Thesis (MTech. degree in Chemistry)--Tshwane University of Technology, 2008. / This work is aimed at experimental verification of the theory about the advantages of the two-step sample vapour release in a fast-heated ballast furnace. The term “ballast” was introduced earlier in electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry, as an alternative to a platform to describe a compact body of refractive material loosely located on the bottom of a tube furnace atomiser. The thermal behaviour of the ballast furnace is similar to that of the platform, but without restriction created by the platform area. Compared with the flat or concave platform, a compact ballast of similar mass to the platform should have less impact on gas temperature because of the smaller surface area. The theoretical predictions concerning atomisation efficiency in the fast-heated ballast furnace were examined by the determination of metals in organic and inorganic matrices using a Quantum Z.ETA atomic absorption spectrometer. The instrument provided fast heating of the tube atomizer, 10 K ms-1. It is shown that in the employed ballast furnace the vapour released into the gas phase occurs after interim condensation on the ballast. For the samples of tetraethyllead, base oil and aqueous solutions of various metals, analytical signals are observed after stabilisation of tube temperature, independent of volatility of the analyte and level of temperature setting. For those samples, a high gas phase temperature provides complete recovery of the analyte without involvement of chemical modifiers and the reduction of spectral interferences from chloride matrices.

O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar e comparar dois sistemas de aplicação de agrotóxicos em citros visando à redução do volume de aplicação com base no estudo da quantidade de produto que permanece no alvo (deposição) e análise das gotas. Na citricultura utilizam-se altos volumes de aplicação (de 2000 a 5000 L.ha-1) para o controle de pragas e doenças incrementando os custos operacionais, por esse motivo, atualmente vem-se desenvolvendo diversos sistemas de aplicação com tecnologia sofisticada visando diminuir esses volumes para 200 ou 500 L.ha-1 mas permitindo que a quantidade de produto depositado no alvo seja eficaz no controle de pragas e doenças. Procuramos avaliar dois sistemas de aplicação de agrotóxicos com um pulverizador de jato transportado. Os sistemas de aplicação utilizaram os atomizadores rotativos de discos e os bicos hidráulicos para efeito comparativo do desempenho. Foi realizada uma pulverização em duas passadas para cada sistema sobre uma amostra de quatro árvores. Utilizaram-se papéis hidrosensíveis, folhas e placas de vidro para a coleta dos dados. Para a análise da gota utilizou-se o software de leitura visual e-Sprinkle e a análise de deposição foi realizada com cromatografia gasosa e cromatografia de permeação em gel. Concluiu-se que o sistema de aplicação com atomizadores rotativos mostrou resultados favoráveis de deposição quando comparado com o sistema de aplicação com bicos hidráulicos, uma vez que esses resultados não foram significativamente diferentes. O que resulta bastante importante é que o sistema de aplicação com atomizadores rotativos utilizou um quinto do volume de aplicação quando comparado ao sistema com bicos hidráulicos, pelo que se deve considerar de vital importância o aspecto econômico para trabalhos complementares. / The aim of the work was to evaluate and compare two application spray systems of pesticides in citrus, aiming the reduction of the application volume rate in based in the amount of product that remains in the target (spray deposition) and distribution of the drops. Actually in the citrus orchard high application volumes rates for the pest control are used increasing the operational costs. The application system must be based in sophisticated technology to reduce the application volumes rates and also be efficient in the pest control. For such we evaluated two pesticides application systems with an air carrier sprayer. The application systems used were the rotary discs atomizers and the hydraulic nozzles, to compare the performance based in the applied volume rates, spray deposition and droplets distribution. A spraying run for each system was performed on a random sample of four trees for each system, water-sensitive papers, leaves and glass slides had been used for data collection. The water-sensitive papers were analyzed with visual imaging software (e-Sprinkle) and the spray deposition was analyzed with gas chromatography and gel permeation chromatography. The application system with rotary discs atomizers used reduced application volumes rates and had less deposit than hydraulic nozzles but did not significantly differents. Those results were important because the application system with rotary discs atomizers only used fifth of the application volume rate compared with hydraulic nozzles, must be consider of vital importance the economical aspect to complementary works.

