The island of Naxos, which lies in the central-southern Aegean Sea, is part of the Attic Cycladic Massif. This, a group of islands, containing metamorphic complexes polymetamorphosed during the Tertiary, forms an arcuate belt between mainland Greece and Turkey. The present-day tectonic setting of this area is one of convergence between Africa and Europe, via a subduction zone situated to the south of the Attic Cycladic Massif. The back-arc region of this subduction zone is undergoing present-day extension. This study investigates the nature of Barrovian metamorphism on Naxos, and its relationship to the timing of compressional and extensional tectonics in the Attic Cycladic Massif. The earliest Tertiary phase of metamorphism is a blueschist event of Eocene age (M1), which is variably overprinted by an Oligo-Miocene (M2) metamorphism of Barrovian character. The M2 event is most strongly developed on Naxos, where it resulted in upper amphibolite facies metamorphism and associated partial melting. The high grade core of the metamorphic complex is divided into a Lower Series of meta-pelites and meta-carbonates, and a structurally underlying core of leucogneisses. The syn- to post- M2 structural evolution of the metamorphic complex is interpreted as resulting from a continuum of northerly-directed non-coaxial deformation. The earliest structures (D<SUB>1</SUB>), occur as NNE-SSW trending meso- and macro-scale recumbent isoclinal folds, which deform a series of pre-M2 (Hercynian?) granitic gneisses in the leucogneiss core. The exhumation of the metamorphic complex is characterised by the development and re-working of non-coaxial protomylonitic fabrics formed under successively lower grade metamorphic conditions. This non-coaxial deformation, termed D<SUB>2</SUB>, is interpreted as having occurred during low-angle ductile extension of the metamorphic complex. During the latter stages of D<SUB>2</SUB> deformation, northwards-directed non-coaxial extension was accompanied by a component of W-E-directed sub-horizontal compression (D<SUB>3</SUB>), possibly related to large-scale rotation of the terminations of the originally rectilinear arc-system. The textural evolution of meta-pelite assemblages is related to divariant continuous equilibria in the simplified system KFMASH and to univariant equilibria in the system KTiFMASH, as appropriate for different bulk rock compositions. The mineral textures and inclusion relationships observed constrain the prograde M2 path as being one of heating and decompression, during which reaction products were continuously incorporated into the sub-horizontal composite foliation. Estimates of physical conditions during M2 metamorphism, made through garnet-biotite Fe-Mg geothermometry and the approach of internally consistent datasets, indicates (P, T,) conditions of ≈ (6-7±2 kbar, 560-660±50 deg. C) in the Lower Series, and ≈ (7-8±2 kbar, 640-690±50 deg. C) in the leucogneiss core. Geothermobarometry of zoned assemblages in meta-pelites from the leucogneiss core indicates a prograde P-T path of heating (60-100 deg. C) and decompression (1-3 kbar). (P, T) estimates and petrogenetic grids constrain equilibrium fluid compositions to be water-rich. Strontium isotopic studies suggest that anatexis in the leucogneiss core is not simply the result of large-scale partial melting of meta-pelites. Incipient anatexis on the margin of the leucogneiss core occurred by water-saturated melting of meta-pelites, whereas melting in the leucogneiss core occurred dominantly by re-melting of Models relating the exhumation of the metamorphic complex on Naxos to extensional shear zones of the type proposed for 'metamorphic core complexes' in the Basin and Range Province of North America are discussed. It is suggested that M2 ultrametamorphism on Naxos occurred in an island-arc setting, as the result of the emplacement of a basic intrusion below the present-day erosional surface. Ductile extension began before the M2 peak, possibly because of the southerly migration ('roll back') of the subduction zone to its present-day position.

