Opportunities to use synthetic aperture radar (SAR) in scientific studies and military operations are expanding with the development of small SAR systems that can be operated on small unmanned air vehicles (UAV)s. While the nimble nature of small UAVs make them an attractive platform for many reasons, small UAVs are also more prone to deviate from a linear course due autopilot errors and external forces such as turbulence and wind. Thus, motion compensation and improved processing algorithms are required to properly focus the SAR images. The work of this dissertation overcomes some of the challenges and addresses some of the opportunities of operating SAR on small UAVs. Several contributions to SAR backprojection processing for UAV SARs are developed including: 1. The derivation of a novel SAR backprojection algorithm that accounts for motion during the pulse that is appropriate for narrow or ultra-wide-band SAR. 2. A compensation method for SAR backprojection to enable radiometrically accurate image processing. 3. The design and implementation of a real-time backprojection processor on a commercially available GPU that takes advantage of the GPU texture cache. 4. A new autofocus method that improves the image focus by estimating motion measurement errors in three dimensions, correcting for both amplitude and phase errors caused by inaccurate motion parameters. 5. A generalization of factorized backprojection, which we call the Dually Factorized Backprojection method, that factorizes the correlation integral in both slow-time and fast-time in order to efficiently account for general motion during the transmit of an LFM-CW pulse. Much of this work was conducted in support of the Characterization of Arctic Sea Ice Experiment (CASIE), and the appendices provide substantial contributions for this project as well, including: 1. My work in designing and implementing the digital receiver and controller board for the microASAR which was used for CASIE. 2. A description of how the GPU backprojection was used to improved the CASIE imagery. 3. A description of a sample SAR data set from CASIE provided to the public to promote further SAR research.

Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is a type of remote sensor that provides its own illumination and is capable of forming high resolution images of the reflectivity of a scene. The reflectivity of the scene that is measured is dependent on the choice of carrier frequency; different carrier frequencies will yield different images of the same scene. There are different modes for SAR sensors; two common modes are spotlight mode and stripmap mode. Furthermore, SAR sensors can either be continuously transmitting a signal, or they can transmit a pulse at some pulse repetition frequency (PRF). The work in this dissertation is for pulsed stripmap SAR sensors. The resolvable limit of closely spaced reflectors in range is determined by the bandwidth of the transmitted signal and the resolvable limit in azimuth is determined by the bandwidth of the induced azimuth signal, which is strongly dependent on the length of the physical antenna on the SAR sensor. The point-spread function (PSF) of a SAR system is determined by these resolvable limits and is limited by the physical attributes of the SAR sensor. The PSF of a SAR system can be defined in different ways. For example, it can be defined in terms of the SAR system including the image processing algorithm. By using this definition, the PSF is an algorithm-specific sinc-like function and produces the bright, star-like artifacts that are noticeable around strong reflectors in the focused image. The PSF can also be defined in terms of just the SAR system before any image processing algorithm is applied. This second definition of the PSF will be used in this dissertation. Using this definition, the bright, algorithm-specific, star-like artifacts will be denoted as the inter-pixel interference (IPI) of the algorithm. To be specific, the combined effect of the second definition of PSF and the algorithm-dependent IPI is a decomposition of the first definition of PSF. A new comprehensive forward model for stripmap SAR is derived in this dissertation. New image formation methods are derived in this dissertation that invert this forward model and it is shown that the IPI that corrupts traditionally processed stripmap SAR images can be removed. The removal of the IPI can increase the resolvability to the resolution limit, thus making image analysis much easier. SAR data is inherently corrupted by uncompensated phase errors. These phase errors lower the contrast of the image and corrupt the azimuth processing which inhibits proper focusing (to the point of the reconstructed image being unusable). If these phase errors are not compensated for, the images formed by system inversion are useless, as well. A model-based autofocus method is also derived in this dissertation that complements the forward model and corrects these phase errors before system inversion.