O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar e comparar dois sistemas de aplicação de agrotóxicos em citros visando à redução do volume de aplicação com base no estudo da quantidade de produto que permanece no alvo (deposição) e análise das gotas. Na citricultura utilizam-se altos volumes de aplicação (de 2000 a 5000 L.ha-1) para o controle de pragas e doenças incrementando os custos operacionais, por esse motivo, atualmente vem-se desenvolvendo diversos sistemas de aplicação com tecnologia sofisticada visando diminuir esses volumes para 200 ou 500 L.ha-1 mas permitindo que a quantidade de produto depositado no alvo seja eficaz no controle de pragas e doenças. Procuramos avaliar dois sistemas de aplicação de agrotóxicos com um pulverizador de jato transportado. Os sistemas de aplicação utilizaram os atomizadores rotativos de discos e os bicos hidráulicos para efeito comparativo do desempenho. Foi realizada uma pulverização em duas passadas para cada sistema sobre uma amostra de quatro árvores. Utilizaram-se papéis hidrosensíveis, folhas e placas de vidro para a coleta dos dados. Para a análise da gota utilizou-se o software de leitura visual e-Sprinkle e a análise de deposição foi realizada com cromatografia gasosa e cromatografia de permeação em gel. Concluiu-se que o sistema de aplicação com atomizadores rotativos mostrou resultados favoráveis de deposição quando comparado com o sistema de aplicação com bicos hidráulicos, uma vez que esses resultados não foram significativamente diferentes. O que resulta bastante importante é que o sistema de aplicação com atomizadores rotativos utilizou um quinto do volume de aplicação quando comparado ao sistema com bicos hidráulicos, pelo que se deve considerar de vital importância o aspecto econômico para trabalhos complementares. / The aim of the work was to evaluate and compare two application spray systems of pesticides in citrus, aiming the reduction of the application volume rate in based in the amount of product that remains in the target (spray deposition) and distribution of the drops. Actually in the citrus orchard high application volumes rates for the pest control are used increasing the operational costs. The application system must be based in sophisticated technology to reduce the application volumes rates and also be efficient in the pest control. For such we evaluated two pesticides application systems with an air carrier sprayer. The application systems used were the rotary discs atomizers and the hydraulic nozzles, to compare the performance based in the applied volume rates, spray deposition and droplets distribution. A spraying run for each system was performed on a random sample of four trees for each system, water-sensitive papers, leaves and glass slides had been used for data collection. The water-sensitive papers were analyzed with visual imaging software (e-Sprinkle) and the spray deposition was analyzed with gas chromatography and gel permeation chromatography. The application system with rotary discs atomizers used reduced application volumes rates and had less deposit than hydraulic nozzles but did not significantly differents. Those results were important because the application system with rotary discs atomizers only used fifth of the application volume rate compared with hydraulic nozzles, must be consider of vital importance the economical aspect to complementary works.

No description available.

