The purpose of this study was to examine power output and fatigue from power-time curves of cycle ergometer and isokinetic dynamometer tests. Fifteen physically active female university athletes performed a 45 s cycle ergometer test at resistances of 0.075, 0.085, and 0.095 kp/kg bw, as well as a 45 s and a 3 repetition isokinetic flexion and extension test at velocities of 60, 180, and 300$ sp circ$/s. Results revealed that peak power, mean power (W and W/kg), and fatigue (W/kg) were highest at the 0.095 kp/kg bw resistance and lowest at the 0.075 kp/kg bw resistance. Significant differences among the three cycle ergometer conditions existed for peak power, mean power, and fatigue. Peak power and mean power (W and W/kg) were highest at 300$ sp circ$/s and lowest at 60$ sp circ$/s. Results revealed significant differences among the isokinetic dynamometer conditions for peak and mean power. Mean power output (W) was significantly correlated (range of r = 0.56 to r = 0.74) for the cycle ergometer and the isokinetic dynamometer test conditions.

The purpose of this study was to examine the vertical component of the American College of Sports Medicine (A.C.S.M.) Guidelines equation to predict the oxygen cost of grade running. The A.C.S.M. Guidelines equation is: VO$ sb2$(ml/kg.min) = 3.5 + 0.2 speed(m/min) + 0.9 (speed(m/min) * grade(frac)). Twenty-three female runners (20 to 33 years) participated in (1) a VO$ sb2$max test, (2) five 6 min running economy (RE) tests at 133 m/min, (3) five 6 min RE tests at 160 m/min, and (4) three 6 min RE tests at 186 m/min. The RE tests at 133 and 160 m/min were performed at the following grades: 0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, and 10.0%. The RE tests at 186 m/min were performed at 0, 2.5, and 5.0% grade. The RE tests were administered in random order. There was a linear relationship between VO$ sb2$ and horizontal running velocity with a slope of 0.20 ml/kg.m (r = 0.996; p $<$.01). There was a linear relationship between VO$ sb2$ and percent grade when running on a treadmill. The correlations for the regression equations at speeds of 133, 160, and 186 m/min were 0.90 (p $<$.01), 0.86 (p $<$.01), and 0.73 (p $<$.01), respectively. Inclusion of a grade component in the regression analysis equation increased the accuracy for predicting the VO$ sb2$ of grade running. VO$ sb2$ consumption for grade running can be predicted using the following equation: VO$ sb2$ (ml/kg.min) = 3.5 + 0.198(speed in m/min + 0.932 grade(%)) + 0.006(speed(m/min) * grade(%)). The new equation explained 99.5% of the variance (R$ sp2$) compared to the 78.0% of the variance (R$ sp2$) that was explained by the A.C.S.M. Guidelines equation.

Tyrimo tikslas - Nustatyti ir palyginti paauglių dziudo sportininkų agresijos raišką lyties ir amžiaus aspektu. Tyrimo objektas – Paauglių dziudo sportininkų agresijos raiška. Uždaviniai: 1. Nustatyti ir palyginti paauglių dziudo sportininkų agresijos raišką lyties aspektu. 2. Nustatyti ir palyginti paauglių dziudo sportininkų agresijos raišką amžiaus aspektu. Hipotezė – paauglių dziudo sportininkų agresija skiriasi lyties ir amžiaus aspektu. Rezultatai: Tyrimas atskleidė, kad 10–15 metų amžiaus dziudo sportininkėms (mergaitėms) labiausiai būdinga agresijos forma buvo fizinė agresija (20,07 balo), mažiau pasireiškė verbalinė agresija (18,40 balo) ir pyktis (17,87 balo). 10 – 15 metų amžiaus dziudo sportininkams (berniukams) labiausiai būdinga agresijos forma taip pat buvo fizinė agresija (23,47 balo), mažiau pasireiškė verbalinė agresija (19,97 balo) ir pyktis (18,63 balo). Mažiausiai būdinga agresijos forma mergaitėms ir berniukams buvo priešiškumas. Išvados: 1. Analizuojant dziudo sportininkų agresijos raišką lyties aspektu statistiškai reikšmingas skirtumas nustatytas tik fizinės agresijos rodikliuose (p< 0,05): berniukų fizinė agresija didesnė nei mergaičių. Verbalinės agresijos, pykčio ir priešiškumo raiška lyties aspektu reikšmingai nesiskyrė, tačiau visose agresijos raiškos formose berniukų rezultatai nežymiai buvo didesni. 2. Analizuojant dziudo sportininkų agresijos raišką amžiaus aspektu, nustatyta, kad labiausiai išreikšta fizinė agresija 14-15 metų dziudo... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The aim of research: to identify the expression of aggression of young judo athletes according to their age and gender. The object: the expression of aggression of young judo athletes. The tasks: 1) To identify and compare the expression of aggression of young judo athletes according to their gender. 2) To identify and compare the expression of aggression of young judo athletes according to their age. Hypothesis: the aggression of young judo athletes are different looking at their gender and at their age. Results: The research revealed that the most typical form of aggression to young judo girls‘(age 10 – 15 years) was physical aggression (score 20, 07), verbal aggression (score 18, 40) and anger (score (score17, 87). The most typical form of aggression to boys of judo (age 10 – 15 years) was physical aggression (score 23, 47), verbal aggression (score 19, 97) and anger (score 18, 63). Least typical form of aggression for boys and girls of judo was hostility. Conclusions: 1) According to analysis, aggression of judo athletes looking to their gender, ascertained just in the indicators of physical aggression (p<0.05): physical aggression of boys are major than girls. According to their gender the verbal aggression, anger and animosity of young athletes are quite similar between boys and girls. 2) According to analysis, aggression of judo athletes looking to their age, ascertained that major physical aggression is between 14 – 15 years athletes (p<0.05).