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-22T22:00:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_Almir Kimura.pdf: 2106464 bytes, checksum: 9a89064d469c89f8d361f410b4461b20 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-10-06 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Tuberculosis is considered a world-wide political issue. It has been known that a third of the world population is infected with the Mycobacterium Tuberculosis bacillus and consequently can develop the disease. The finding of the disease is carried by bacilloscopy, which consists of the counting of bacilli in 100 different fields of a slide with sputum sample smear. This type of work demands a lot of training and has a high false negative rate. In order to increase the performance of the bacilloscopy, the development of an automated system to perform the counting of the bacilli is necessary. Our work is based on the study of initial stage of the automated process, emphasizing the autofocus (AF). We investigated nine autofocus functions (Brenner gradient, energy Laplace, wavelet transformation, variance, normalized variance, autocorrelation, standard-deviation-based correlation, variance of log histogram and entropy), widely used in literature, in order to define the best function for images of bacilloscopy of conventional microscopy stained with Kinyoun method. In order to identify the focus functions that had the best performance the focus curve was evaluated by five criteria (accuracy, range, number of false maxima, width and execution time) with two types of analysis (semiquantitative and quantitative). This methodology was performed on images with high and low density of contents, as well as on images with a lot and few amount of bacillus. The total images for the experiment was 1800. Through this study, it was determined that the best function for this type of image is based on Variance. In order to deepen the results, we performed the same study for Kinyoun images without the final step of staining, because it results in a background image more uniform, which can be used for future applications for the automation of counting of bacilli. For these types of images, the function that showed the best performance was based on Entropy. / A tuberculose é considera um problema público mundial. Estima-se que um terço da população mundial está infectado com o bacilo Mycobacterium Tuberculosis, podendo assim desenvolver a doença. A detecção da doença pode ser realizada pela baciloscopia, que consiste na contagem de bacilos em 100 campos distintos de uma lâmina contendo amostra de secreção pulmonar do paciente. A realização dessa tarefa exige muito treinamento e atenção do executor e, via de regra, apresenta taxa de falsos negativos alta. Para aumentar o desempenho da baciloscopia busca-se desenvolver um sistema automático de contagem de bacilos. O trabalho proposto fundamenta-se no estudo da etapa inicial do processo de automação, qual seja, o foco das imagens de campos das lâminas. Com o intuito de identificar qual métrica é mais adequada para avaliação do foco das imagens de baciloscopia de tuberculose em microscopia convencional, coradas pelo método de Kinyoun, foram investigadas nove métricas de autofoco (gradiente de Brenner, energia do Laplaciano da imagem, transformada de wavelet, variância do nível de cinza, variância normalizada pela média de intensidade, autocorrelação, correlação baseada em desvio padrão, variância do logaritmo do histograma e entropia), amplamente utilizadas na literatura. Para a definição da melhor métrica, curvas de foco foram obtidas e avaliadas utilizando cinco critérios (acurácia, faixa, picos falsos, largura e tempo) e duas análises (semiquantitativa e quantitativa). Essa metodologia foi aplicada a um conjunto representativo de 1800 imagens (- com alta densidade de conteúdo, com baixa densidade de conteúdo assim como em imagens com alta quantidade de bacilos e com baixa quantidade de bacilos). Esse estudo evidenciou que a métrica de melhor desempenho foi a variância do nível de cinza da imagem. A definição da casuística permitiu ainda a avaliação das métricas em imagens provenientes de lâminas preparadas sem o uso do contra corante azul de metileno. Para esse tipo de imagem a métrica que apresentou o melhor desempenho foi a baseada em Entropia.

