Yes / For dental human enamel, what is the precise mineralization progression spatially and the precise timings of mineralization? This is an important question in the fundamental understanding of matrix-mediated biomineralization events, but in particular because we can use our understanding of this natural tissue growth in humans to develop biomimetic approaches to repair and replace lost enamel tissue. It is important to understand human tissues in particular since different species have quite distinct spatial and temporal progression of mineralization. In this study, five human central incisors at different stages of enamel maturation/mineralization were spatially mapped using synchrotron X-ray diffraction and X-ray microtomography techniques. From the earliest developmental stage, two crystallite-orientation populations coexist with angular separations between the crystallite populations averaging approximately 40o and varying as a function of position with the tooth crown. In general, population one had significantly lower texture magnitude and contributed a higher percentage to the overall crystalline structure, compared to population two which only contributed 20-30% but had significantly higher texture magnitude. This quantitative analysis allows us to understand the complex and co-operative structure-function relationship between two populations of crystallites within human enamel. There was an increase in the mineral concentration from the enamel-dentin junction peripherally and from the incisal tip cervically as a function of maturation time. Quantitative backscattered-electron analyses revealed that mineralization of prism cores precedes that of prism boundaries. These results provide new insights into the precise understanding of the natural growth of human enamel. / Partly funded by NERC grant ”Timelines in Teeth” NE/F018096/2.

Texture, microstructure and formability were studied in Direct Chill Cast (DC) and Strip Cast (SC) aluminum alloys with regard to crystallographic anisotropy, the Portevin-Le Chatelier effect and aging softening behavior. It was found that material properties change greatly with manufacturing processes (DC vs. SC) and chemical composition (3xxx vs. 5 xxx alloys). DC cast hot band materials are usually fully recrystallized and have strong softening textures while SC hot band materials have a rolling structure with strong deformation textures. Softening textures cause 90 earing while deformation textures result in 45 earing after deep drawing. During cold rolling, 90 earing in DC cast hot band materials decreases and eventually changes to 45 earing after certain degrees of cold reduction. Correspondingly, the intensity of the softening texture components in DC cast hot band materials decreases while the intensity of deformation texture components increases with increasing degrees of cold reduction. These two kinds of textures interact and attempt to balance each other during cold rolling which produces resultant earing. However, this is not true for SC hot band materials since it's hard to obtain strong softening textures and thus 90 earing in these materials. 5 xxx Al-Mg alloys are more difficult to work than 3 xxx aluminum alloys. Elevated temperature annealing which greatly reduces the strength (hardness) improves significantly the workability of Al-Mg alloys. On the other hand, the Portevin-Le Chatelier effect and aging softening behavior are stronger in Al-Mg alloys than in 3xxx aluminum alloys and both increase with increasing cold reduction and with increasing Mg content. An apparent tensile anisotropy exists in as received SC hot band materials. The tensile yield strength (YS) is smaller in the QD (45 to the rolling direction), and larger in the RD (rolling direction) and the TD (transverse direction). There is no obvious difference in YS between these RD and TD directions. The average stress drop of serrations in the PLC effect, D s , is strongest in the TD, smallest in the RD with QD in between but closer to TD. However, no tensile anisotropy was observed in a fully recrystallized DC hot band or in solution treated SC hot band materials. It was found that a rolling structure favors mechanical anisotropy while a recrystallized structure prevents it. The tensile anisotropy is due to anisotropic distributions of microstructures, i.e., dislocations, precipitates and solute atoms. A random microstructure is associated with material that shows little or no mechanical anisotropy. An elongated or preferably orientated microstructure is associated with material with high mechanical anisotropy. Recovery thermal treatments at sufficiently high temperatures so that dislocation annihilation and microstructure rearrangement occurs when applied to the final gauge material also lowers mechanical anisotropy because of the reduction in intensity of the elongated (preferably orientated) microstructure. In addition, plastically deforming the material in a more homogenous manner (such as cross rolling as compared to straight rolling) produces a more uniform microstructure with an accompanying lower mechanical anisotropy.

