Power systems in the industry today are adopting automated substations because of a growing trend of digitization. Substation automation has greatly reduced intervention from human as well as operation and maintenance costs. Although it has brought benefits, new challenges arise regarding security vulnerabilities, which can be opportunities for attackers to damage whole systems and eavesdrop communication. To keep the automated substations secure and free from attackers, threat modeling is one of the alternative methods that can be used to do attack simulation and assess the security of systems. KTH has developed Meta Attack Language, a framework for constructing domain specific languages in which threat models can be produced, based on which attack graphs will be created and attacks can be simulated. It is a framework for developers that eases them to generate attack graphs with new languages. Meta Attack Language has been applied to various of domains by now, such as In-vehicle Network and Amazon Web Services. This thesis is carried out in ABB, extending the previous work of SCLLang and ABB’s existing security assessment tool, and doing threat modeling specifically for substation automation. The final threat model is used to assess the security of products in ABB, which will also serve as a basis for further extension for the company. / Energisystemen i industrin i dag antar automatiserade transformatorstationer på grund av en växande tendens till digitalisering. Automatisering av transformatorstationer har väldigt minskat interventionen från såväl mänskliga som drifts-och underhållskostnader. Även om det har medfört fördelar uppstår nya utmaningar när det gäller säkerhetsmässiga sårbarheter, vilket kan ge möjligheter för angripare att fördärva hela system och tjuvlyssna kommunikation. För att hålla de automatiserade transformatorstationerna säkra och fria från angripare är hotmodell en av de alternativa metoder som kan användas för att utföra attacksimulering och bedöma systemens säkerhet. KTH har utvecklat Meta Attack Language, en ram för att konstruera domänspecifika språk där hotmodeller kan framställas, på grund av vilka attackgraf kommer att skapas och angrepp kan simuleras. Det är en ram för utvecklare som underlättar för dem att skapa attackgraf med nya språk. Meta Attack Language har tillämpats på olika dömäner vid det här laget, såsom fordons-IT och Amazon Web Services. Avhandlingen genomförs hos ABB, som utvidgar SCLLang och ABB:s tidigare arbete med det befintliga säkerhetsbedömningsverktyget, och gör hotmodeller särskilt för automatisering av transformatorstationer. Den sista hotmodellen används för att bedöma säkerheten av produkter hos ABB, som också kommer att tjäna som grund för ytterligare utvidgning av företaget.

<p>Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) are integrated systems that consist of the computational and physical components with network communication to support operation in the physical world. My PhD dissertation focuses on the security and reliability of autonomous cyber-physical systems, such as self-driving cars, drones, and underwater robots, that are safety-critical systems based on the seamless integration of cyber and physical components. Autonomous CPS are becoming an integral part of our life. The market for autonomous driving systems is expected to be more than $65 billion by 2026. The security of such CPS is hence critical. Beyond traditional cyber-only computing systems, these complex and integrated CPS have unique characteristics. From the security perspective, they open unique research opportunities since they introduce additional attack vectors and post new challenges that existing cyber-oriented approaches cannot address well. <em>The goal of my research is to build secure and reliable autonomous CPS by bridging the gap between the cyber and physical domains.</em> To this end, my work focuses on fundamental research questions associated with cyber-physical attack and defense, vulnerability discovery and elimination, and post-attack investigation. My approach to solving the problems involves various techniques and interdis- ciplinary knowledge, including program analysis, search-based software engineering, control theory, robotics, and AI/machine learning.</p>

The main purpose of this study was to determine the impact of depression and anxiety on mortality, CHD incidence, and quality-of-life in patients hospitalised for an acute myocardial infarction (MI). Questionnaires, including the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory were completed during hospitalisation by 288 MI patients, and four months and 12 months after discharge among survivors. Quality-of-life was assessed at both follow-up points using the Dartmouth COOP charts. Twenty-five (8.7%) patients died, 22 of cardiac causes, during the four month follow-up. Six further fatalities occurred between four and 12 months following MI. Symptoms of depression and anxiety did not predict either cardiac or all-cause mortality, or CHD incidence at either follow-up point. Indices of disease severity predicted both four month and 12 month mortality and CHD incidence. In a subset of seven patients who died prior to discharge, depressive symptoms did predict mortality, but the association did not withstand correction for severity of infarction. Multiple regression analyses revealed that baseline depression and state anxiety, as well as severity of infarction, predicted both four and 12 month quality-of-life. In addition, partner status and living alone also predicted four and 12 month quality-of-life, respectively. Attendance at rehabilitation was positively associated with quality-of-life at both four and 12 months, and negatively associated with 12 month CHD morbidity. In conclusion, depression and anxiety were not significant predictors of mortality, or CHD incidence, during the first year following MI but they were predictive of four and 12 month quality-of-life among survivors.