Visual inspection is a crucial final step when manufacturing products, as it determines if a product can be sold or rejected. The inspection is often performed manually by trained inspectors, which is time-consuming and often subjective. By automating the inspection, it can be performed faster and more accurately. Additionally, with faster and better results from inspection, faults in production can be noticed quickly and prevented, thus saving both money and resources. The automation often involves capturing images of the productand then analysing the images with a computer program. When capturing the images, the product must be in focus and under correct lighting. This master thesis set out to compare autofocus methods in the context of capturing images of optical filters for inspection. As the optical filters were highly reflective in the visual spectrum, the comparison was limited to autofocus methods proven to work on reflective surfaces. The literature proposes four autofocus methods for reflective surfaces. These four methods were compared regarding time, resolution, and working range. As these methods were designed for microscopes with high amplification and limited working range, they were overly complex and not applicable to the context of capturing images of optical filters. Therefore a more straightforward method with a lower resolution and larger working range that uses readily available components is proposed. The proposed method is a hybrid method using light triangulation and contrast detection, two standard autofocus methods for matte surfaces. The light triangulation quickly gives a rough focus, and then the final focus can iteratively be found with contrast detection. In the tests performed, the proposed method found focus and captured an image within 12 seconds. The proposed method achieved a resolution of just over 0.1 millimetres with a working range of 200 millimetres. / Visuell inspektion är ett avgörande sista steg under tillverkning, då det avgör ifall en produkt kan säljas eller ska kasseras. Inspekitonen genomförs ofta manuellt av tränade inspektörer vilket är tidskrävande och ofta subjektivt. Genom att automatisera inspektionen kan den genomföras snabbare och mer exakt. Dessutom med snabbare och bättre resultat från inspektionen så kan fel under produktionen upptäckas tidigt och förebyggas vilket sparar både pengar och resurser. Automatiseringen genomförs ofta genom att bilder på produkten tas och analyseras med ett datorprogram. När bilderna tas så är det viktigt att produkten är i fokus och under rätt belysning.  I detta mastersarbete så jämfördes olika autofokusmetoder i samband med att ta bilder på optiska filter för inspektion. Då de optiska filtren är högreflektiva i det synliga spektrumet så begränsades metoderna i jämförelsen till metoder som har visats fungera på reflektiva ytor. Litteraturen föreslår fyra autofokusmetoder för reflektiva ytor. Dessa fyra metoder jämfördes med avseende på tid, upplösning och arbetsområde. Då dessa metoder var designade för mikroskop med hög förstoring och begränsat arbetsområde så blev det tydligt att de var alltför komplicerade och inte applicerbara i samband med att ta bilder på optiska filter. Därför föreslås en enklare metod med lägre upplösning och större arbetsområde som använder lättillgängliga komponenter.  Den föreslagna metoden är en hybridmetod som använder ljustriangulering och kontrastdetektering, två vanliga autofokusmetoder för matta ytor. Ljustrianguleringen ger snabbt ett ungefärligt fokus och därefter kan det slutliga fokuset iterativt tas fram med kontrastdetektering. I testerna som genomfördes så hittade den föreslagna metoden korrekt fokus och en bild togs inom 12 sekunder. Metoden uppnådde en upplösning på drygt 0,1 millimeter och ett arbetsområde på 200 millimeter.

Microcirculation is defined as the blood flow in the smallest blood vessels. Laser speckle contrast imaging (LSCI) is a full field imaging technique that provides instantaneous 2-D perfusion maps of illuminated tissues based on speckle contrast. Perimed’s Perfusion Speckle Imager (PSI) is a medical device developed at Perimed AB that exploits LSCI to measure tissue blood perfusion. In this thesis work, a robust Autofocus (AF) algorithm for PSI was implemented. AF is a procedure to drive PSI camera to reach the depth of focus and acquire sharp images, that relies only on signal processing. Therefore, several Blind image sharpness assessment (BISA) methods, to judge the degree of image sharpness, were compared to choose which BISA method to incorporate in the algorithm. An optimized focus scanning technique was implemented to more efficiently find the depth of focus. When working with LSCI, speckle is a source of noise that destroys image content. Experiments were performed to study laser speckle filtration: digital filters were employed to attenuate the speckle noise that corrupted details in the acquired images. Finally, two methods to perform AF were provided. These procedures were proven practically with LED images. However, with laser source image information is corrupted by speckle despite the application of digital filters and AF remains a real challenge. Moreover, important hardware limitations require to be overcome to make the technique real-time. Focus motor speed should be higher to acquire images at different focus positions faster which could benefit the speed of the AF procedure and speckle filtration.

This Master thesis is focused on the analysis of currently used methods which whose target is to determine the rate of image focus. This analysis was used during the development of the program which evaluates the rate of image focus in percentage rate, works in real time and cooperates with a camera capable of 4k image resolution with a manual focus of the lenses. Application is then capable of a finding of a pre-defined image under certain circumstances which is being used for increasing of effectivity of image focusing. Another option is represented by a method that is searching the most suitable area for focusing in the center of the image. A detailed description of these methods and program itself are also included in the thesis. The final part of the thesis contains records of measurement tests with its results.