The work presented here pertains to investigations on gas-on-liquid type of impinging injectors with a generic approach with prospective applications in several areas, and at places with particular emphasis on cryogenic or semi-cryogenic liquid propellant rockets. In such rockets, one of the components arrives at the injector in a gaseous phase after passing through the regenerative coolant passages or a preceding combustion stage. Most often, the injectors in such systems are of shear coaxial type. The shear coaxial injectors suffer from several disadvantages like complexity in design, manufacture and quality control. Adoption of impinging jet configuration can alleviate these problems in addition to providing further benefits in terms of cost, robustness in high temperature environment and manifolding. However, there is very little literature on gas-on-liquid injectors either in this context or in any other Even for the simplest form of impinging injectors such as like-on-like doublets, literature provides no conclusive direction at describing a spray from the theoretical models of physical mechanisms. Empirical approach is still the prime mode of obtaining a proper understanding of the phenomena. Steady state spray characterization includes mainly of describing the spatial distribution of liquid mass and drop size distribution as a function of geometric and injection parameters. The parameters that are likely to have an impact on spray characteristics are orifice diameter, ratio of orifice length to diameter, pre-impingement length of individual jets, inter orifice distance, impingement angle, jet velocity and condition of the jet just before impingement. The gas-on- liquid configuration is likely to experience some qualitative changes because of the expansion of the gas jet. The degree to which each one of the above variables influences the drop size and mass distribution having implication to combustion performance forms the core theme of the thesis. A dedicated experimental facility has been built, calibrated and deployed exhaustively. While spray drop size measurement is done largely by a laser diffraction instrument, some of the cases warranted an image processing technique. Two different image processing algorithms are developed in-house for this purpose. The granulometric image processing method developed earlier in the group for cryogenic sprays is modified and its applicability to gas-on-liquid impinging sprays are verified. Another technique based on the Hough transform which is feature extraction technique for extracting quantitative information has also been developed and used for gas-on-liquid impinging injectors. A comparative study of conventional liquid-on-liquid doublet with gas-on-liquid impinging injectors are first made to establish the importance of studying gas-on-liquid impinging injectors. The study identifies the similarities and differences between the two types and highlights the features that make such injectors attractive as replacements to coaxial configuration. Spray structure, drop-size mass distributions are quantified for the purpose of comparison. This is followed by a parametric study of the gas-on-liquid impinging injectors carried out using identified control variables. Though momentum ratio appeared to be a suitable parameter to describe the spray at any given impingement angle, the variations due to impingement angle had to be factored in. It was found that normal gas momentum to liquid mass is an apt parameter to generalize the spray characteristics. It was also found that using identical nozzles for desired mass ratio could lead to rather large deflection of the spray which may not be acceptable in combustion chamber design. One way of overcoming this is to work with unequal orifice sizes for gas and liquid. It was found that using smaller gas orifice for a given liquid orifice resulted in lower SMD (Sauter Mean Diameter of the spray) for constant gas and liquid mass flow rates. This is attributable to the high dynamic pressure of gas in the case of smaller gas orifices for the same mass flow rate. The impinging liquid jets with unequal momentum in the doublet configuration would result in non-uniform mass and mixture ratio distribution within the combustion chamber which may have to operate under varying conditions of mass flow rates and/or mixture ratio. The symmetrical arrangement of triplet configuration can eliminate this problem at the same time generating finely atomized spray and a homogeneous mixture ratio. In view of the scanty literature available in this field, the atomization characteristics of the spray generated by liquid centered triplet jets are examined in detail. It was found that as in the case of gas-on-liquid impinging doublets, normal gas momentum to liquid mass is an ideal parameter in describing the spray. Variants of this configuration are studied recently for many other applications too. As done in the case of doublets, efforts have also been made to compare gas centered triplet to liquid-liquid triplet. It was found that the trend of SMD of gas centered triplet is different from that of liquid-liquid triplets, thus pointing to a different mechanism in play. The SMD in the case of liquid-liquid triplets decreases monotonically with increasing specific normal momentum. It is to be noted that specific normal momentum is an ideal parameter for describing the spray characteristics of liquid-liquid triplets and doublets. In the case of gas centered triplet the SMD first increases and then decreases with specific normal momentum, the inversion point depends on the gas mass flow rate for a constant specific normal momentum. The thesis concludes with a summary of the major observations of spray structures for all the above injector configurations and quantifies the parametric dependencies that would be of use to engineering design

Biofuels in civil aviation is actively studied in recent years to identify potential alternative jet fuels to meet stringent environmental regulations imposed to tackle degraded air quality caused by fossil fuel combustion. In this context, the aviation industry prefers to develop ‘drop-in’ fuels which may not require substantial modifications in existing jet engine technologies. The thesis aims at evaluating the atomization characteristics of camelina- and jatropha-derived drop-in biofuels discharging from simplex swirl atomizer used in aircraft gas turbine engines. The test fuels are characterized in detail and all fuels meet current ASTM D7566 specifications. The experiments are conducted by discharging fuel spray into quiescent atmospheric air in a fuel spray booth to obtain spray characteristics such as fuel discharge behaviour, spray cone angle, breakup behaviour of swirling fuel sheet and spray drop size distribution. The characteristics of sheet breakup are deduced from the captured images of biofuel sprays and the measurements of spray droplet size distribution are obtained using Spraytec (laser-diffraction instrument). A systematic comparison is made between the biofuel sprays and the 100% Jet A-1 (conventional aviation kerosene) sprays to evaluate the drop-in feature of the biofuels. All the measured spray characteristics of the biofuel sprays follow the Jet A-1 both in qualitative and quantitative terms which ensure the drop-in nature of the tested biofuels. The minor differences observed in the comparison of the quantitative spray measurements are attributed to the variation in the fuel properties. This claim is supported using the predictions obtained from the liquid film breakup model and the empirical correlation reported in the literature for the determination of sheet breakup characteristics and mean drop size for sprays discharging from simplex swirl atomizers.

