Social psychologists believe that attitudes occur both implicitly and explicitly suggesting that people can think, feel, and behave in ways that are counter to their outward views. Researchers within the field of instructional technology have proposed treatments for explicit attitude manipulation within an instructional situation but have yet to implement strategies that encompass implicit attitudes. Researchers from both fields concur that attitudes are malleable and can be manipulated with appropriate intervention strategies (Bertrand et al., 2005; Dasgupta & Greenwald, 2001; Dick & Carey, 1996; Gagné, Briggs, & Wager, 1988; Kamradt & Kamradt, 1999; Krathwohl, Bloom, & Masia, 1964). The purpose of this study was to investigate  the effectiveness of instructional design strategies intended to influence implicit and explicit attitudes in the direction of a  target attitude. The predominant strategies for attitude manipulation prescribed in the instructional design and technology literature were combined and adapted for online delivery. In addition, proven strategies from social psychology research were integrated into the existing instructional design strategies for implicit attitude manipulation. The independent variable for this experimental study consisted of the prescribed instructional strategies for influencing both implicit and explicit attitudes. For the purpose of this study, the attitude that the instruction was designed to address was the reduction of biased-based policing, thus, the dependent variables were implicit attitudes as measured by the Race Implicit Association Test (IAT), and explicit attitudes as measured by the Symbolic Racism Test 2000 (SR2K). Fifty volunteers were randomly assigned to one of two instructional modules. One module served as a control for 25 of the participants. The second module served as a treatment for the remaining 25 participants. The treatment was based on the incorporation of the recommended strategies for attitudinal instruction found in the literature. Implicit attitude assessment revealed that there was no statistically significant difference between the control and treatment groups as measured by the Race Implicit Association Test (Race IAT). Furthermore, explicit attitude assessment also revealed that that there was no statistically significant difference between the control and treatment groups as measured by the Symbolic Racism Test 2000 (SR2K). However, there were several limitations that may have affected the study. As a result, we still do not know for certain how the incorporation of attitudinal strategies within web-based instruction influence implicit and explicit attitudes. / Ph. D.

Attitudes towards persons with disabilities have been a concern for years. This study examined the attitudes of rehabilitation professionals towards persons with disabilities and toward educational accommodation. The attitudes were examined through the collection and analysis of three components of data. The components were included demographics, intensity of disability contact, and attitudes toward education accommodation.

This study aims to determine whether the attitudes of students (and therefore future employers) towards people with physical disabilities can be modified by exposing them to the needs of disabled people, or whether perceptions of the needs of the disabled are too entrenched for education to effect any change. It also evaluates whether attitudinal changes are enduring and therefore continue to influence students’ responses to the disabled after a period of time has elapsed. Respondents were students on the Diploma of Hospitality Management at Auckland University of Technology (AUT), enrolled on an Accommodation Operations paper. A compulsory assessment for this paper was a group assignment that considered facilities offered by accommodation providers for guests with disabilities. Respondents were surveyed before (n = 54) and after (n = 24) the assignment to determine any attitude and knowledge changes. Both surveys were undertaken at the end of lectures. The surveys were distributed in class, so the number of respondents relates to the number of students in class during the particular lecture selected for survey distribution. Respondents were then invited to join a focus group to explore their feelings and opinions about disabled people. Another focus group was undertaken with students who had completed the disability assignment the previous year. The focus group was to assess whether or not the awareness of disability issues was still apparent after a period of time had elapsed. These findings would then prove whether or not exposure to such issues still influenced respondents’ attitudes. The second survey responses and comments made during the subsequent focus groups conclude that awareness of disability issues may be heightened with exposure to barriers, both physical and attitudinal, that are experienced by people with impairments. Understanding of disability issues is the first step in the removal of barriers and will help lead to the creation of a more inclusive environment for staff and guests in the hospitality industry. An inclusive environment is particularly desirable as more hotels are required in response to increases in tourist numbers. With increased visitors’ arrivals, it is reasonable to expect that tourists will have varying abilities, and therefore, modification of facilities to suit their needs will benefit a large number of people. The research also concludes that the knowledge gained in the assignment was still influential after the conclusion of the assignment. Students who have studied issues for people with impairments, as future managers, will have the knowledge and understanding to provide a more inclusive environment for guests that meets both social and legal obligations. Such an environment will be beneficial to both guests and potential employees with physical disabilities.

