento: Extrusão em canal angular (ECA) e Laminação assimétrica (LA); esses processos foram comparados à laminação convencional. Na laminação convencional a deformação resulta principalmente de esforços de compressão. No processo ECA o cisalhamento é imposto na intersecção de dois canais de mesma geometria que se interceptam formado um ângulo &#61542;. Na laminação assimétrica o esforço de cisalhamento é introduzido devido à variação de velocidade entre os cilindros de laminação. Partiu-se de chapas de alumínio AA1050 produzidas pelo processo Caster. As deformações foram executadas basicamente em 4 esquemas: i) Laminação convencional com 70% de redução; ii) ECA rota A de 1 a 8 passes; iii) ECA rota A de 1 a 4 passes seguido por laminação convencional com redução de 70% e iv) LA com reduções variando de 30 a 50%. Foi realizada a caracterização mecânica e microestrutural do estado deformado e foi estudada a conformabilidade após tratamento térmico de recozimento. Na deformação por ECA foi observado a redução do tamanho de grão, que medido por EBSD e por microscopia eletrônica de transmissão foi de cerca de 1 &#956;m. A evolução da deformação equivalente comparada com o aumento da dureza indicou uma estabilização do tamanho de grão/célula a partir de 4 passes. Após 8 passes a fração de contornos de alto ângulo ultrapassou a de contornos de baixo ângulo, ou seja, ocorreu recristalização dinâmica durante a deformação. A textura após um passe de ECA se aproximou da textura ideal para matriz ECA de 120°. Mas para deformações com quatro e oito passes, a textura evoluiu para uma dispersão das orientações contendo os {111} paralelos à superfície da chapa (fibra &#61543;), o aparecimento de orientações do tipo cubo rodado (100)<011> e de Goss rodado {110} <110>. A laminação convencional após ECA provocou o retorno às orientações típicas de laminação: latão, cobre e Goss. A deformação por laminação assimétrica com uma diferença de velocidade tangencial de 1,2 impôs esforços de cisalhamento, porém foi necessário diminuir a redução por passes de 10% para 5% para que o cisalhamento adicional modificasse sensivelmente a textura. Comparando a estampabilidade dos materiais deformados, observou-se que a deformação ECA aumentou a profundidade da penetração no ensaio Erichsen, enquanto que a laminação diminuiu o índice Erichsen. A laminação assimétrica reduziu a intensidade de textura e destruiu a simetria das orientações cristalográficas. Esta amostra encruada apresentou estampabilidade superior à das amostras laminadas. Após o recozimento, as amostras de laminação convencional, com ou sem pré-deformação ECA apresentaram texturas típicas de material laminado recozido com alto índice de textura tipo cubo. Nas amostras ECA a fibra &#61543; não ficou estável e teve sua intensidade reduzida. Embora a intensidade de textura total tenha permanecido baixa, o aumento de deformação ECA antes do tratamento térmico reforçou a orientação Goss {110}<001>. Já a amostra de laminação assimétrica houve dispersão das orientações na fibra <100>//ND e tanto orientações cubo como cubo rodado estavam presentes. O menor índice de anisotropia planar foi obtido na amostra de 4 passes ECA recozida (representando uma menor tendência ao orelhamento) e um índice de penetração no ensaio Erichsen da mesma ordem de chapas laminadas convencionalmente. Demostrou-se que tanto a deformação ECA quanto a laminação assimétrica podem modificar significantemente a textura de deformação e de recozimento e melhorar as características de conformabilidade da liga de alumínio 1050. Esta etapa de processamento deve estar localizada no final do processo de conformação mecânica, antes do recozimento final.