Eating disorders and disturbed body image perceptions are becoming a growing problem in athletes. Similar to non-athletes, both female and male athletes have shown an upward trend in the development of eating disorders. The purpose of this research paper is to compile previous research on possible reasons why athletes develop eating disorders. Gender differences, outside influence, specific sports and certain personality characteristics are investigated more in depth to see the affects they have on athletes’ tendencies in developing eating disorders and negative body image.

Despite the many benefits associated with women’s participation in sport, women athletes are often exposed to potential challenges that can negatively affect their athletic experience. The root of many challenges in sport comes from the level of performance expectations and the frequency of evaluations that women face. Self-compassion is a construct informed by positive psychology that can help people manage self-judgment, rumination, and feelings of isolation while promoting a kind and understanding perspective of the self. Further, self-compassion promotes positive self-attitude without the drawbacks associated with self-esteem; however, past research on the role of self-compassion in women athletes’ well-being is limited. This research applies a mixed methods approach to address the role of self-compassion in women athletes’ body appreciation and intuitive eating. The first phase was quantitative and expands on past research by examining how self-compassion relates to, and explains unique variance beyond self-esteem, in women athletes’ body appreciation, intuitive eating, disordered eating, compulsive exercise, and state self-criticism. Participants were 90 women athletes aged between 18 and 27 years, who participated in a variety of sports and competitive levels and completed an online survey. Self-compassion was positively related to women athletes’ body appreciation (r=.68, p< .01) and intuitive eating (r=.53, p< .01), while being negatively related to disordered eating (r=-.59, p< .01), compulsive exercise (r=-.37, p< .01), and state self-criticism (r=-.45, p< .01). Hierarchical regression analysis revealed that self-compassion contributed significant unique variance beyond self-esteem, after controlling for age and BMI (calculated from self-reported weight and height), in women athletes’ body appreciation (4.1%, p<.01), intuitive eating (8.7%, p<.01), disordered eating (9.4%, p<.001), compulsive exercise (8.3%, p<.01), and state self-criticism (7.5%, p<.01). This study supports past research suggesting that self-compassion may be a useful tool for women athletes to manage challenging or difficult experiences in sport, while adding to the literature by highlighting that self-compassion might also play a role in positive sport experiences related to body appreciation and intuitive eating. Six women athletes completed the qualitative phase. Interviews were conducted to explore how self-compassion contributes to women athletes’ experiences of body appreciation and intuitive eating. Three main themes arose from the collective case study. Self-compassion plays a role in body appreciation and intuitive eating by helping women athletes to recognize the uniqueness of sport contexts, through the promotion of awareness, and by helping them to set personalized expectations and standards. Together the quantitative and qualitative phases forward the study of women athletes’ self-compassion, body image, and eating behaviour with a particular focus on positive constructs. As such, the current study provides a foundation to explore other positive psychological constructs and constructs informed by positive psychology and to examine the impact of a self-compassion intervention on women athletes’ body appreciation and intuitive eating.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether adherance to a modified vegetarian diet predisposed young female athletes to iron deficiency. Two groups of female distance runners volunteered to be subjects for this study. One group consisted of women who regularly consumed red meat, and the other groups women who consumed a modified vegetarian diet. Three day dietary records analyzed to estimate nutrient intake, including available iron. Measures of serum ferritin, serum iron, total iron binding capacity, percent transferrin saturation, hemoglobin and hematocrit were done to asses iron status. The two groups did not differ in the amount of total iron or available iron in their diets. The red meat eating subjects consumed significantly more heme iron from their diets than the modified vegetarians; however there were no differences between the two groups in any of the measures of hematological or iron status. While there were no differences between the two groups in the percent of subjects classified in each stage, 37% of all of the subjects were classified as having a stage 1 deficiency, associated with iron deficient stores, and 11% of the subjects were classified as having a stage 2 deficiency, indicating iron deficient erythropoiesis. None of the subjects were anemic. The results indicate that adherance to a modifed vegetarian diet in this age group did not increase the risk of iron deficiency. / School of Physical Education