Submitted by Gabriela Lopes (gmachadolopesufpel@gmail.com) on 2017-06-20T16:09:52Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Tese Tânia Bayer.pdf: 909967 bytes, checksum: bb98b5908d8b1ee07585fe26d173015e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2017-06-21T18:55:52Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese Tânia Bayer.pdf: 909967 bytes, checksum: bb98b5908d8b1ee07585fe26d173015e (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-21T18:55:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese Tânia Bayer.pdf: 909967 bytes, checksum: bb98b5908d8b1ee07585fe26d173015e (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-16 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o efeito de equipamentos e taxas de aplicação, via aérea, no controle de doenças foliares e patógenos de grãos do arroz irrigado da cultivar Puitá Inta CL, com o fungicida Azoxistrobina 250g + Difenoconazol 250, além de verificar a densidade e penetração de gotas no dossel das plantas através de cartões hidrosensíveis. Avaliou-se a quantidade de fungicida depositado nos estratos superior e inferior através de análise cromatográfica e determinou-se a relação entre a área foliar e o peso dos estratos inferior e superior das plantas. As pulverizações foram realizadas com bico defletor Stol, bico hidráulico Travicar e atomizador rotativo de discos Turboaero, com volumes variando entre 10 e 30 L.ha-1 . A utilização de cartões hidronsensiveis possibilitou verificar que taxas de aplicação maiores proporcionaram maior densidade de gotas no estrato superior do dossel foliar e que todos os equipamentos, assim como as taxas de aplicação promovem similar penetração de gotas no dossel. Conclui-se que para estudar a distribuição de produtos químicos nos estratos inferior e superior das plantas via cromatografia, devem ser feitas extrações de porções vegetais com área foliar equivalente e não por quantidades com pesos iguais. Mesmo com pouca severidade de doença, a aplicação de fungicida mostrou-se importante no controle de fungos presentes nos grãos em pós-colheita, a exemplo de Fusarium sp. e Gerlachia sp.e dos patógenos Bipolaris sp. e Gerlachia sp. em condições de campo. / This study aimed to evaluate the effect of equipment and application rates, for the control of foliar diseases and pathogens of grains of rice cultivar Puitá CL Inta, with the fungicide azoxystrobin + difenoconazole, and check the density and penetration of drops in the canopy of plants with water sensitive papers. We evaluated the amount of fungicide deposited in the canopy by chromatographic analysis and determined the relationship between the leaf area and the weight of upper and lower layers of the plants. The products were sprayed with Stol deflector nozzle, Travicar hydraulic nozzle and rotative atomizer Turboaero, with volumes between 10 and 30 L.ha-1 . The use of water sensitive papers allowed to verify that higher application rates provided a higher density of droplets in the upper stratum of the canopy of leaves and that all equipment, as well as application rates similar to promote penetration of droplets into the canopy. It follows that to study the distribution of chemicals in the lower and upper layers of the plants via chromatography, can be made with the extraction of plant leaf area portions and not by amounts equivalent weight equal. Even with low disease severity, fungicide application was shown to be important in controlling fungi present in grain post-harvest, such as Fusarium sp. and Gerlachia sp., and the pathogens Bipolaris sp. and Gerlachia sp. at field conditions.

The focus of this Ph.D. thesis research is a new piezoelectrically driven micromachined ultrasonic atomizer concept that utilizes fluid cavity resonances in the 15 MHz range along with acoustic wave focusing to generate the pressure gradient required for droplet or jet ejection. This ejection technique exhibits low-power operation while addressing the key challenges associated with other atomization technologies including production of sub-5 um diameter droplets, low-temperature operation, the capacity to scale throughput up or down, and simple, low-cost fabrication. This thesis research includes device development and fabrication as well as experimental characterization and theoretical modeling of the acoustics and fluid mechanics underlying device operation. The main goal is to gain an understanding of the fundamental physics of these processes in order to achieve optimal design and controlled operation of the atomizer. Simulations of the acoustic response of the system for various device geometries and different ejection fluid properties predict the resonant frequencies of the device and confirm that pressure field focusing occurs. High-spatial-resolution stroboscopic visualization of fluid ejection under various operating conditions is used to investigate whether the proposed atomizer is capable of operating in either the discrete-droplet or continuous-jet mode. The results of the visualization experiments combined with a scaling analysis provide a basic understanding of the physics governing the ejection process and allow for the establishment of simple scaling laws that prescribe the mode (e.g., discrete-droplet vs. continuous-jet) of ejection. In parallel, a detailed computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis of the fluid interface evolution and droplet formation and transport during the ejection process provides in-depth insight into the physics of the ejection process and determines the limits of validity of the scaling laws. These characterization efforts performed in concert with device development lead to the optimal device design. The unique advantages enabled by the developed micromachined ultrasonic atomizer are illustrated for challenging fluid atomization examples from a variety of applications ranging from fuel processing on small scales to ultra-soft electrospray ionization of biomolecules for bioanalytical mass spectrometry.