Magnesium (Mg) alloy sheets possess several key properties that make them attractive as lightweight replacements for heavier ferrous and non-ferrous alloy sheets. However, Mg alloys need to be formed at elevated temperatures to overcome their limited room-temperature formabilities. For example, commercial forming is presently conducted at 450°C. Deformation behavior of the most commonly used wrought Mg alloy, AZ31B-H24, and two potentially competitive materials, AZ31B-HR and ZEK100 alloy sheets, with weaker crystallographic textures, are studied in uniaxial tension at 450°C and lower temperatures. The underlying physics of deformation including the operating deformation mechanisms, grain growth, normal and planar anisotropy, and strain hardening are used to construct material constitutive models capable of predicting forming for all three Mg alloy sheets at 450°C and 350°C. The material models constructed are implemented in finite-element-method (FEM) simulations and validated using biaxial bulge forming, an independent testing method. Forming limit diagrams are presented for the AZ31B-H24 and ZEK100 alloy sheets at temperatures from 450°C down to 250°C. The results suggest that forming processes at temperatures lower than 450°C are potentially viable for manufacturing complex Mg components. / text

Crystallographic texture in polycrystalline HCP and cubic materials, often developed during thermomechanical deformations, has profound effects on properties at the macroscopic or component level. Given the respective natures of current detection techniques, a non-destructive, three-dimensional bulk texture detection method for these materials has not yet been developed. This thesis aims to achieve this goal through systematic studies on the relationship between ultrasonic wave velocity and texture. The feasibility of such development is firstly reviewed via the combination of computational and experimental studies on exemplary HCP materials. Numerical results obtained via a representative volume element (RVE) methodology reveal that the wave speed varies progressively and significantly with changing texture, and experimental ultrasound studies combined with EBSD characterisation demonstrate distinguished velocity profiles for samples with different textures. Thus the possibility of the development is demonstrated from these combined results. A novel convolution theorem is then presented, which couples the single crystal wave speed (the kernel function) with polycrystal orientation distribution function to give the resultant polycrystal wave speed function. Firstly developed on HCP and then successfully extended to general anisotropic materials, the theorem expresses the three functions as harmonic expansions thus enabling the calculation of any one of them when the other two are known. Hence, the forward problem of determination of polycrystal wave speed is solved for all crystal systems with verifications on varying textures showing near-perfect representation of the sensitivity of wave speed to texture as well as quantitative predictions of polycrystal wave speed. More importantly, the theorem also presents a solution to the long-standing inverse problem for HCP and cubic materials, with proof of principle established where groups of HCP and cubic textures are recovered solely from polycrystal wave velocities through the theorem and the results show good agreements with the original textures. Therefore the theorem opens up the possibility of developing a powerful technique for bulk texture measurement and wave propagation studies in HCP, cubic materials and beyond.

O crescimento significativo da capacidade instalada de produção de laminados de alumínio no País deve-se ao crescente consumo de latas para bebidas, um sinal de confiança dos consumidores e de sucesso sem precedentes em termos de solução para o mercado de embalagens. A lata de alumínio pode ser reciclada infinitas vezes. Por isso, consagrou também sua unanimidade, devido ao enorme benefício da reciclagem, que reduz o consumo de energia para a produção do alumínio, preserva o meio ambiente, movimenta a economia, gerando empregos e fonte de renda na coleta, e promove a educação dos cidadãos para o desenvolvimento sustentado. O foco deste trabalho é o estudo da alteração da textura de uma liga de alumínio 3104-H19 nas várias etapas do processo de estampagem das latas de alumínio para bebidas através da análise dos resultados de mesotextura obtidos pelos método MEV( Microscópio eletrônico de Varredura)- EBSD (Electron Backscatter Diffraction), bem como a compreensão dos mecanismos da formação da textura e sua influência na conformação das latas de alumínio. A composição química da liga de alumínio foi avaliada através de espectroscopia de dispersão de energia (EDS-MEV) e espectrometria de emissão ótica. Analisou-se sua microestrutura através de microscopia ótica e microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). Realizou-se o ensaio de textura cristalográfica pelo método (SEM- EBSD) nas etapas de estampagem do corpo da lata e em ângulos de zero, 