For a long time, Roman ideal sculptures have primarily been studied within the tradition of Kopienkritik. Owing to some of the theoretical assumptions tied to this practice, several important aspects of Roman visual culture have been neglected as the overall aim of such research has been to gain new knowledge regarding assumed Classical and Hellenistic models. This thesis is a collection of three studies on Roman ideal sculpture. The articles share three general aims: 1. To show that the practice of Kopienkritik has, so far, not produced convincing interpretations of the sculpture types and motifs discussed. 2. To show that aspects of the methodology tied to the practice of Kopienkritik (thorough examination and comparison of physical forms in sculptures) can, and should, be used to gain insights other than those concerning hypothetical Classical and Hellenistic model images. 3. To present new interpretations of the sculpture types and motifs studied, interpretations which emphasize their role and importance within Roman visual culture. The first article shows that reputed, post-Antique restorations may have an unexpected—and unwanted—impact on the study of ancient sculptures. This is examined by tracing the impact that a restored motif ("Satyrs with cymbals") has had on the study of an ancient sculpture type: the satyr ascribed to the two-figure group "The invitation to the dance". The second article presents and interprets a sculpture type which had previously gone unnoticed—The satyrs of "The Palazzo Massimo-type". The type is interpreted as a variant of "The Marsyas in the forum", a motif that was well known within the Roman cultural context. The third article examines how, and why, two motifs known from Classical models were changed in an eclectic fashion once they had been incorporated into Roman visual culture. The motifs concerned are kalathiskos dancers, which were transformed into Victoriae, and pyrrhic dancers, which were also reinterpreted as mythological figures—the curetes. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 1: Accepted. Paper 3: Accepted.</p>

O objetivo desta tese é analisar a maneira como os autores trágicos (Ésquilo, Sófocles e Eurípides) apresentavam ao seu público as formas de organizar/pensar o espaço da cidade na Atenas do século V a.C.. Partimos do conceito de espaço desenvolvido pelo arquiteto moderno Amos Rapoport, de ambiente construído, que vem embasando as pesquisas desenvolvidas pelo Laboratório de Estudos sobre a Cidade Antiga (Labeca/MAE/USP), no âmbito do qual a nossa pesquisa está inserida. Para tanto elegemos quatro subtemas que serão analisados a partir da perspectiva do espaço, comparando-o com o que se conhece da realidade material da cidade no século V a.C., tanto quanto possível. Cada subtema será tratado em um capítulo distinto, como segue: 1) as cenas de Reconhecimento entre Orestes e Electra e os espaços onde elas ocorrem, com base em Coéforas (Ésquilo); Electra (Sófocles); Electra (Eurípides); 2) A identidade e o espaço, a partir do Íon (Eurípides); 3) Fronteira e efebia, com o exame da Electra (Eurípides); 4) A mobilidade e a identidade de Menelau, com base nas peças em que ele figura: Ájax (Sófocles) e Andrômaca, Troianas, Helena, Orestes, Ifigênia em Áulis (Eurípides). Nosso intuito é instigar uma melhor compreensão espacial da cidade grega no que tange aos avanços dos espaços públicos, a especialização de certos espaços e, ao mesmo tempo, entender os sentidos simbólicos e as formas e razão da representação desse espaço. / The goal of this thesis is to analyze the way the tragic authors (Aeschylus, Sophocles and Euripides) presented to its public the ways of organizing/thinking the space of the city in Athens during the 5th century B.C.. We start from the concept of space designed by modern architect Amos Rapoport, of built environment, which comes to support the research developed by Laboratory of Studies about the Ancient City (Labeca/MAE/USP) in which our research is inserted. That is why we elect four sub-themes that will be analyzed from the perspective of space, comparing them to what is known of the material reality of the city 5th century B.C. as much as possible. Each subtopic will be treated in a separate chapter, as follows: 1) The scenes of recognition between Orestes and Electra and the spaces where they occur, based Choephoroi (Aeschylus); Electra (Sophocle); Electra (Euripides). 2) The identity and the space, from the Ion (Euripides). 3) Border and ephebia, with the examination of the Electra (Euripides). 3) The mobility and identity of Menelaus, based on the parts in which he figures: Ajax (Sophocles); Andromache, Trojan Woman, Helen, Orestes, Iphigenia in Aulis (Euripides). Our aim is to instill a better understanding of the Greek city with respect to the advances of public spaces, the specialization of certain spaces and, at the same time, understand the symbolic meanings and shapes and reason of the representation of that space.