This thesis proposes an innovative wormhole detection scheme to detect wormhole attacks using computational intelligence and an artificial neural network (ANN). The aim of the proposed research is to develop a detection scheme that can detect wormhole attacks (In-band, out of band, hidden wormhole attack, active wormhole attack) in both uniformly and non-uniformly distributed sensor networks. Furthermore, the proposed research does not require any special hardware and causes no significant network overhead throughout the network. Most importantly, the probable location of the wormhole nodes can be tracked down by the proposed ANN-based detection scheme. We evaluate the efficacy of the proposed detection scheme in terms of detection accuracy, false positive rate, and false negative rate. The performance of the proposed model is also compared with other machine learning techniques (i.e. SVM and regularized nonlinear logistic regression (LR) based detection models) based detection schemes. The simulation results show that proposed ANN-based detection model outperforms the SVM and LR based detection schemes in terms of detection accuracy, false positive rate, and false negative rates. / February 2017

A Thesis submitted to The University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Medicine. / It is estimated over 20 million people aged 20‐74 have gallbladder disease, with biliary colic being a common and painful symptom in these patients. Likely due to the relatively recent approval of intravenous ibuprofen use for fever and pain in adults, no assessment of its analgesic efficacy for biliary colic currently exists in the literature. In this double‐blind, randomized, controlled trial we aim to assess the analgesic efficacy of intravenous (IV) ibuprofen given in the emergency department (ED) for the treatment of biliary colic. Analgesic efficacy was evaluated using a visual analog scale (VAS) to assess for a decrease in pain scores. A VAS score decrease of 33% in relation to the VAS taken at the time of therapy drug administration was considered a minimum clinically important difference (MCID) in patient‐perceived pain. A VAS was administered in triage upon enrollment, at the time of therapy administration, at 15‐minute intervals during the first hour post‐administration, and 30‐minute intervals in the second hour. As the standard of care for suspected biliary colic at the study institution is administration of a one‐time dose of IV morphine, patients were not denied initial morphine analgesia and were permitted to receive “rescue” morphine analgesia at any point during their ED course. A total of 22 patients completed the study. 9 were randomized to the IV ibuprofen arm, 9 to placebo, and 4 were excluded for a diagnosis other than biliary colic. Mean VAS values at time 0 to time 120 decreased from 5.78 to 2.31 in the ibuprofen group, and from 5.89 to 2.67 in the control group. There was no statistically significant difference in treatment status of ibuprofen vs. placebo (p‐value (p.) 0.93), though there was a significant decrease in the measured VAS scores over time (0 minutes to 120 minutes, p.0.031) in both ibuprofen and placebo groups. A statistically significant and clinically important decrease in average VAS scores were seen in both placebo and ibuprofen groups (55% and 60%, respectively). There was no difference in time needed to achieve a clinically significant reduction in pain between groups. The sample size of this study may be inadequate to fully assess the analgesic efficacy of IV ibuprofen for biliary colic. In the analysis group (n=18) no significant difference in treatment status of ibuprofen vs. placebo was seen, however there was a statistically and clinically significant decrease in pain in both groups. Two potential confounding factors may have affected the trial’s results: administration of standard‐of‐care IV morphine following initial triage assessment, and the inherent episodic and self‐limited nature of biliary colic.

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited / The flowfield downstream of a vertically-launched surface-to-air missile model at an angle of attack of 50° and a Reynolds number of 1.1 x 10(5) was investigated in a wind tunnel of the Naval Postgraduate School. The goal of this thesis is to experimentally validate the pressure measurement system for flowfield variables with elevated levels of turbulence; to determine the location and intensity of the asymmetric vortices in the wake of the VLSAM model at a raised level of freestream turbulence; and to display the asymmetric vortices by velocity mapping and pressure contours. The purpose is to correlate the results with the force measurements of Rabang to provide a greater understanding of the vortex flowfield. The body-only configuration was tested. Two flowfield conditions were treated: the nominal ambient wind tunnel condition, and a condition with grid­ generated turbulence of 3.8% turbulence intensity and a dissipation length scale of 1.7 inches. The following conclusions were reached: 1) The relative strengths of the asymmetric vortices can be noted by the sharp spike shape in the ambient condition; this condition becomes diffused and becomes fatter in the turbulent condition; 2) The right side vortex has greater strength than the left side one as seen by the diffusion in the total pressure coefficient and static pressure coefficient contours with and without a turbulent condition; 3) an increase in turbulence intensity tends to reduce the strength of the asymmetric nose-generated vortices; also pushes the two asymmetric vortices closer together; 4) and crossflow velocities were examined and were found to indicate the behavior denoted by the pressure contours. / http://archive.org/details/flowfieldmeasure00lung / Lieutenant, Republic of China Navy