45 e 90 graus em relação a direção de laminação. Avaliou-se o resultado da textura cristalográfica através de Figuras de Polo. A análise microestrutural do laminado revelou dois tipos de compostos intermetálicos com morfologia distinta, Al6(Fe,Mn) e Al12(Fe,Mn)3Si, espalhados não homogeneamente, junto a dispersoides bem distribuídos na matriz de alumínio. Observou-se que na chapa laminada a textura a zero 45 e 90 graus são diferentes e à medida que os estágios de conformação do corpo da lata vão avançando as texturas a 45 e 90 graus vão se modificando e ficando semelhantes a da textura a zero grau (direção de laminação). A textura típica de deformação para ligas de alumínio, latão {110} e cobre {112}, junto a textura Goss {110}, estavam balanceadas pela textura cubo {001}, típica de recristalização. / The significant growth in the installed capacity of aluminum rolled products in Brazil is due to the increasing consumption of beverage cans, a sign of consumer confidence and unprecedented success in terms of solution for the packaging market. The aluminum can be recycled endlessly. Therefore, it also consecrated its unanimity, due to the enormous benefit of recycling, which reduces energy consumption for the production of aluminum, preserves the environment, moves the economy, generates jobs and sources of income in the collection, and promotes the education of citizens for sustainable development. The focus of this work is the study of the alteration of the texture of a 3104-H19 aluminum alloy in the various stages of the process of stamping aluminum cans for beverages by comparing the mesotexture results obtained by SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) EBSD (Electron Backscattered Diffraction), as well as the understanding of the mechanisms of texture formation and its influence on the conformation of aluminum cans. The chemical composition of the aluminum alloy was evaluated using energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS-MEV) and optical emission spectrometry. Its microstructure was analyzed by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The crystallographic texture test (SEM-EBSD) was carried out in the stamping stages of the can body and at angles of zero, 45 and 90 degrees with respect to the rolling direction. The result of the crystallographic texture was evaluated through Polo Figures. Microstructural analysis of the laminate revealed two types of intermetallic compounds with distinct morphology, Al6 (Fe, Mn) and Al12(Fe, Mn)3Si, dispersed in a homogeneous manner, together with dispersoides well distributed in the aluminum matrix. It was observed that in the laminated plate the texture at zero 45, 90 degrees are different, and as the stages of conformation of the body of the can advance the textures at 45 and 90 degrees, they are changing and being similar to the texture at zero degree (direction of rolling). The typical deformation texture for aluminum alloys, brass {110} and copper , together with Goss texture , were balanced by the cube texture {001}, typical of recrystallization.

MASOUMI, M. Role of texture in hydrogen-induced cracking of steel API 5L X70 under various thermomechanical paths. 2017. 152 f. Tese (Doutorado em Ciência de Materiais)-Centro de Tecnologia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2017. / Submitted by Hohana Sanders (hohanasanders@hotmail.com) on 2017-10-04T14:33:45Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2017_tese_mmasoumi.pdf: 14430099 bytes, checksum: b88fdd24a2becfd6fe0081bf46f9eaa8 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marlene Sousa (mmarlene@ufc.br) on 2017-11-08T14:17:10Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2017_tese_mmasoumi.pdf: 14430099 bytes, checksum: b88fdd24a2becfd6fe0081bf46f9eaa8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-08T14:17:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2017_tese_mmasoumi.pdf: 14430099 bytes, checksum: b88fdd24a2becfd6fe0081bf46f9eaa8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-01-06 / Pipeline steels are widely used to transport oil and natural gas in long distance in severe environments. Hydrogen-induced cracking (HIC) is one of the most important failure modes in sour environment. Atomic hydrogen produced during surface pipe corrosion diffuses into the steel and traps at defect sites such as inclusions, precipitations, phase interfaces, martensite islands, and grain boundaries. These hydrogen atoms recombine to form hydrogen molecules, leading to the creation of internal pressure within the metal. This reduces ductility, toughness and mechanical properties, leading to HIC nucleation and propagation. The main objective of this thesis was to find a correlation between a role of texture and grain boundary character distribution with HIC crack nucleation and propagation sites. Finally, proposed thermomechanical treatment produced favorable crystallographic textures and significantly increased HIC resistance which is of great interest to petroleum industry. In this thesis, API 5L X70 steel was subjected to thermomechanical