Trotz aller technischen Weiterentwicklungen in der Vergangenheit unterscheiden sich moderne elektronische Tachymeter in ihrer Grundkonstruktion nicht wesentlich von ihren analogen Vorgängern. Ihnen allen ist gemeinsam, dass eine Visur um den Nadir nicht möglich ist. Dies bedeutet, dass Punkte, welche sich in einem Zenitwinkelbereich zwischen ca. 170 und 230 gon befinden, nicht direkt gemessen werden können. Gegenstand der vorliegenden Arbeit war daher die Entwicklung eines Systems, mit welchem tachymetrische Messungen auch in einem Zenitwinkelbereich zwischen 170 und 230 gon möglich sind. Das Konzept basiert auf dem aus dem Markscheidewesen bekannten Hängetheodolit. Um Messungen im Bereich des Nadirs durchführen zu können, wird ein Tachymeter ähnlich einem Hängetheodolit in hängender Position montiert. In dieser Position ist der zur Horizontierung dienende interne elektronische Neigungskompensator jedoch nicht funktionsfähig. Die Horizontierung wird daher extern überwacht. Zu diesem Zweck wird das Tachymeter über eine geeignete Aufhängevorrichtung mit einem Neigungssensor verbunden. Die Kombination aus in hängender Position montiertem Tachymeter und externem Neigungssensor wird als Hängetachymeter bezeichnet. Bei der Kombination des Systems mit einem externen Neigungssensor kann eine geringe Abweichung zwischen der Stehachse des Tachymeters und der Lotachse des Neigungssensors fertigungsbedingt nicht vermieden werden. Zur Bestimmung dieser Abweichung wurden geeignete Verfahren entwickelt und auf ihre Genauigkeit untersucht. Die mit dem Tachymeter ermittelten Messwerte werden durch Instrumentenabweichungen beeinflusst und müssen um diese korrigiert werden. Auch sind die Messwerte um die mit dem externen Neigungssensor ermittelte Stehachsenneigung zu korrigieren. Die Achsenabweichungen des Tachymeters müssen in hängender Position bestimmt werden. Es kann nicht generell vorausgesetzt werden, dass diese mit den in aufrechter Position bestimmten Werten übereinstimmen. Zur Steuerung des Hängetachymeters wurde eine Software entwickelt, in welche die Kalibrierung der Sensoren, die Auswertung und Korrektur der Messwerte, deren Speicherung und Weiterverarbeitung sowie der Datenexport integriert wurden. Eine Kombination des Hängetachymeters mit einer Okularkamera ermöglicht die automatische Zielerkennung und -verfolgung nichtsignalisierter Punkte auch bei Messungen nahe dem Nadir. Zur Realisierung eines Autofokus wurde das Hängetachymeter mit einem Schrittmotor kombiniert, welcher über den Fokussierring des Tachymeters die Fokussierlinse bewegt. Eine Autofokusfunktion wurde auf Grundlage des Bildkontrastes entwickelt. Die Kalibrierung der Okularkamera basiert auf einer Modellierung des Abbildungsprozesses durch lineare Funktionen. Hierbei wurde die Abhängigkeit der Kalibrierwerte von der Position der Fokussierlinse (Position des Schrittmotors) aufgezeigt. Die zur optischen Zielerkennung eingesetzten Bildverarbeitungsalgorithmen gliedern sich in eine manuelle Punktanzielung im Bild, die Messung punktförmiger Muster durch Kantendetektion und Ellipsenanpassung und Bildzuordnungsverfahren nach der Methode der kleinsten Quadrate. Um die Leistungsfähigkeit des Hängetachymeters zu bestimmen, aber auch um die Güte der Kalibrierung zu testen, wurden mehrere Genauigkeitsuntersuchungen durchgeführt. Abschließend wurde das Hängetachymeter auch erfolgreich in der Industrievermessung eingesetzt und eine automatische Kalibrierroutine ohne Interaktion des Benutzers entwickelt. Die erreichten Genauigkeiten des Systems liegen im Bereich der Genauigkeiten des eingesetzten Tachymeters. / Despite all technical enhancements in the past modern electronic tacheometers do not differ significantly to their analogue predecessors. All have in common that aiming around the nadir is not possible. This means that points situated in the zenith angle region between ca. 170 to 230 gon cannot be measured directly. Therefore the subject of the present work was the development of a system that makes measurements in the zenith angle region between 170 and 230 gon possible. The concept is based upon the suspended theodolite which is known in mine-surveying. To carry out measurements in the region of the nadir a total station is mounted in a hanging position similar to a suspended theodolite. However the function of the tilt compensator which is used for levelling of the instrument is not supported in this position. Hence inclination is monitored externally. For this purpose the tacheometer is connected to a clinometer by an appropriate suspension arrangement. The combination of a tacheometer mounted in a suspended position and an external clinometer is called suspended tacheometer. Combining the system with an external clinometer a marginal variation occurs between the vertical axis of the tacheometer and the plummet axis of the