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The use of solar heated attic air is an area of increasing interest in commercial poultry production. Attic inlets satisfy the demand for alternative heating while being simple to implement in an existing poultry house. However, little attention has been given to the configuration of the attic space and its influence on thermal energy extraction. This issue was approached in a threefold manner: i.) test case experimental data for the operation of attic inlets in an east-west oriented commercial broiler house was recorded, ii.) a two-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) attic inlet ventilation model (AIVM) was developed and verified using the experimental data, and iii.) the simulation was used to investigate the efficiency of attic inlet system improvements. The simulation demonstrated that the strategic placement of a simple diverter and an inlet riser may increase thermal energy extraction by 40% over the measured attic inlet system.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Agronomy / DeAnn R. Presley / The abandoned lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) mines in the Tri-State Mining District of Kansas, Missouri, and Oklahoma have left a legacy of environmental contamination. The waste materials are highly polluted, not only with Pb and Zn, but also cadmium (Cd), which often co-occurs geologically with Zn. The District includes Galena, Kansas, where mines operated between 1876 and 1970. Because limited information exists concerning these mines, three studies were done to characterize them and to investigate a way to remediate the mine waste materials. In the first study, the physical characteristics of the mine waste materials were determined. Plots at Galena that had been established by researchers in May 2006 were sampled in November 2014, 8.5 years after they had received amendments (combinations of compost, lime, and bentonite). Water content, bulk density, infiltration rate, unsaturated hydraulic conductivity, aggregate stability, and particle size distribution were determined. The physical characteristics were highly variable, and the amendments added 8.5 years earlier had no effect on them, except the wind erodible fraction (fraction <0.84 mm in diameter) which was low on treatments that contained bentonite. Because biosolids had never been applied to the mine waste materials at Galena for remediation, an experiment was done to see their effect on plant growth and availability of heavy metals. In 2014 the plots established in 2006 were sampled and a greenhouse study was set up with sudex [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench x S. Sudanese (P.) Staph]. Plants grew in the mine waste materials with and without biosolids, and 110-111 days after planting the roots, shoots, and heads with grain were harvested and analyzed for heavy metals. At the same time, the mine waste materials were analyzed for heavy metals, organic carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P). Plants grew better with biosolids than without biosolids, and only the plants grown with biosolids produced heads . Plants grown without biosolids were stunted and showed severe heavy metal toxicity. Organic C and P were increased in the mine waste materials after the addition of biosolids. Thus, the biosolids increased organic C and P, and they apparently made the heavy metals less available for plant uptake. Many studies have shown the importance of attic dust in documenting metal pollution from a mine. Attic dust in Galena had never been studied, so in a third experiment, 14 dust samples in Galena were collected from interiors (attics and one basement) of nine different buildings using two methods: sweeping with a brush and vacuuming. Dust samples were analyzed for heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn), mineralogy using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in conjunction with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDX), and particle size. Concentrations of Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, and Zn in the dust were higher than in the mine waste materials. The results from XRD agreed with those from the SEM-EDX analysis. About 10% of each dust sample contained particulate matter (PM) with a diameter of less than 10 μm (PM₁₀), which is a health concern.

Τα αγγεία της Κάτω Ιταλίας και η αττική κωμωδία του 4ου αιώνα π.Χ. Στην παρούσα μελέτη γίνεται προσπάθεια της όσο το δυνατόν αντικειμενικής παρουσίασης των επιστημονικών θέσεων σχετικά με το ζήτημα των αγγείων της Κάτω Ιταλίας. Ως αντικείμενο αναφοράς της μελέτης έχουν επιλεγεί τέσσερα αγγεία που κατατάσονται από τους μελετητές στην ομάδα των αγγείων της Κάτω Ιταλίας και, σύμφωνα με αρκετούς, πρέπει να αποκαλούνται «φλυακικά» καθώς εμφανίζουν ορισμένα τυπικά, χαρακτηριστικά στοιχεία. Η επιλογή των συγκεκριμένων αγγείων οφείλεται σε ορισμένες ιδιαιτερότητές τους. Οι απεικονίσεις τους διακρίνονται για τη χαρακτηριστικά ρεαλιστική αποτύπωση των μορφών, οι οποίες διαγράφονται με μεγάλη λεπτομέρεια όσον αφορά την ενδυματολογική τους εμφάνιση και τα χαρακτηριστικά του προσωπείου τους. Επιπλέον, σε ένα από αυτά ζωηρές χειρονομίες συνοδεύονται από την ύπαρξη «φράσεων». Επιπροσθέτως, και με στόχο τη δημιουργία ενός πλαισίου κατανόησης του θέματος, δίνονται στοιχεία για τη μορφή του θεάτρου την Κλασική Εποχή, καθώς το φλυακικό δράμα, αν και σχεδόν άγνωστο ως κείμενο, αντιμετωπίζεται και ως θεατρικό δρώμενο. Τέλος, και με δεδομένο ότι σε ένα από τα υπό μελέτη αγγεία απεικονίζεται ο μύθος του Τήλεφου, γίνεται μια ευρεία αναφορά στις απεικονίσεις του συγκεκριμένου θέματος. / Vases of South Italy and Attic comedy of the 4th century BC In the present study an effort is made possible objective presentation of scientific positions on the issue of vases of Lower Italy.

Thesis--Helsingfors.

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