This dissertation examines the iconographical motif of the Apollonian triad in Attic art of the sixth and fifth centuries BC. Attic vase paintings constitute the chief evidence for this study, but other evidence, such as inscriptions, literary sources, sculptures and coins is considered, as well. My thesis focus on scenes without a clear mythological context, where the triad appears alone or accompanied by other, mostly, divine figures, and on what messages or information these images of the Apollonian triad convey. This study contributes to the ongoing discussion of the iconography and iconology of Attic vases, which enriches our understanding of Athenian socio-political and religious life and of Greek culture, more generally.

The antics of Helen of Sparta, famous both for her beauty and her adultery, have fascinated ancient and modern audiences alike. The subjects of her abduction from Sparta and recovery from Troy are explored in various ancient discourses. This study investigates the iconography of Attic vase-paintings, c. 550-350 BCE, that show (or have been identified as depicting) these two events in the life of Helen. My approach seeks to investigate their subtexts or metanarratives of emotion through a rigorous methodology. This process first involves engaging in a close reading of the vase scenes in order to identify their visual language, especially their emotional vocabulary. The second process contextualises the vases in the society that produced and used them. By reading them in their original context of production and reception, one can extrapolate a range of meanings these scenes could have had for their original audience. In doing this, there are two main goals: to establish which emotions are pertinent to the ancient audience in these two episodes (emotional content), and how emotions – in essence invisible – are communicated in the vase images (emotional language). Applying this methodology to the scenes yields significant results. The identification of the most typically emotional indicators includes the following: gesture; stance; gaze; clothing, physical attributes and icons; divinities and personifications; and contextual icons or information. The emotional content that emerges includes, in particular, the emotion of eros – its potentially destabalising and emasculating consequences – and the appropriateness of orgē and revenge. Another significant result is in relation to the traditional identification of the scenes. While most of the traditional identifications of Helen’s recovery stand firm, the opposite is true for the abduction. My rejection of the majority of images identified as Helen’s abduction by traditional scholarship is necessary due to a lack of evidence – inscriptional or iconographic – and the marked incongruity of these depictions with their context. These results demonstrate the merits of a solid methodology that takes the language of images seriously, as well as the social, political and ideological context in which the vases were produced and viewed.

This Diploma Thesis solves design of the pension with wine bar. The building is located on the edge of the of village Šardice. It is a single storey basement building with attic that is roofed by a gable roof with dormers. Floor plan of the building is rectangular with the entrance facing northeast. There is a restaurant with facilities on the first floor and guest rooms where two of them are designed as wheel chair accessible. On the second floor there are only guest rooms. The construction of the building is structural masonry system. Bearing vertical structures are made of permanent formwork in the ground floor, for external walls are used aerated concrete blocks and for the inner bearing masonry are used lime sand-lime blocks. Horizontal bearing structures consists of prestressed hollow core slab, bearing structure of the roof consists of purlin roof.

This thesis deals with the project documentation of the accommodation facility.Guest house kapacity is 26 beds and 32 seated restaurant. The object is designed as a threefloor. In the first floor is located main entrance, reception desk and restaurant with facilities and wellness.In the sekond and thirt floor are rooms for guests and five other beds for a staffs. On second floor has been situated room for invalids also. The building is walled with saddle roof. The project was processed by a computer program ArchiCAD.