clinometer due to production conditions. To quantify this variation an appropriate method was developed and its accuracy tested. Measurements conducted by the tacheometer are influenced by the variations of the instrument and must therefore be adjusted. Moreover these measurements must be adjusted by the inclination detected by the external clinometer. The axis variations of the tacheometer must be determined in suspended position. It cannot be generally presumed that these measurements comply with the ones determined in upright position. To actuate the suspended tacheometer a software was developed. This software also offers integrated functions for calibration of the sensors, analysis and adjustment of the measurements and their storage and processing as well as export of data. A combination of the suspended tacheometer with an ocular camera makes automatic target detection and tracking of non-cooperative signals possible also when measuring near the region of the nadir. To realize an autofocus the suspended tacheometer was combined with a stepper motor which moves the focus lens. Based on the image contrast an autofocus function was developed. The calibration of the ocular camera is based on modelling the mapping process by linear functions. Here the dependency of calibration values on the position of the focus lens (position of the stepping motor) was demonstrated. Image processing algorithms used for optical target detection can be divided into manual target detection in the image, measurement of point-shaped patterns by edge detection and ellipse adjustment and image allocation operations (Least squares matching). To determine the efficiency of the suspended tacheometer as well as to test the performance of the calibration several accuracy tests were performed. Also the suspended tacheometer was successfully deployed in industrial surveying. An automatic calibration routine without participation of a user was developed. The achieved accuracies of the system correspond with the accuracies of the inserted tacheometer.

Trotz aller technischen Weiterentwicklungen in der Vergangenheit unterscheiden sich moderne elektronische Tachymeter in ihrer Grundkonstruktion nicht wesentlich von ihren analogen Vorgängern. Ihnen allen ist gemeinsam, dass eine Visur um den Nadir nicht möglich ist. Dies bedeutet, dass Punkte, welche sich in einem Zenitwinkelbereich zwischen ca. 170 und 230 gon befinden, nicht direkt gemessen werden können. Gegenstand der vorliegenden Arbeit war daher die Entwicklung eines Systems, mit welchem tachymetrische Messungen auch in einem Zenitwinkelbereich zwischen 170 und 230 gon möglich sind. Das Konzept basiert auf dem aus dem Markscheidewesen bekannten Hängetheodolit. Um Messungen im Bereich des Nadirs durchführen zu können, wird ein Tachymeter ähnlich einem Hängetheodolit in hängender Position montiert. In dieser Position ist der zur Horizontierung dienende interne elektronische Neigungskompensator jedoch nicht funktionsfähig. Die Horizontierung wird daher extern überwacht. Zu diesem Zweck wird das Tachymeter über eine geeignete Aufhängevorrichtung mit einem Neigungssensor verbunden. Die Kombination aus in hängender Position montiertem Tachymeter und externem Neigungssensor wird als Hängetachymeter bezeichnet. Bei der Kombination des Systems mit einem externen Neigungssensor kann eine geringe Abweichung zwischen der Stehachse des Tachymeters und der Lotachse des Neigungssensors fertigungsbedingt nicht vermieden werden. Zur Bestimmung dieser Abweichung wurden geeignete Verfahren entwickelt und auf ihre Genauigkeit untersucht. Die mit dem Tachymeter ermittelten Messwerte werden durch Instrumentenabweichungen beeinflusst und müssen um diese korrigiert werden. Auch sind die Messwerte um die mit dem externen Neigungssensor ermittelte Stehachsenneigung zu korrigieren. Die Achsenabweichungen des Tachymeters müssen in hängender Position bestimmt werden. Es kann nicht generell vorausgesetzt werden, dass diese mit den in aufrechter Position bestimmten Werten übereinstimmen. Zur Steuerung des Hängetachymeters wurde eine Software entwickelt, in welche die Kalibrierung der Sensoren, die Auswertung und Korrektur der Messwerte, deren Speicherung und Weiterverarbeitung sowie der Datenexport integriert wurden. Eine Kombination des Hängetachymeters mit einer Okularkamera ermöglicht die automatische Zielerkennung und -verfolgung nichtsignalisierter Punkte auch bei Messungen nahe dem Nadir. Zur Realisierung eines Autofokus wurde das Hängetachymeter mit einem Schrittmotor kombiniert, welcher über den Fokussierring des Tachymeters die Fokussierlinse bewegt. Eine Autofokusfunktion wurde auf Grundlage des Bildkontrastes entwickelt. Die Kalibrierung der Okularkamera basiert auf einer Modellierung des Abbildungsprozesses durch lineare Funktionen. Hierbei wurde die Abhängigkeit der