This study aims to determine whether the attitudes of students (and therefore future employers) towards people with physical disabilities can be modified by exposing them to the needs of disabled people, or whether perceptions of the needs of the disabled are too entrenched for education to effect any change. It also evaluates whether attitudinal changes are enduring and therefore continue to influence students’ responses to the disabled after a period of time has elapsed. Respondents were students on the Diploma of Hospitality Management at Auckland University of Technology (AUT), enrolled on an Accommodation Operations paper. A compulsory assessment for this paper was a group assignment that considered facilities offered by accommodation providers for guests with disabilities. Respondents were surveyed before (n = 54) and after (n = 24) the assignment to determine any attitude and knowledge changes. Both surveys were undertaken at the end of lectures. The surveys were distributed in class, so the number of respondents relates to the number of students in class during the particular lecture selected for survey distribution. Respondents were then invited to join a focus group to explore their feelings and opinions about disabled people. Another focus group was undertaken with students who had completed the disability assignment the previous year. The focus group was to assess whether or not the awareness of disability issues was still apparent after a period of time had elapsed. These findings would then prove whether or not exposure to such issues still influenced respondents’ attitudes. The second survey responses and comments made during the subsequent focus groups conclude that awareness of disability issues may be heightened with exposure to barriers, both physical and attitudinal, that are experienced by people with impairments. Understanding of disability issues is the first step in the removal of barriers and will help lead to the creation of a more inclusive environment for staff and guests in the hospitality industry. An inclusive environment is particularly desirable as more hotels are required in response to increases in tourist numbers. With increased visitors’ arrivals, it is reasonable to expect that tourists will have varying abilities, and therefore, modification of facilities to suit their needs will benefit a large number of people. The research also concludes that the knowledge gained in the assignment was still influential after the conclusion of the assignment. Students who have studied issues for people with impairments, as future managers, will have the knowledge and understanding to provide a more inclusive environment for guests that meets both social and legal obligations. Such an environment will be beneficial to both guests and potential employees with physical disabilities.

This study aims to determine whether the attitudes of students (and therefore future employers) towards people with physical disabilities can be modified by exposing them to the needs of disabled people, or whether perceptions of the needs of the disabled are too entrenched for education to effect any change. It also evaluates whether attitudinal changes are enduring and therefore continue to influence students’ responses to the disabled after a period of time has elapsed. Respondents were students on the Diploma of Hospitality Management at Auckland University of Technology (AUT), enrolled on an Accommodation Operations paper. A compulsory assessment for this paper was a group assignment that considered facilities offered by accommodation providers for guests with disabilities. Respondents were surveyed before (n = 54) and after (n = 24) the assignment to determine any attitude and knowledge changes. Both surveys were undertaken at the end of lectures. The surveys were distributed in class, so the number of respondents relates to the number of students in class during the particular lecture selected for survey distribution. Respondents were then invited to join a focus group to explore their feelings and opinions about disabled people. Another focus group was undertaken with students who had completed the disability assignment the previous year. The focus group was to assess whether or not the awareness of disability issues was still apparent after a period of time had elapsed. These findings would then prove whether or not exposure to such issues still influenced respondents’ attitudes. The second survey responses and comments made during the subsequent focus groups conclude that awareness of disability issues may be heightened with exposure to barriers, both physical and attitudinal, that are experienced by people with impairments. Understanding of disability issues is the first step in the removal of barriers and will help lead to the creation of a more inclusive environment for staff and guests in the hospitality industry. An inclusive environment is particularly desirable as more hotels are required in response to increases in tourist numbers. With increased visitors’ arrivals, it is reasonable to expect that tourists will have varying abilities, and therefore, modification of facilities to suit their needs will benefit a large number of people. The research also concludes that the knowledge gained in the assignment was still influential after the conclusion of the assignment. Students who have studied issues for people with impairments, as future managers, will have the knowledge and understanding to provide a more inclusive environment for guests that meets both social and legal obligations. Such an environment will be beneficial to both guests and potential employees with physical disabilities.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between ( 1) attitude as expressed on Aiken 1s Mathematics Attitude Scale between students who had been taught Unified Mathematics and similar students who had not been taught Unified Mathematics. The sample consisted of 37 students in the treatment group and 46 students in the control group. The students were given a copy of Aiken's Mathematics Attitude Scale. The responses were scored by the researcher. Seven null hypotheses were examined by calculating the means and standard deviations of each group. Comparison of the posttest means was performed by using the z test for each of the relationships stated in seven hypotheses. It was concluded from this study that: 1. The Unified Mathematics program had a less positive effect on the attitudes of the students in the treatment than students in the control group. 2. The Unified Mathematics program had a negative effect on females in the treatment but not on the males in the same group. 3 . The non-Unified Mathematics program did not produce negative attitudes on students as did the Unified Mathematics program. 4. The Unified Mathematics program had no negative effect on the attitudes of male students.

