Proefschrift Universiteit Maastricht. / Met lit. opg. - Samenvatting in het Nederlands.

Proefschrift Rijksuniversiteit Limburg, Maastricht. / Met samenvatting in het Duits en het Nederlands. - Met lit. opg.

Proefschrift Universiteit Maastricht, 2001. / Met bibliogr., lit. opg. - Met samenvatting in het Nederlands.

Diss--Universität Frankfurt (Main), 1995. / Bibliogr. p. 203-210.

Th. 3e cycle--Philos.--Toulouse 2, 1985.

Doctoral diss.--Department of history--Uppsala, 1992. / Résumé en anglais.

Toute nation fait désormais face à un lieu commun selon lequel, le développement et la qualité de son fonctionnement dépendront plus que jamais du niveau de son enseignement supérieur, tant du point de la formation que de sa recherche et sa valorisation. Si en France, l’enseignement supérieur est fortement marqué par le poids de l’Etat, et de la conception du service public, force est de constater qu’il fait aujourd’hui face à de nombreuses évolutions marquantes : l’augmentation de l’offre et de la demande, la diversification des enseignements à la fois dans les domaines à enseigner et dans les méthodologies d’enseignement, la mise en concurrence.Le modèle français doit être repensé, dans le respect de ce qui fait l'essence même des universités, à savoir la liberté académique. Il faut alors penser ce qu’est l’action de l’Etat dans le domaine de l’enseignement supérieur et de la recherche. / Every nation now faces a commonplace that the development and the quality of its performance depend more than ever on the level of its higher education, both in terms of the training of its research and its valuation. If in France, higher education is strongly influenced by the weight of the State, and the concept of public service, it is clear that today face many significant developments: the rise of supply and demand, diversification of teaching in both areas to teach and teaching methodologies, the introduction of competition.The French model has to be redesigned, respecting what makes the essence of universities, namely academic freedom. You have to remember what the action of the State in the field of higher education and research.

This thesis is named: Vaccination refusing and its ethical coherence. The work consists of several parts. The first part is formed by theoretical possibilities. In this part we focus on the question of ethics. The basic question of this issue is a matter of imaginary dispute which also the ethics describes in its basic principles and which is the principle of nonmaleficence (not to inflict harm intentionally) and principle of beneficence (act for the benefit of others); and also the principle of autonomy and justice. This part further contains overview of compulsory and voluntary vaccination, a short description of each disease, side effects, division of the vaccines, principles of correct immunization and storage of vaccines, and an overview of reasons why the parents refuse vaccination given by the literature. The second chapter is the methodology. We set as a target of our work to identity and analyze ethical problems connected with refusing vaccination and to find out and describe the main reasons of the parents for refusing vaccination of their children. To reach these targets we interviewed twelve mothers and five pediatricians. The third chapter comprises of case studies, which shortly introduce the families, where the parents refuse vaccination for their children and briefly explain the problem in accepting children without vaccination by the pediatricians and society. There are twelve of these case studies. The fourth chapter includes results of the research, which were divided into three parts. The first part consists of reasons why the parents refuse vaccination for their children. There we analyzed five the most given reasons (side effects, different approach to life, composition of the vaccines, no occurrence of the diseases + small risk of infection, low age for vaccination). The second part is created by ethical problems connected with refusing vaccination from the perspective of the parents. During the interview we analyzed seven problems (truthfulness of the information, preventing from collective incorporation, denial of free choice, authority of the state, collective immunity, vaccination as a business, testing of vaccinations). In the third part there are the results of interviews with the doctors. After that follows the discussion. In the discussion there is a confrontation of the perspective of the parents, doctors, other specialists, and my own of the given problematic. In the conclusion I present an overview of the issue and proposals to think about and to the possible solutions.

No description available.

Le modèle et la fondation idéologique des Etats contemporains font l’objet d’une dynamique en termes d’évolution. La doctrine de l’Etat-nation se révèle précaire et inappropriée à l’encontre d’une réalité sociologique qui doit prendre en considération les différents groupes culturels ou ethniques qui composent de la société. La pertinence de la nation, une création politique et juridique qui représente le corps social unifié et homogène sur lequel repose l’Etat, est devenue contingente.Les Etats contemporains, se trouvant confrontés aux revendications des groupes culturels ou ethniques, sont contraints d’effectuer des aménagements de leur système juridique et institutionnel. Les principes fondamentaux de l’Etat-nation, fondés sur les logiques de l’universalisme et de l’individualisme, tels que l’unicité du peuple, la langue officielle unique, l’égalité des citoyens devant la loi, l’indivisibilité du pouvoir publique et la décentralisation administrative, sont compromis par la revendication du droit à la différence, voire du droit à l’autonomie. La mise en place de la logique du pluralisme, qui prône la reconnaissance juridique des différences entre les membres de la société dans la sphère publique, en constitue l’enjeu. Comment cette nouvelle logique peut-elle trouver sa place dans un système juridique qui adhère à des idées politiques qui lui sont opposées ? Cette mutation idéologique va-t-elle nécessiter la création d’un nouveau modèle étatique ? Quels seront les éléments fondamentaux de cette forme inédite d’Etat ? L’étude sur l’évolution du système du droit public des Etats français, belge, hongrois et roumain, au regard de la pluralité nationale et ethnique, permet d’observer les aménagements juridiques et institutionnels des Etats européens qui s’effectuent sur des structures politique et démotique différentes. La transformation des règles relatives à l’organisation nationale de l’Etat, d’une part, et la consécration des règles relatives à l’organisation politique des nationalités, d’autre part, témoignent du dépassement du modèle de l’Etat-nation. Ce constat amène à concevoir une nouvelle conception de la nation qui deviendrait le soubassement d’un pouvoir politique composé de peuples rattachés à diverses valeurs culturelles. Il met en lumière les nouveaux principes constitutionnels, qui permettent d’envisager un modèle étatique multinational, qui s’appuierait sur la citoyenneté différenciée, la discrimination positive, les droits collectifs et l’autonomie nationale. / The model and the ideological fundament of contemporary States are under the dynamic evolution. The doctrine of Nation-State proves to be precarious and inadequate toward the sociological reality which allow taking into account different cultural or ethnic groups that make part of the society. The relevance of the Nation, a political and legal creation that represents the unified and homogeneous social body on which is based the State, has become contingent.Contemporary States, being faced with the claims of ethnic or cultural groups, are forced to make changes in their legal and institutional systems. The principal rules of the Nation-State, based on the logic of universalism and individualism, such as the unity of the people, the sole official language, the equality of citizens before the law, the indivisibility of the public power and the administrative decentralization, are jeopardized by the claim of the right to be different, or even of the right to autonomy. The configuration of the logic of pluralism, which advocates legal recognition of the ethical or cultural differences between the members of the society, is the challenge. How can this new logic be introduced in a legal system that adheres to the opposite political ideas? Will this ideological mutation require the creation of a new State model? What are the basic elements of this novel form of State?The study on the evolution of the French, Belgian, Hungarian and Romanian legal systems with regard to the ethnic and cultural diversities, allows us to observe legal and institutional modifications of European countries according to different political and demotic structures. The transformation of the rules relating to the recognition of the people of State, on the one hand, and the consecration of the rules relating to the political formation of the ethnic groups, on the other hand, testify to the archaism of the model of the Nation-State. This observation leads to a new design of the Nation as the fundament of the political power which consists of peoples belonging to various cultural values. It highlights the new constitutional principles, which enable us to envisage a multinational State model, based on the idea of differentiated citizenship, the rule of positive discrimination, the collective rights and the national autonomy.