The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship between task and ego goal orientation and ZOF. The subjects consisted of interscholastic athletes of the men's varsity and junior varsity baseball, men's track and field, and women's track and field teams from a local Midwestern high school. By providing a more concise zone of optimal function (ZOF) by breaking down the zone into three components: psychological, physiological, and competitive (evaluated by the Sport Participation Questionnaire) the athletes may be able to manipulate their ZOF by using the characteristics of their task and ego orientation (evaluated by the TEOSQ). The data was analyzed by doing a series of factor analyses and multiple regressions. After finding four significant factors (two separate psychological, one physiological, one competitive) a multiple regression was employed to determine the relationship between the factors and task and ego orientaXon.Nearly significant was the regression with ego-oriented athletes and the thinking construct which consisted of items 16-18 of the Sport Participation Questionnaire. Also, significant were relationships of the task or ego score and the demographic findings. / School of Physical Education

The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence of abnormal eating behaviors and weight control techniques in female collegiate varsity athletes at Ball State University. A modified version of the The Michigan State University (MSU) Weight Control Survey was the instrument which was used to survey the athletes. Data were collected from 79 athletes, who represented six sports (field hockey, gymnastics, softball, tennis, track & field, and volleyball). The mean age of subjects was 20.0 years. Multivariate tests of significance were conducted to see whether or not there were any statistical differences among athletes according to their sport participation. Height was the only variable that revealed statistical significance (p=.002). Body Mass Index (BMI) showed that 63 (80.7%) athletes fell into the desirable range of 19-24 for person's aged 19 through 24 years. A total of 49 (63.0%) athletes reported that they had attempted to lose weight during the preceding year. Approximately 80% of respondents believed diet pills, vomiting, laxatives, diuretic pills, fasting and drinking less fluids to be dangerous weight loss methods. Eating fewer snacks, exercising more, and counting fat grams were the most common methods of weight control that had been tried. Thirteen athletes reported that they had used at least one (fasting, vomiting, laxatives, diet pills, syrup of ipecac, and/or drinking less fluids) harmful method to control body weight. / Department of Physiology and Health Science

The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of self-motivation and several non-psychological variables on injured athletes' adherence to rehabilitation. Twenty-five (17 male, 8 female) injured intercollegiate athletes from several sports (football, gymnastics, diving, swimming, volleyball, cross country/track, baseball, and tennis) participated. After injured athletes reported to the training room for treatment, they were informed of the study by the head athletic trainers. Athletes agreeing to participate were required to complete an injury information form and the Self-Motivation Inventory. The head athletic trainers recorded injury information, attendance to rehabilitation, and made judgments regarding each athletes' adherence to rehabilitation.Adherence was measured four different ways (i.e., attendance rates, trainer judgments, trainer rankings, and a combination of the previous three to create an overall adherence measure). The results of this study are inconclusive, due to the fact that the different adherence measures did not agree for each independent measure. The results, however, suggest that self-motivation and certain non-psychological variables (i.e., academic class, scholarship status, and injury severity) may serve as predictors of injured athletes' adherence to rehabilitation. / Department of Counseling Psychology and Guidance Services

The purpose of this study was to measure the effects of an imagery session on intercollegiate female swimmers' precompetitive state anxiety levels and on perceptions of anxiety. A switched replication design was utilized in which twenty-two female intercollegiate swimmers were administered the the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory2, CSAI-2 (Martens, Burton, Vealey, Bump, & Smith, 1990) and the Competitive Anxiety Perception Scale, CAPS, (Murray, 1989) weekly over the course of five weeks. Subjects were then randomly exposed to an imagery session during this period. Although descriptive data showed decreases in subjects' levels of A-state, a 2x2 ANOVA revealed no significant differences between subjects' PRE and POST scores. The observed decreases in A-state, although nonsignificant at the .05 level, warrants future research with a larger sample size. Additionally, the nonsignificant change in CAPS suggested that one's perceptions of anxiety may be learned at an early age and, therefore, not easily modified. It is suggested that future researchers attempt to identify those factors which mediate perceptions of anxiety. / School of Physical Education