<p> Environmental quality has become an important political and social issue in recent years. This paper focuses on community attitudes toward the natural environment and their role in engendering conflict over such issues. It is argued that environmental conflict originates from variations in environmental attitudes and philosophies. A conceptual model of environmental conflict is developed. The model includes five fundamental elements. These are: (i) community evaluations of environmentally disruptive actions, (ii) individual and group strategies adopted in light of these evaluations, (iii) reactions of official agencies (public or private) to community involvement, (iv) resultant outcomes and (v) the effect of these outcomes on subsequent issues. As an empirical example of environmental conflict, the proposal to build an expressway through the Red Hill Creek Valley is used to assess the validity of the model. The findings indicate that attitudinal and conflict perspectives have much to offer concerning the analysis of environmental issues.</p> / Thesis / Master of Arts (MA)

Det här arbetet studerar med hjälp av en attitydundersökning förhållandet mellan anställdasoldater och Försvarsmakten i syfte att utveckla förståelsen för soldaters commitment till sinarbetsgivare. Frågeställningen lyder Hur ser soldaters relationer ut till arbetsgivarenFörsvarsmakten? Arbetets teoretiska grund hämtas i begreppet relationship commitment och närmare bestämtden del som benämns attitudinal commitment. Den begreppsdefinition som nyttjas bygger ihuvudsak på Meyer och Allens (1991) tre komponenter av relationship commitment, det villsäga affective commitment (känslomässig), continuance commitment (kalkylativ) ochnormative commitment (normativ). Begreppsdefinitionen inkluderar även åtta påverkansfaktorer som var och en ges en tydlig knytning till respektive komponent avrelationship commitment. Påverkansfaktorerna utgörs av personlig kompetens, deladevärderingar, förtroende, upplevelser, relationsfördelar, relationsavvecklingskostnader samtskyldigheter och tvingande miljö.Till skillnad från många tidigare studier görs här en tydlig koppling mellan påverkansfaktoreroch komponenter. Vidare studeras relationen mellan arbetstagare och arbetsgivare inomoffentlig sektor vilket även det är relativt ovanligt. Tidigare har framförallt relationer mellanorganisationer inom privat sektor eller olika former av nätverk studerats.Undersökningens resultat visar att soldaternas relation med Försvarsmakten framföralltbygger på en känslomässig grund där personlig kompetens och upplevelser samt deladevärderingar har störst betydelse. Därtill kan föras att även förtroende har viss betydelse förrelationen. Inom den kalkylativa komponenten spelar en förväntan om personlig utveckling enviss roll, men i övrigt har komponenten begränsat inflytande på relationen. I studienkonstateras också att det i princip inte finns någon normativ grund i soldaternas relation medFörsvarsmakten. / Using an attitude survey, this essay studies the relationship between employed soldiers and their employer the Swedish Armed Forces in order to develop an understanding of therelationship between these parties. The research question is: What do soldiers' relationships totheir employer, the Swedish Armed Forces, look like?The theoretical basis of the study is build on the theories of relationship commitment, andmore specifically the part that can be linked to attitudinal commitment. The conceptualdefinition used is mainly based on Meyer and Allen's (1991) three components of relationshipcommitment, namely affective commitment (emotional), continuance commitment(calculating) and normative commitment (normative). The concept definition also includeseight influencing factors, each given a clear linkage to the respective component ofrelationship commitment. The influencing factors are personal competence, shared values, trust, experiences, relationship benefits, relationship termination costs, obligations andimperative environment.Unlike many previous studies done in this area, a clear link between the influencing factorsand their respective components is defined. In addition, the survey covers the relationshipbetween workers and employers in the public sector which is also relatively rare. Previously,mainly relationships between organizations in the private sector or in various forms ofnetwork have been studied.The results of the survey show that soldiers' relationship with the Swedish Armed Forces arebased in particular on an emotional basis, where feelings of personal competence, desire forexperiences and shared values are most important. In addition, trust has some but lesssignificance for the relationship. Within the caculating component an expectation of personaldevelopment play a certain role but otherwise the component has limited influence on the relationship. In principle, there is no normative basis in the soldiers' relationship with theSwedish Armed Forces.Keywords:

The problem of this study was to determine the effects of student teaching upon student-centeredness and openmindedness.

We demonstrate social contagion in attitudes and show it is more pervasive than believed. While prior research has demonstrated that individuals are influenced by others when explicitly exposed to others' attitudes, we demonstrate they are influenced even for issues where they were never explicitly exposed to group attitudes. In first two studies we show that individuals have a remarkable ability to predict the attitudes of others in a social group from very scant information--a phenomenon that we term `Social Clairvoyance.' Across three other studies, we delineate the psychological mechanisms that permit the performance of this feat - specifically, empathic responding directed at group members in an effort to understand their underlying motivations. Further, the empathetic simulation of others attitudes results in reaction in oneself towards the attitude object resulting in a shift in one's own attitudes. In three other studies, we show that the accurate prediction of others' attitudes results in a shifting of an individual's own attitude--a phenomenon we term `Attitudinal Contagion.' From this perspective, many marketing phenomena such as word-of-mouth, diffusion of new products, neighborhood effects may have been insufficiently understood since it does not require explicit exposure to the attitudes of another.