Desde a primeira publicação da alcunha Pistóxenos Painter (Pintor de Pistóxenos), designando o artista cujas mãos originaram pinturas de um conjunto de vasos áticos, passou-se a dispor de uma nova classificação para este material. Tal classificação ainda e tida como muito mais precisa que qualquer cronologia ou tipologia existente. Quase a totalidade dos pesquisadores de ceramologia e iconografia gregas entenderam que enquanto a denominação foi uma invenção moderna, o pintor anônimo por ela determinado foi uma descoberta. O autor desta e de centenas de outras atribuições, o helenista inglês John D. Beazley (1885-1970), foi indubitavelmente o mais importante perito ou connaisseur de que se tem registro, a julgar pela extensão enciclopédica de suas listas de pintores e pela aceitação quase universal dos resultados de seu método de atribuir. Críticas e revisões deste método (surgente no século XIX, com os estudos do medico e perito Giovanni Morelli) são datadas já das primeiras décadas do século XX e tiveram uma historia descontinua e desprestigiada. Uma analise recorrente do revisionismo o atribui a falha de seus defensores e a ignorância das técnicas morellianas. Talvez a principal característica dos ataques dirigidos as atribuições de Beazley tenha sido a falta de importância atribuída ao reconhecimento de pintores vasculares. Seja pela proximidade com a arte do metal, seja pelo lugar que estes artistas ocupavam na sociedade ateniense, sobretudo entre o fim das guerras medicas e a ascensão política de Péricles. A presente tese se propõe a considerar o problema do método de atribuição a partir da obra de um só pintor, escolhido dentre aqueles que não foram diversas vezes reconsiderados e extensivamente justificados (a única monografia dedicada ao Pintor de Pistóxenos foi publicada nos anos 1950). A divergência estilística entre os fundos brancos e as figuras vermelhas do Pintor de Pistóxenos e a conservação fragmentaria da maioria de suas obras também colaboraram para a decisão de revisar esta serie de atribuições dentre tantas outras. / Since the first publication of the nickname Pistoxenos Painter, like identity of an artist whose hands had originated attic vase-paintings, a new classification of the series of vases and fragments was developed. This classification is still recognized like more precise than all other existing chronology or typologies. Almost all the specialists in Ancient Greek ceramology and iconography understood that while the denomination was a modern invention, the anonymous painter determined was a discovery. The author of this and hundreds of other attributions, the English Hellenist John D. Beazley (1885-1970), was doubtlessly the most important well-know connoisseur of all the History, what can be judged by the encyclopedic extension of his lists of painters and by the almost universal acceptance of his method of attribution\'s results. Criticisms and revisions of this method - initiated in XIX century, with the studies of Giovanni Morelli, an Italian doctor and connoisseur - are dated already of the first decades of XX century, but their development was discontinuous and discredited. A current interpretation of the revisionism considers it like an error and ignorance of the techniques developed by Morelli. The principal characteristic of the attacks against attributions of Beazley is perhaps the lack of importance given to the recognition of the vascular painters. Either by the proximity with the metal\'s art, or by the place that the pottery artists occupied in the Athenian society, chiefly between the end of the Persian wars and the political ascension of Perikles. This thesis proposes to considerate the problem of the method of attribution from only one painter\'s workmanship, chosen among the least published and not extensively justified (the only monograph dedicated to the Pistoxenos Painter was published in the years 1950). The stylistic divergence between the white-grounds and the red-figures of the Pistoxenos Painter, and the fragmentary conservation of the majority of his works had also collaborated for the decision to revise this particular series of attributions.

Desde a primeira publicação da alcunha Pistóxenos Painter (Pintor de Pistóxenos), designando o artista cujas mãos originaram pinturas de um conjunto de vasos áticos, passou-se a dispor de uma nova classificação para este material. Tal classificação ainda e tida como muito mais precisa que qualquer cronologia ou tipologia existente. Quase a totalidade dos pesquisadores de ceramologia e iconografia gregas entenderam que enquanto a denominação foi uma invenção moderna, o pintor anônimo por ela determinado foi uma descoberta. O autor desta e de centenas de outras atribuições, o helenista inglês John D. Beazley (1885-1970), foi indubitavelmente o mais importante perito ou connaisseur de que se tem registro, a julgar pela extensão enciclopédica de suas listas de pintores e pela aceitação quase universal dos resultados de seu método de atribuir. Críticas e revisões deste método (surgente no século XIX, com os estudos do medico e perito Giovanni Morelli) são datadas já das primeiras décadas do século XX e tiveram uma historia descontinua e desprestigiada. Uma analise recorrente do revisionismo o atribui a falha de seus defensores e a ignorância das técnicas morellianas. Talvez a principal característica dos ataques dirigidos as atribuições de Beazley tenha sido a falta de importância atribuída ao reconhecimento de pintores vasculares. Seja pela proximidade com a arte do metal, seja pelo lugar que estes artistas ocupavam na sociedade ateniense, sobretudo entre o fim das guerras medicas e a ascensão política de Péricles. A presente tese se propõe a considerar o problema do método de atribuição a partir da obra de um só pintor, escolhido dentre aqueles que não foram diversas vezes reconsiderados e extensivamente justificados (a única monografia dedicada ao Pintor de Pistóxenos foi publicada nos anos 1950). A divergência estilística entre os fundos brancos e as figuras vermelhas do Pintor de Pistóxenos e a conservação fragmentaria da maioria de suas obras também colaboraram para a decisão de revisar esta serie de atribuições dentre tantas outras. / Since the first publication of the nickname Pistoxenos Painter, like identity of an artist whose hands had originated attic vase-paintings, a new classification of the series of vases and fragments was developed. This classification is still recognized like more precise than all other existing chronology or typologies. Almost all the specialists in Ancient Greek ceramology and iconography understood that while the denomination was a modern invention, the anonymous painter determined was a discovery. The author of this and hundreds of other attributions, the English Hellenist John D. Beazley (1885-1970), was doubtlessly the most important well-know connoisseur of all the History, what can be judged by the encyclopedic extension of his lists of painters and by the almost universal acceptance of his method of attribution\'s results. Criticisms and revisions of this method - initiated in XIX century, with the studies of Giovanni Morelli, an Italian doctor and connoisseur - are dated already of the first decades of XX century, but their development was discontinuous and discredited. A current interpretation of the revisionism considers it like an error and ignorance of the techniques developed by Morelli. The principal characteristic of the attacks against attributions of Beazley is perhaps the lack of importance given to the recognition of the vascular painters. Either by the proximity with the metal\'s art, or by the place that the pottery artists occupied in the Athenian society, chiefly between the end of the Persian wars and the political ascension of Perikles. This thesis proposes to considerate the problem of the method of attribution from only one painter\'s workmanship, chosen among the least published and not extensively justified (the only monograph dedicated to the Pistoxenos Painter was published in the years 1950). The stylistic divergence between the white-grounds and the red-figures of the Pistoxenos Painter, and the fragmentary conservation of the majority of his works had also collaborated for the decision to revise this particular series of attributions.

Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: During the fifth century BCE there were three defining periods in Athenian history that challenged its society: the Persian Wars (490 – 479 BCE); Periclean Athens (mid-fifth century); and the Peloponnesian War (431 – 404 BCE). As the development of identity is a reactionary process, these three periods had a profound effect on the Athenian identity and led to the redefinition of this self-image along the primordialist models. Two premises are combined in this study. Firstly that comparisons to contrary ethnicities are vital to the development of identity, and secondly that the visual articulation of an identity is essential to the reinforcement and maintenance of this self-image. This can be applied to the development of Athenian identity during the fifth century BCE as reflected in Attic vase painting. Through a study of the "other" imagery produced in this century, with special attention given to Amazons, it is possible to see the development and nature of the Athenian identity during each of the three periods. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Tydens die vyfde eeu vC was daar drie omskrywende periodes in Atheense geskiedenis wat hul samelewing uitgedaag het: die Persiese Oorloë (490 – 479 vC); Perikleiese Athene (mid-vyfde eeu); en die Pelopponiese Oorlog (431 – 404 vC). Omdat die ontwikkeling van identiteit 'n reaksionêre proses is, het hierdie drie periodes 'n diepgaande indruk op die Atheense identiteit gehad en het bygedra tot die herdefiniesie van hierdie selfbeeld volgens die primordialis modelle. Twee stellings word gekombineer in hierdie studie. Eerstens dat vergelykings aan teenoorgestelde etnisiteite essensieel is vir die ontwikkeling van identiteit, en tweedens, dat die visuele artikulasie van 'n identiteit noodsaaklik is vir die versterking en onderhoud van die selfbeeld. Dit kan toegepas word by die ontwikkeling van Atheense identiteit gedurend die vyfde eeu vC soos in Attiese vaas versiering uitgebeeld is. Deur middel van 'n studie van die "ander" beelde geskep in die eeu, met spesiale aandag aan Amasone, is dit moontlik om die ontwikkeling en karakter van die Atheense identiteit gedurend elk van die drie periodes te verstaan.

Klíčová slova anglicky: woman, wedding, Attic vase-painting, South Italian vase-painting Abstrakt anglicky: The diploma thesis focuses on the search, documentation and interpretation pictures of women on South Italian vase painting concerning wedding ceremonies and the transition between children's age and maturity. Attributes, objects and divine beings, which together with the woman in the picture are occurring, are also monitored. Furthermore, this work describes myths that are recorded on the South Italian ceramics. In this thesis is also discussed the issue of connection between marriage and death in Greek society. Result of this work is to evaluate wedding themes in Attic and South Italian vases and to create a catalog of images with marriage motives.