processing with various finish rolling temperatures to produce a similar microstructure with different crystallographic textures. The microstructural and textural evolution was characterised by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). Then, HIC standard test and electrochemical hydrogen-charging experiments were used to induce HIC cracks in pipeline steels. Then EBSD analysis was carried out to show the HIC resistance improvement via appropriate thermomechanical processing. Present work revealed that significant improving of HIC resistance was obtained through engineering of crystallographic texture by isothermal rolling below non-recrystallisation temperature. The high resistance to HIC is highly important to oil and gas transportation. Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) measurements were done along the HIC crack in X70 steel after HIC test. The results showed that {001} grains which parallels to normal direction are weak against HIC propagation, and provide a preferred path to crack propagation. Whereas, grains which lied along {110} and {111} planes parallel to rolling plane showed higher resistance against HIC crack nucleation and propagation and improved HIC resistance. In addition, EBSD data revealed that the high amount of recrystallization fraction with no stored energy is one of the main reasons for a higher HIC resistance. Consequently, increasing the fraction of low angle and coincidence site lattice boundaries related to low {hkl} indexing and correspond to the dense planes is targeted in grain boundary engineering to improve HIC resistance. Increasing the number of {111} and {110} grains, with the goal of minimizing the number of {001} grains and HABs, leads to a reduction in crack nucleation and propagation. In overall, the key finding of this work revealed that significant improvement of HIC resistance was obtained through engineering of crystallographic texture by isothermal rolling at approximately 850°C. Although the rolling schedule suggested in the current study differs from the established industrial production, a significant improvement in HIC resistance by controlling of texture only was achieved. This can be a great motivation for development of an alternative thermomechanical treatment with lower finish rolling temperature / Aços de tubulação são amplamente utilizados para transporte de petróleo e gás natural em longa distância em ambientes agressivos. Trincas induzidas por hidrogênio (HIC) são um dos modos de falha mais importantes no ambiente em que se é usado. O hidrogênio atômico produzido durante a corrosão da superficial da tubulação difunde-se para o aço e as prende em locais de defeito, tais como inclusões, precipitações, interfaces de fase, ilhas martensíticas e contornos de grão. Estes átomos de hidrogênio se recombinam para formar moléculas de hidrogênio, levando à criação de pressão interna dentro do metal. Isso reduz a ductilidade, tenacidade e propriedades mecânicas, levando a nucleação e propagação do HIC. O objetivo principal desta tese foi encontrar uma correlação entre o papel da textura e a distribuição do caráter dos contornos de grãos com os núcleos de propagação e de nucleação das trincas. Finalmente, o tratamento termomecânico proposto produziu texturas cristalográficas favoráveis e aumentou significativamente a resistência ao HIC que é de grande interesse para a indústria petrolífera Nesta tese, o aço API 5L X70 foi submetido a processamento termomecânico com várias temperaturas finais de laminação para produzir uma microestrutura similar com diferentes texturas cristalográficas. A evolução microestrutural e de textura foi caracterizada por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (SEM), difração de raios X (XRD) e difração de retroespalhamento eletrônico (EBSD). Em seguida, utilizaram-se ensaios padrões de HIC e experimentos electroquímicos com bombardeamento de hidrogênio para induzir fissuras HIC em aços de tubulação. Em seguida, a análise de EBSD foi realizada para mostrar a melhoria da resistência HIC através de processo termomecânico apropriado. O presente trabalho revelou que a melhoria significativa da resistência HIC foi obtida através da engenharia da textura cristalográfica por laminação isotérmica abaixo da temperatura de recristalização. A alta resistência ao HIC é muito importante para o transporte de petróleo e gás. As medidas de difração de retroespalhamento de elétrons (EBSD) foram feitas ao longo da trinca HIC em aço X70 após o teste HIC. Os resultados mostraram que os grãos de planos {001} que são paralelos à direção de laminação são mais propensos a propagação de HIC, e proporcionam um caminho preferêncial para a propagação da trinca. Os grãos que estão ao longo dos planos {110} e {111} são paralelos ao plano de laminação e se mostraram mais resistentes a nucleação e propagação de trincas. Além disso, os dados do EBSD revelaram que a elevada quantidade de recristalização sem energia armazenada por deformação é uma das principais razões para uma maior resistência ao HIC. Consequentemente, o aumento