No description available.

Neste trabalho de pesquisa foram estudados os efeitos dos parâmetros geométricos e de processo nas características do escoamento bifásico no interior de oito bocais nebulizadores do tipo \"Y-Jet\" através de uma bancada de análise experimental utilizando-se como fluidos de trabalho ar comprimido e água. Os resultados indicaram que as vazões mássicas são altamente dependentes da pressão de suprimento de ar e da relação entre os diâmetros do duto de mistura e do bocal de alimentação de ar. Em muitas situações de operação, esses dispositivos nebulizadores operavam com o escoamento de ar blocado à saída do seu bocal de alimentação. Outro aspecto importante é que, devido a fortes irreversibilidades inerentes ao padrão de escoamento, a expansão do fluxo de ar do seu bocal de alimentação para o duto de mistura aproxima-se muito mais de uma expansão isoentálpica que isoentrópica. Para fluxos mássicos de água superiores a 6000 kg/m2.s a distribuição de pressão no interior do duto de mistura é praticamente linear, independentemente do valor da pressão de alimentação de ar. Uma correlação para a previsão do valor da pressão no ponto de mistura entre os fluxos de ar e água dentro do duto de mistura foi desenvolvida e mostrou-se adequada para valores dentro da faixa de variação de cada parâmetro no experimento. Através de um aparato óptico buscou-se a medição da espessura média local de filme de líquido e da velocidade das perturbações na interface ar/água. Os resultados para a medição da espessura de filme mostraram-se sensivelmente dispersos, apontando para um melhor desenvolvimento dessas técnicas ópticas em futuros trabalhos. Quanto às velocidades das perturbações os resultados indicaram um razoável aumento destas conforme o escoamento se aproxima da saída do duto de mistura. Para todos os oito bocais ensaiados o valor médio destas velocidades, à saída do duto de mistura, situou-se em torno de 60 a 65 m/s. Um modelo teórico-experimental, baseado na medição da queda de pressão no interior do duto de mistura desses bocais, foi desenvolvido. Através desse modelo foi possível prever, localmente, a espessura e a velocidade médias de filme de líquido, a fração de entranhamento, a tensão de cisalhamento na interface ar/água, a fração de vazio e a velocidade média do ar no núcleo do escoamento. / In this research work the effects of the process and geometrical parameters on the characteristics of the internal two-phase flow inside eight Y-Jet atomizers were studied using an apparatus working with air and water. The results show that the flow rates are very dependent on the air supply pressure and the diameter ratio of the mixing duct and the air port. It was also verified that, in many operational conditions, these atomizers worked in the critical condition at the exit of the air port. Due to the strong irreversibilities present in the flow, the expansion from the air port to the mixing duct is closer to an isoenthalpic process than to an isoentropic process. For water mass flux greater than 6000 kg/m2.s, the pressure distribution into the mixing duct is most of the time linear, independently on the air supply pressure. A correlation to predict the mixing point pressure was developed and showed a good agreement with the experimental data. Using an optical apparatus it was measured the local liquid film thickness and the perturbations velocities on the air/water interface. The results for the liquid film showed a reasonable data dispersion. Concerning the perturbation velocities the results indicated that they increase along the mixing duct. For the eight atomizers tested the mean values of these velocities, near the mixing duct exit, were around 60 to 65 m/s. A theoretical-experimental model which uses the pressure drop measured inside the mixing duct was developed to predict locally the mean liquid film velocity and thickness, the entrainment fraction, the shear stress on the air/water interface, the void fraction and the mean air velocity in the flow core.