Kalibrierwerte von der Position der Fokussierlinse (Position des Schrittmotors) aufgezeigt. Die zur optischen Zielerkennung eingesetzten Bildverarbeitungsalgorithmen gliedern sich in eine manuelle Punktanzielung im Bild, die Messung punktförmiger Muster durch Kantendetektion und Ellipsenanpassung und Bildzuordnungsverfahren nach der Methode der kleinsten Quadrate. Um die Leistungsfähigkeit des Hängetachymeters zu bestimmen, aber auch um die Güte der Kalibrierung zu testen, wurden mehrere Genauigkeitsuntersuchungen durchgeführt. Abschließend wurde das Hängetachymeter auch erfolgreich in der Industrievermessung eingesetzt und eine automatische Kalibrierroutine ohne Interaktion des Benutzers entwickelt. Die erreichten Genauigkeiten des Systems liegen im Bereich der Genauigkeiten des eingesetzten Tachymeters. / Despite all technical enhancements in the past modern electronic tacheometers do not differ significantly to their analogue predecessors. All have in common that aiming around the nadir is not possible. This means that points situated in the zenith angle region between ca. 170 to 230 gon cannot be measured directly. Therefore the subject of the present work was the development of a system that makes measurements in the zenith angle region between 170 and 230 gon possible. The concept is based upon the suspended theodolite which is known in mine-surveying. To carry out measurements in the region of the nadir a total station is mounted in a hanging position similar to a suspended theodolite. However the function of the tilt compensator which is used for levelling of the instrument is not supported in this position. Hence inclination is monitored externally. For this purpose the tacheometer is connected to a clinometer by an appropriate suspension arrangement. The combination of a tacheometer mounted in a suspended position and an external clinometer is called suspended tacheometer. Combining the system with an external clinometer a marginal variation occurs between the vertical axis of the tacheometer and the plummet axis of the clinometer due to production conditions. To quantify this variation an appropriate method was developed and its accuracy tested. Measurements conducted by the tacheometer are influenced by the variations of the instrument and must therefore be adjusted. Moreover these measurements must be adjusted by the inclination detected by the external clinometer. The axis variations of the tacheometer must be determined in suspended position. It cannot be generally presumed that these measurements comply with the ones determined in upright position. To actuate the suspended tacheometer a software was developed. This software also offers integrated functions for calibration of the sensors, analysis and adjustment of the measurements and their storage and processing as well as export of data. A combination of the suspended tacheometer with an ocular camera makes automatic target detection and tracking of non-cooperative signals possible also when measuring near the region of the nadir. To realize an autofocus the suspended tacheometer was combined with a stepper motor which moves the focus lens. Based on the image contrast an autofocus function was developed. The calibration of the ocular camera is based on modelling the mapping process by linear functions. Here the dependency of calibration values on the position of the focus lens (position of the stepping motor) was demonstrated. Image processing algorithms used for optical target detection can be divided into manual target detection in the image, measurement of point-shaped patterns by edge detection and ellipse adjustment and image allocation operations (Least squares matching). To determine the efficiency of the suspended tacheometer as well as to test the performance of the calibration several accuracy tests were performed. Also the suspended tacheometer was successfully deployed in industrial surveying. An automatic calibration routine without participation of a user was developed. The achieved accuracies of the system correspond with the accuracies of the inserted tacheometer.

No description available.

The thesis composes conventional and modern methods for digital scene capturing. The target of the thesis is a comparison of CMOS with Bayer mask and Foveon X3 Merrill sensors followed by a design of algorithms for image fusion which can combine advantages of the both sensor types. The thesis starts with an introduction and a description of methods and processes leading to scene capturing. The next part deals with capturing a gallery of test images and with a comparison of both sensors based on the gallery images. Further there are algorithms designed for image fusion which can combine advantages of the selected sensors. The last part of the thesis is devoted to an evaluation of results and of the used algorithms.