da quantidade de contornos de baixo ângulo e coincident site lattice relacionados à baixa indexação {hkl} e que correspondem aos planos densos é direcionado à engenharia de contornos de grãos para melhorar a resistência a HIC. Em conclusão, aumentar o número de grãos em planos {111} e {110}, objetivando a minimização de grãos em planos {001} e contornos de alto ângulo, leva a uma redução na nucleação e propagação de trincas e a uma melhora de resistência a fragilização pelo hidrogênio. Em geral, a principal descoberta deste trabalho revelou que a melhoria significativa da resistência HIC foi obtida através da engenharia de textura cristalográfica por laminação isotérmica a aproximadamente 850°C. Embora o cronograma de laminação sugerido no presente estudo difira da produção industrial estabelecida, foi alcançada uma melhora significativa na resistência ao HIC somente pelo controle da textura. Isto pode ser uma grande motivação para o desenvolvimento de um tratamento termomecânico alternativo com temperatura de laminação de acabamento mais baixa.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de NÃvel Superior / Os aÃos IF (Interstitial Free) foram desenvolvidos nos anos 70 objetivando obter materiais de boa conformabilidade e boa resistÃncia mecÃnica para aplicaÃÃo na indÃstria automobilÃstica. A textura cristalogrÃfica apÃs o processo de recozimento das chapas de aÃo IF tem papel determinante na boa conformabilidade destes aÃos. Neste trabalho sÃo estudadas as evoluÃÃes da microestrutura e da textura cristalogrÃfica de um aÃo IF estabilizado ao titÃnio (Ti) durante a etapa de aquecimento no recozimento. As amostras analisadas foram laminadas à quente, laminadas a frio (75% de reduÃÃo na espessura) e recozidas, respectivamente. Durante a etapa de aquecimento no recozimento foram retiradas amostras nas temperaturas de 730, 740, 750, 760, 770, 780, 790, 800, 810, 820 ÂC para anÃlise. Foi avaliada a evoluÃÃo da microestrutura de cada uma das amostras retiradas do forno por microscopia Ãtica. A avaliaÃÃo da evoluÃÃo da textura foi feita utilizando as tÃcnicas e difraÃÃo de raios-X e EBSD (Electron Back Scatter Diffraction). Os resultados mostraram a evoluÃÃo da recristalizaÃÃo dos grÃos e o tamanho de grÃo na microestrutura com o aumenta da temperatura. A evoluÃÃo da textura mostrou que em temperaturas mais baixas observa-se a presenÃa mais intensa das fibras DL e da componente Cubo Girado do que a fibra DN. Com a elevaÃÃo da temperatura ocorre a eliminaÃÃo da componente Cubo Girado e da fibra DL aumentando a intensidade da fibra DN, mas com aparecimento de direÃÃes (componentes) preferenciais. A tÃcnica de EBSD confirmou este comportamento e permitiu observar a evoluÃÃo da textura e da recristalizaÃÃo com a temperatura. / The Interstitial Free (IF) steels were developed in the 70s aiming to obtain materials of good formability and good mechanical strength for application in the automotive industry. The crystallographic texture after the annealing process of the IF steel sheet has good formability role in these steels. In this work were studied the evolution of the microstructure and crystallographic texture of a stabilized IF steel to titanium (Ti) during the heating step in annealing. The samples were hot rolled, cold rolled (75% reduction in thickness) and annealed, respectively. During the heating step in the annealed the samples were removed for temperatures of 730, 740, 750, 760, 770, 780, 790, 800, 810, 820  C for analysis. It was evaluated the evolution of the microstructure of each sample removed from the oven by optical microscopy. The evaluation of the evolution of texture was made using the techniques of X-ray diffraction and EBSD (Electron Back Scatter Diffraction). The results show the development of recrystallization grain size and grain microstructure with increasing temperature. The evolution of texture shows that in cooler temperatures it is observed the stronger presence of fibers DL component and the cube spun than the DN fiber. With the rise of temperature occurs elimination of component spun cube and elimination of DL fiber increasing the intensity of DN fiber, but with the advent of preferred directions (components). The EBSD technique confirmed this behavior and allowed us to observe the evolution of texture and recrystallization temperature.