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited / A low speed wind tunnel investigation was conducted to examine the aerodynamic characteristics of the flowfield around a three percent scale YF-17 lightweight fighter prototype model at high angles of attack using flow visualization and force and moment measurements. Smoke filaments, injected into the wind tunnel test section, were illuminated by a laser sheet to highlight flow phenomena about the model. Force and moment measurements were made using a precision six-component strain gage balance. The investigation marked the first attempt at qualitative flow analysis using the laser sheet flow visualization system recently installed in the Naval Postgraduate School low speed wind tunnel facility. The investigation was undertaken to specifically identify flow phenomena and/or regions of interest that may have bearing on the design and performance of supermaneuverable aircraft. The data indicate a good correlation between the observed flow phenomena and force and moment measurements at various angles of attack, thus establishing the credibility of such experimental investigations for high angle of attack aerodynamic research. / http://archive.org/details/experimentalinve00leed / Lieutenant Commander, United States Navy

In this thesis, the impact of false information injection is investigated for linear dynamic systems with multiple sensors. It is assumed that the Kalman filter system is unaware of the existence of false information and the adversary is trying to maximize the negative effect of the false information on the Kalman filter's estimation performance. First, a brief introduction to the Kalman filter is shown in the thesis. We mathematically characterize the false information attack under different conditions. For the adversary, many closed-form results for the optimal attack strategies that maximize the Kalman filter's estimation error are theoretically derived. It is shown that by choosing the optimal correlation coefficients among the bias noises and allocating power optimally among sensors, the adversary could significantly increase the Kalman filter's estimation errors. To be concrete, a target tracking system is used as an example in the thesis. From the adversary's point of view, the best attack strategies are obtained under different scenarios, including a single-sensor system with both position and velocity measurements, and a multi-sensor system with position and velocity measurements. Under a constraint on the total power of the injected bias noises, the optimal solutions are solved from two perspectives: trace and determinant of the mean squared error matrix. Numerical results are also provided in order to illustrate the negative effect which the proposed attack strategies could inflict on the Kalman filter.

Anxiety disorders, including Panic Disorder, and alcohol problems co-occur at greater rates than chance in the general population. It has also been suggested that alcohol is used to cope with anxiety symptoms, such as trait anxiety. While pregnancy may be a protective period against Panic Disorder and panic symptoms, trait anxiety remains relatively stable during pregnancy. The purpose of the present study was to examine differences in rates of current Panic Disorder, panic attacks, and trait anxiety in pregnant and non-pregnant women receiving care at an urban OB/GYN clinic. The study also examined correlates and differences in alcohol use and at-risk drinking among these women. In addition, the study assessed whether meeting diagnostic criteria for Panic Disorder, having had a recent panic attack, and trait anxiety influence alcohol use and at risk drinking among women, and whether pregnancy status moderates these associations. Participants included pregnant (N = 412) and non-pregnant (N = 139) women receiving care at VCU Health Systems' OB/GYN clinics. As predicted, pregnant women were less likely than non-pregnant women to have current Panic Disorder and/or a recent panic attack. There were no differences in trait anxiety levels between pregnant and non pregnant women, and women with Panic Disorder and/or a recent panic attack had higher trait anxiety compared to women without Panic Disorder and/or a recent panic attack, regardless of pregnancy status. After controlling for demographics, Panic Disorder and higher trait anxiety were significant predictors of greater amounts of alcohol consumption in pregnant and non-pregnant women. In addition, non-pregnant women with high trait anxiety consumed greater amounts of alcohol than pregnant women with high trait anxiety. Furthermore, race and panic attacks were both predictors of being at-risk for problematic drinking. Overall, current study findings support the need to examine Panic Disorder, panic attacks, and trait anxiety, as potential risk factors for alcohol use among pregnant and non-pregnant women in the community. Study findings have important implications for assessment and treatment of panic, anxiety, and alcohol use.

The purpose of this thesis is to deeply analyze the issue of self-defence as a circumstance excluding an illegality. For its comparison with other countries and for better understanding of its substance this thesis also focuses on the Slovak and Irish legislation of self-defence. For that reason, this dissertation is divided into 4 chapters, where 3 of them talk about self-defence in the different country. The first part briefly displays the evolution of self-defence since 1852. The second part focuses mainly on general knowledge of self-defence and its application in case law. It includes basic defining characteristics, its application in relation to individual offences as well as its relation to automatic self-defending facilities. The third (Slovak) part basically deals with different characteristics of self-defence in comparison with the Czech legislation and considers which legislation is better and why. Moreover, it is talking about what is the significance of differences in practice, which legislation of self-defence is beneficial for a defender and on the other side, which one is easier to abuse. The fourth part focuses on the Irish legislation of self-defence which, as usual in Anglo-American legal system, is primary based on judicial precedents. Because the Irish law is substantially...