nÃo hà / AÃos elÃtricos de grÃo nÃo orientado sÃo amplamente utilizados na fabricaÃÃo de nÃcleos para motores elÃtricos, sendo o desempenho destes equipamentos afetado pela textura cristalogrÃfica presente nesses materiais. Jà o tamanho de grÃo interfere consideravelmente nas perdas magnÃticas. A textura cristalogrÃfica e o tamanho de grÃo sÃo extremamente influenciados pelo tratamento tÃrmico de recozimento realizado apÃs o processo de laminaÃÃo a frio para obtenÃÃo de tiras metÃlicas desses aÃos. O recozimento promove estados de recristalizaÃÃo na microestrutura do material e esses estados estÃo intimamente relacionados com a textura cristalogrÃfica. O objetivo deste trabalho à avaliar a influÃncia da recristalizaÃÃo no comportamento da textura cristalogrÃfica e das perdas magnÃticas por histerese de um aÃo elÃtrico de grÃo nÃo orientado com 1,28% Si que foi laminado a frio industrialmente com reduÃÃes de 50 e 70%. Amostras do material nas condiÃÃes laminado a frio, parcialmente recristalizadas a 580, 585, 590, 595, 600, 605, 610, 615 e 620ÂC e recozidas a 730ÂC por 12 horas (recozimento em caixa) foram analisadas quanto à microestrutura, textura cristalogrÃfica e perdas magnÃticas por histerese. O material tambÃm foi submetido a tratamentos tÃrmicos para crescimento de grÃo e estes tambÃm foram avaliados com respeito à microestrutura e a textura cristalogrÃfica. Os resultados mostraram o inÃcio da recristalizaÃÃo primÃria nas condiÃÃes parcialmente recristalizadas e os tratamentos tÃrmicos para crescimento de grÃo provocaram a ocorrÃncia de recristalizaÃÃo secundÃria. A textura cristalogrÃfica foi modificada pelas condiÃÃes parcialmente recristalizadas, pelo recozimento em caixa e pela recristalizaÃÃo secundÃria. Quanto Ãs perdas magnÃticas por histerese, o recozimento em caixa promoveu uma diminuiÃÃo destas. / Non-oriented electrical steels are widely used in the manufacture of cores for electric motors being the performance of this equipment affected by the presence of crystallographic texture in these materials. In other hand, the grain size considerably affects the magnetic losses. The crystallographic texture and grain size are greatly influenced by the annealing process performed after cold rolling of these steels. Annealing promotes recrystallization in the microstructure of the material which is closely related with the crystallographic texture. The objective of this study is to evaluate the influence of recrystallization on the evolution of crystallographic texture and hysteresis magnetic losses by in non-oriented grain electrical steel with 1.28% Si that was cold rolled with reductions of 50 and 70% in an industrial plant. Samples of the material in the conditions cold rolled and partially recrystallized at 580, 585, 590, 595, 600, 605, 610, 615 and 620ÂC and annealed at 730ÂC for 12 hours (box annealing) were analyzed in the aspects of microstructure, crystallographic texture and magnetic hysteresis losses. The material was also subjected to heat treatment for grain growth and they were also evaluated with respect to the microstructure and crystallographic texture. The results showed the evolution of primary recrystallization and also the microstructure and texture when the material is subjected to final heat treatment that promotes grain growth and secondary recrystallization. The crystallographic texture has changed in the process of primary recrystallization occurred during box annealing and also in the process of secondary recrystallization after heat treatment simulating the final processing of the material. The evaluation of hysteresis magnetic losses showed that the box annealing promoted a reduction of these.

Submitted by Milena Rubi (milenarubi@ufscar.br) on 2017-08-16T14:34:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ZANCHETTA_Bianca_2017.pdf: 6817373 bytes, checksum: 19faa9d0aa5279e71d08211f9d262c35 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Milena Rubi (milenarubi@ufscar.br) on 2017-08-16T14:34:26Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 ZANCHETTA_Bianca_2017.pdf: 6817373 bytes, checksum: 19faa9d0aa5279e71d08211f9d262c35 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Milena Rubi (milenarubi@ufscar.br) on 2017-08-16T14:34:35Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 ZANCHETTA_Bianca_2017.pdf: 6817373 bytes, checksum: 19faa9d0aa5279e71d08211f9d262c35 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-16T14:34:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ZANCHETTA_Bianca_2017.pdf: 6817373 bytes, checksum: 19faa9d0aa5279e71d08211f9d262c35 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-04-27 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Aluminum sheets are produced by rolling followed by annealing. However when submitted to deep drawing earing appears, caused by the plastic anisotropy resulting from the production process. After annealing the main texture is cube {001} , that is recognized as being the cause of this heterogeneity during deep drawing. The literature shows that when shear stress is applied in the deformation process, it leads to texture changes. In this study asymmetric rolling (AR) was used as a technique to produce shear. The shear stress is introduced by the different velocities between the upper and bottom rolls and in this study this was achieved by using roll radius relations (r1/r2) of 1,5 and 2. Rolling reductions of 50% in thickness were applied to aluminum AA1050 sheets. The conventional rolling (CR) was compared to the asymmetric rolling (AR), at two different reduction rates: 5% and 10%. The crystallographic textures were obtained by xray diffraction. Finite element analysis, using the DEFORM software, was used to analyze the effective strain distribution throughout the thickness as well as its components: normal strain, shear strain and rigid body rotation. The samples were annealed in a furnace with 350°C for 05, 10, 15, 20 and 60 minutes. The microstructure was characterized by optical microscopy, electron back scatter diffraction and x-ray diffraction. The plastic anisotropy (Lankford Parameter) was measured by tensile experiments at three different sheet directions and by the Erichsen test. The deformed samples’ microstructure was analyzed at the surface near to the upper roll and at half of the thickness. For the CR the main components were brass (Bs) {011} , Goss (Gs) {011} and copper (Cu) {112} , with 8.8 intensity at the central layer, and 4.5 at the surface. For AR samples the was more random at the surface of the samples with 5% of reduction per pass, added to a component of rotation in the normal direction, what resulted in cube and rotated cube textures or near to these orientations, generating a type of fiber {100}//ND. The maximum intensities for the (r1/r2) of 1,5 and 2 were 3 and 4, respectively. For the samples with 10% of reduction per pass the rolled texture was still presented, with a more intense rotation in the transversal direction related to the rolling direction and shear texture components {100}//ND and . The maximum intensities were 3 and 3.5 , for the (r1/r2) of 1,5 and 2, respectively. In the center layer of the samples with 5% of reduction per pass for (r1/r2) of 1,5 and 2 showed a intensity of 5.26 and 6.56, respectively and the strongest shear texture was rotated Goss (C). (011)[0-1- 1] The samples with 10% reduction per pass showed the greatest reduction of intensity with 3.05 and 3.63, for the (r1/r2) of 1,5 and 2 respectively, and the highest intensity was related to rotate the Goss (011)[0-1-1] component. In the pole figures rotations around the transversal direction (TD) and the normal direction (ND) were observed. Using the finite element analysis the rotation around the TD and ND were quantified and its variation across the thickness were analyzed. The rigid body rotation is superposed to shear , which leads to the observed texture gradients. The rotation around TD is imposed by the velocity difference between top and bottom roll, whereas the ND rotation is imposed by the experimental configuration, which permit variation of the sample alignment at the roll mill entrance. This was stronger for the 5% reduction rate and more concentrated at the samples surface. After 05 minutes the annealed samples were already recrystallized , after 60 minutes the grain average size was 30µm, and hardness 21HV. The annealed texture for the CR sample showed the greatest concentration off Cube texture {001} and intensity of 8.08 times the random. For the AR samples with 5% reduction per pass the intensities for the (r1/r2) of 1,5 and 2 was 5.88 and 6.56, respectively, and for the 10% reduction per pass 2.96 and 2.85, respectively. The AR decreases the annealed texture. In the samples of 5% reduction per pass the most intense shear texture was rotated Goss, the 10% reduction per pass did not have a predominant component. The Lankford parameters showed less anisotropy for the annealed samples with 10% reduction per pass. Based on the values of anisotropy and hardening exponent for each sample, the Limiting Rate of Drawing was calculated. The AR got a superior values than the CR ones, indicating an improvement of the drawability. / Chapas de Alumínio são comumente produzidas por laminação seguida de recozimento. Entretanto, ao serem submetidas à estampagem profunda apresentam problemas de orelhamento, devido à anisotropia plástica. Durante o recozimento a textura predominante é a cubo {001} , esta textura é reconhecida como sendo a causadora da má estampabilidade. A literatura indica que é possível alterar a textura final aplicando cisalhamento durante o processamento do material, neste trabalho aplicamos a Laminação Assimétrica (LA) como forma de produzir cisalhamento sobre a chapa. Utilizando o alumínio AA1050 até atingir um total de 50% de redução em espessura, com relações de assimetria (LA) de (r1/r2) de 1,5 e 2 com 5% e 10% de redução por passe e Laminação Convencional (LC) com taxa de 10% de redução por passe. A deformação experimental foi comparada à simulação de elementos finitos utilizando o software DEFORM, e a distribuição de deformação equivalente foi analisada ao longo da espessura da chapa. As amostras passaram por recozimento em forno tipo MUFLA, a 350°C por 05, 10, 15, 20 e 60 minutos. As amostras deformadas foram caracterizadas por microscopia óptica e sua textura cristalográfica foi obtida por difração de raios-x. As amostras recozidas passaram por caracterização microestrutural por microscopia óptica, difração de elétrons retroespalhados (EBSD) e difração de raios-x. A caracterização mecânica foi feita por ensaios de dureza, de tração e pelo ensaio de embutimento Erichsen. A microestrutura das amostras deformadas foi analisada próxima a superfície do rolo superior e no plano central a espessura. Para a LC foram encontradas concentrações maiores de Bs {011} , Gs {011} , Cu {112} , com intensidade máxima de 8,8 para o centro da chapa e de 4,5 na superfície. Para as amostras LA houve uma maior aleatoriedade das texturas tanto na superfície quanto no plano central. As amostras com 5% de redução por passe apresentaram as melhores reduções de intensidades máximas, somada a uma componente de rotação na direção normal (DN) da chapa, as intensidades máximas para (r1/r2) 1,5 e 2 foram de 3 e 4 respectivamente. Nas amostras de 10% de redução por passe ainda estavam presentes as componentes de laminação com uma rotação mais acentuada ao redor da direção transversal (DT) a direção de laminação as intensidades máximas foram de 3 e 3,5 para (r1/r2) 1,5 e 2 respectivamente. No centro da chapa as amostras de 5% de redução por passe para (r1/r2) 1,5 e 2 apresentam intensidades de 5,26 e 6,56 respectivamente e a textura de cisalhamento mais forte foi a Goss rodado (011) [0 1 1 ] (C). Já as amostras de 10% de redução apresentam as maiores reduções de intensidade com 3,05 e 3,63, para (r1/r2) 1,5 e 2 respectivamente, e uma proporção maior de intensidade Goss rodado (C). A simulação numérica foi utilizada para quantificar as rotações de corpo rígido impostas pela deformação, indicadas nas figuras de pólo pelas rotações ao redor da DN e da DT. Quanto às rotações ao redor da DT, para as reduções de 5% o cisalhamento se concentra na superfície e a rotação de corpo rígido é relativamente mais intensa no centro da amostra; nas reduções de 10% uma contribuição mais intensa tanto da rotação quanto do cisalhamento foi obtida. Quanto à rotação ao redor de DN ela foi mais intensa na superfície da chapa e para a redução de 5%. Após 05 minutos de tratamento as amostras já se encontravam recozidas atingindo um tamanho de grão médio de cerca de 30µm, e dureza em torno de 21HV. A textura de recozimento da amostra LC apresentou maiores concentrações das texturas cubo {001} e intensidade de 8,08. Para a LA com 5% de redução por passe as intensidades são máximas para r1/r2 1,5 e 2 foram 5,88 e 6,56, respectivamente, já para as com 10% de redução por passe, 2,96 e 2,85, respectivamente, apresentando a maior redução de concentração de texturas, assim como no material deformado. A LA promoveu, portanto a redução da intensidade de textura de recozimento Nas amostras de 5% de redução por passe a textura de cisalhamento mais intensa foi a Goss rodado, já para as amostras de 10% não houve uma componente predominante. O ensaio de tração nas três direções apresentou uma menor anisotropia para as amostras recozidas com 10% de redução por passe. Baseado nos valores de anisotropia e encruamento para cada amostra foi calculado a taxa de limite de embutimento, na qual as amostras LA obtiveram um valor superior a LC, indicando possuírem um melhor comportamento ao ensaio.

L’alliage de magnésium AZ31 présente une très faible densité. Cette caractéristique en fait un matériau apprécié pour la conception de structures légères. La limitation principale de son utilisation industrielle est sa mauvaise formabilité et ce en raison de la texture cristallographique des tôles qui s’avère être peu adaptée aux procédés de mise en forme tel que l’emboutissage. Cette texture résultant du laminage initial, l’ambition de ce travail est de la modifier en utilisant la technique de laminage asymétrique et de mesurer l’impact de cette voie sur la formabilité de l’alliage. Il a été montré que l’asymétrie, produite par un différentiel de vitesses de rotation des cylindres du laminoir, induit systématiquement de fortes instabilités plastiques sous forme de bandes de cisaillement. Des techniques de cartographie sur microscope électronique en transmission (ACOM) et à balayage (EBSD) ainsi que des analyses de texture par DRX ont été utilisées pour analyser les mécanismes physiques concourant à l’émergence de cette instabilité. Il résulte de cette analyse que l’asymétrie du laminage provoque une forte activité du système de glissement basal que ne compense ni les autres systèmes ni le maclage. Ceci conduit à une localisation marquée de la déformation plastique et à la ruine du matériau. / The low density of the magnesium alloy AZ31 makes it valuable for low weight components. The main limitation for industrial applications is the poor formability of sheets during deep drawing type processing. This is linked to the fibre crystallographic texture resulting from rolling. The objective of the present work is to modify the sheet texture through asymmetrical rolling. It has appeared that the asymmetry promoted by monitoring the roll speeds separately induces plastic instabilities through shear banding. The physical mechanisms involved in the instability were analysed with the help of orientation imaging techniques on transmission electron (ACOM/TEM) and scanning electron (EBSD/SEM) microscopes as well as with X-ray measurements. It is concluded that the shear resulting from the asymmetry in roll speeds promotes a dramatic increase of basal slip that neither twinning nor the activities of other slip systems are able to compensate. Such activity induces strain localisation and premature failure of the material.